sistem organa za cirkulaciju (krvotok)

1. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

4. Systemic and Pulmonary
Circulation

5. Conducting System of Heart

6. Fig. 34.2

7. Fig. 34.3

8. Fig. 34.4

9. Fig. 34.6

10. Fig. 34.7a

11. Fig. 34.8

12. Fig. 34.10

13. TA p629

14. Cardiac Cycle

16. The circulatory system carries blood and
Dissolved substances to and from different
places in the body.
The Heart has the job of pumping these
things around the body.
The Heart pumps blood and substances
around the body in tubes called blood
vessels.
The Heart and blood vessels together make
up the Circulatory System.
circulatory system

17. The blood
• In an adult man,
the blood is about
5-6 litres. Blood
consists of 55 %
plasma, and 45 %
by cells.

18. Plasma
A straw-
coloured
liquid that
carries the
cells and the
platelets
which help
blood clot.
• carbon dioxide
• glucose
• amino acids
• proteins
• minerals
• vitamins
• hormones
• waste materials
like urea.
It also contains useful
things like;

20. Plasma
• Plasma is the liquid component of the
blood.
• Plasma has 90% water and 10% dissolved
materials including proteins, glucose,
ions, hormones, and gases.
• Plasma contains nutrients, wastes, salts,
proteins, etc.

22. erythrocytes
• Are responsible for transportation of
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Have no nucleus.
• Have about 120 days life time.
• Are called as red blood cells.
• They are 4 to 6 million cells per cubic
millimeter of blood, and have 200 million
hemoglobin molecules per cell.

23. Red blood cells
• Humans have a total of 30 trillion red
blood cells.
• Red blood cells are continuously
manufactured in red marrow of long
bones, ribs, skull.
• Life-span is only 120 days, after which they
are destroyed in liver and spleen.
• Each second two million red blood cells are
produced to replace those thus taken out of
circulation.

25. • are about 4,000–11,000 in each microliter of
human blood.
• are cells of the immune system
defending the body against both disiases
and foreign materials.
• are colorless cells.
• White blood cells, also known as
leukocytes, are larger than erythrocytes,
have a nucleus.
White blood cells

26. thrombocytes
• are involved with clotting.
• They carry chemicals essential to blood clotting.
• Platelets survive for 10 days before being
removed by the liver and spleen.
• There are 150,000 to 300,000 platelets in each
milliliter of blood.
• Platelets stick and adhere to tears in blood
vessels; they also release clotting factors.
• Are colorless cells.

28. Blood Type Percentage of
People
Can Give To Can Receive
Types
O Positive 38% O+, A+, B+,
AB+
O+, O-
O Negative 7% All Types O-
A Positive 34% A+, AB+ O+, O-, A+, A-
A Negative 6% A+, A-, AB+,
AB-
A-, O-
B Positive 9% B+, AB+ O+, O-, B+, B-
B Negative 2% B+, B-, AB+,
AB-
B-, O-
AB Positive 3% AB+ All Types
AB Negative 1% AB+, AB- O-, A-, B-, AB-

29. Human Heart
• The human heart is a two-sided, 4
chambered structure with muscular walls.
• The right side carries deoxygenated blood.
• The left side carries oxygenated blood.
• The heart beats or contracts 70 times per
minute.
• The human heart will undergo over 3
billion contraction cycles during a normal
lifetime (about 70 years).

30. The Heart
Left Ventricle
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
valve
Vein from Lungs
Artery to Head and Body
Artery to Lungs
Vein from Head and Body
valve

31. lungs
head & arms
liver
digestive system
kidneys
legs
pulmonary artery
aorta
pulmonary vein
main vein
Left
Right
How does this system work?
Circulatory System

32. Lungs
Body cells
The human heart is divided into 4 chambers.
The right side
of the system
deals with
deoxygenated
blood.
The left side
of the system
deals with
oxygenated
blood.

34. Pulmonary Circulation
Movement of blood from the heart, to the
lungs, and back to the heart again.
is the part of the circulatory system that
takes the blood from the heart to the lungs,
where it is oxygenated, and returns it to the
heart.
In the pulmonary system, un-oxygenated
blood is carried by the pulmonary arteries
and oxygenated blood is carried by
pulmonary veins.

37. Systemic Circulation
In the systemic circuit, oxygenated blood is
distributed to body tissues.
The systemic circulation includes the flow of
oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues
in all parts of the body and the return of un-
oxygenated blood back to the heart.
Blood is filtered during systemic circulation by
the kidneys (most of the waste) and liver
(sugars).

38. Coronary Circulation
Movement of blood through the tissues of
the heart.
• The left and right coronary arteries
immediately branch from the aorta and
carry fresh blood to the heart muscle
itself.
• The coronary veins quickly return that
blood back to the heart.

42. Open Circulatory System
• The open circulatory system is
common to molluscs and arthropods.
• Blood is pumped by a heart into the
body cavities, where tissues are
surrounded by the blood.
• The resulting blood flow is sluggish.

44. Closed Circulatory Systems
• Vertebrates, and a few invertebrates,
have a closed circulatory system.
• Closed circulatory systems have the blood
closed at all times within vessels of
different size and wall thickness.
• In this type of system, blood is pumped
by a heart through vessels, and does not
normally fill body cavities.

46. Arteries
• Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away
from the heart.
• Arterial walls are able to expand and contract to
carry blood under high pressure.
• The aorta is the main artery leaving the heart.
• The pulmonary artery is the only artery that
carries deoxygenated blood.

47. Veins
• Veins carry blood from capillaries to the heart.
• With the exception of the pulmonary veins,
blood in veins is oxygen-poor.
• The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood
from lungs back to the heart.
• Pressure in veins is low, so veins depend on
nearby skeletal muscle contractions to move
blood along.
• The veins have valves that prevent back-flow of
blood.

49. Capillaries
• Capillaries are thin-walled, microscopic in
size, blood vessels in which gas exchange
occurs.
• Nutrients, wastes, and hormones are
exchanged across the thin walls of
capillaries.
• Some capillaries have small pores between
the cells of the capillary wall, allowing
materials to flow in and out of capillaries
as well as the passage of white blood cells.

53. Cardiac Cycle
• The cardiac cycle consists of two parts:
Systole (contraction of the heart muscle)
Diastole (relaxation of the heart muscle).
• Atria contract while ventricles relax.
• The pulse is a wave of contraction transmitted
along the arteries.
• Valves in the heart open and close during the
cardiac cycle.

54. • Heart muscle contraction is due to the presence
of nodal tissue in two regions of the heart.
• The SA node (sinoatrial node) initiates
heartbeat.
• Normal cardiac cycles (at rest) take 0.8 seconds.

57. Heartbeats
• Human heartbeats originate from the
sinoatrial node (SA node) near the right
atrium.
• Modified muscle cells contract, sending a
signal to other muscle cells in the heart to
contract.

59. Blood Pressure
• Systolic
– Pressure exerted on arteries by contraction of
ventricles
– Measured in arteries
– Not found in capillaries
• Diastolic
– Pressure in arteries during relaxation of
ventricles
– Measured in arteries
– Not found in capillaries

60. Variations in Blood Pressure
140–110 mm Hg systolic
80–75 mm Hg diastolic
Hypotension
Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
Often associated with illness
Hypertension
High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
Can be dangerous if it is chronic

61.  Human heartbeats originate from
the SAN near the right atrium.
Modified muscle cells contract, sending
a signal to other muscle cells in the
heart to contract.
sinoatrial node (SAN)

63. Lymphatic System
• Water and plasma are forced from the
capillaries into intracellular spaces.
• This interstitial fluid transports materials
between cells.
• Most of this fluid is collected in the
capillaries of a secondary circulatory
system, the lymphatic system.
• Fluid in this system is known as lymph.

65. • Lymph flows from small lymph capillaries
into lymph vessels that are similar to veins
in having valves that prevent backflow.
• Lymph nodes are small irregularly shaped
masses through which lymph vessels flow.
• Clusters of nodes occur in the armpits,
groin, and neck.
• Cells of the immune system line channels
through the nodes and attack bacteria and
viruses traveling in the lymph.

66. • Fluids and some blood proteins that leak from
the capillaries into the interstitial fluid are
returned to the blood via the lymphatic
system.
– Fluid enters this system by diffusing into tiny
lymph capillaries intermingled among capillaries
of the cardiovascular system.
– Once inside the lymphatic system, the fluid is
called lymph, with a composition similar to the
interstitial fluid.
– The lymphatic system drains into the circulatory
system near the junction of the venae cavae with
the right atrium.
The lymphatic system

67. • Lymph vessels, like veins, have valves
that prevent the backflow of fluid toward
the capillaries.
–Rhythmic contraction of the vessel
walls help draw fluid into lymphatic
capillaries.
–Also like veins, lymph vessels depend
mainly on the movement of skeletal
muscle to squeeze fluid toward the
heart.

68. • Along a lymph vessels are organs called
lymph nodes.
– The lymph nodes filter the lymph and attack
viruses and bacteria.
– Inside a lymph node is a honeycomb of
connective tissue with spaces filled with white
blood cells specialized for defense.
• When the body is fighting an infection, these cells
multiply, and the lymph nodes become swollen.
• In addition to defending against infection and
maintaining the volume and protein
concentration of the blood, the lymphatic
system transports fats from the digestive tract
to the circulatory system.