This document provides an overview of computer system organization and operation. It discusses the basic units of a stored program computer including the processor, memory, and I/O system. It describes the basic computer operations of input, storage, processing, and output. It also outlines the hierarchical levels of a computer system from the problem statement down to the logic circuits and devices. Finally, it discusses the central processing unit and its main structural components including the control unit and arithmetic logic unit.
A device which is used to perform complex task briskly called computer.
The mechanical equipment necessary for conducting an activity, usually distinguished from the theory and design that make the activity possible is called Hardware.
In the 17th century, Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invented Pascaline.
In the late 17th century, a German mathematician called Gottfried Leibnitz invented what is known as Leibnitz’ Wheel.
The first machine that used the idea of storage and programming was the Jacquard loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard at the beginning of the 19th century.
It is comprised of the five classical components (input, output, processor, memory, and datapath). The processor is divided into an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit, a method of organization that persists to the present.
A device which is used to perform complex task briskly called computer.
The mechanical equipment necessary for conducting an activity, usually distinguished from the theory and design that make the activity possible is called Hardware.
In the 17th century, Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invented Pascaline.
In the late 17th century, a German mathematician called Gottfried Leibnitz invented what is known as Leibnitz’ Wheel.
The first machine that used the idea of storage and programming was the Jacquard loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard at the beginning of the 19th century.
It is comprised of the five classical components (input, output, processor, memory, and datapath). The processor is divided into an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit, a method of organization that persists to the present.
What Operating Systems Do
Computer System Organization
Computer System Architecture
Operating System Structure
Operating System Operations
Distributed Systems
Open Source Operating Systems.
What Operating Systems Do
Computer System Organization
Computer System Architecture
Operating System Structure
Operating System Operations
Distributed Systems
Open Source Operating Systems.
Computer Architecture and Organization.pptxLearnersCoach
Computer architecture is the definition of basic attributes of hardware components and their interconnections, in order to achieve certain specified goals in terms of functions and performance. Computer Architecture refers to those attributes of a system that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program. Examples:
- the instruction set
- the number of bits used to represent various data types
- I/O mechanisms
- memory addressing techniques
Read More: https://www.learnerscoach.co.ke/introduction-to-computer-architecture/
Computer organization: the design and physical arrangement of various hardware units to work in tandem, in a orderly manner, in order to achieve the goals specified in the architecture.
Read More: https://www.learnerscoach.co.ke/introduction-to-computer-architecture-part2/
Introduction, Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory, Communication between Various Units of a Computer System, The Instruction Format, Instruction Set, Processor Speed, Multiprocessor Systems.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
2. 2 2
A stored program computer has the following
basic units:
>Processor-- center for manipulation and control
>Memory – storage for instructions and data for
currently executing programs
>I/O system – controller which communicate with “
external” devices: secondary memory, display
devices, networks
>Data-path & control – collection of parallel wires,
transmits data, instructions, or control signal
3. 3 3
BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS
1. Input: This is the process of entering data and
programs in to the computer system.
2. Storage: The process of saving data and instructions
permanently is known as storage
3. Processing: The task of performing operations like
arithmetic and logical operations is called
processing.
4. Output: This is the process of producing results
from the data for getting useful information.
5. Control: The manner how instructions are executed
and the above operations are performed.
5. 5 5
Program Execution
• Translation: The entire high level program is translated
into an equivalent machine language program. Then the
machine language program is executed.
• Interpretation: Another program reads the high level
program instructions one-by-one and executes a
equivalent series of machine language instructions.
6. 6 6
Program translation
uses a collection of tools to perform
• Compiler: Translates high level language programs into
a lower level language often called object code.
• Assembler: Translates assembly language instructions
into object code.
• Linker: Combines collections of object code into a single
executable machine language program.
9. 9 9
Layers of Abstraction
• Problem Statement
• stated using "natural language"
• may be ambiguous, imprecise
• Algorithm
• step-by-step procedure, guaranteed to finish
• definiteness, effective computability, finiteness
• Program
• express the algorithm using a computer language
• high-level language, low-level language
• Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
• specifies the set of instructions the computer can perform
• data types, addressing mode
10. 10 10
Layers of Abstraction
• Microarchitecture
• detailed organization of a processor implementation
• different implementations of a single ISA
• Logic Circuits
• combine basic operations to realize microarchitecture
• many different ways to implement a single function
• Devices
• properties of materials, manufacturability
11. 11 11
Structure and Function of a COMPUTER SYSTEM:
A computer is a complex system; For analysis,
understanding and design - Identify the
hierarchical nature of most complex system.
A hierarchical system is a set of interrelated
subsystems, each in turn, hierarchical in structure;
until at the lowest level we have elementary
subsystems.
The hierarchical nature of complex systems is
essential to both their design and their description.
The designer need only deal with a particular level
of the system at a time.
.
12. 12 12
Structure and Function of a COMPUTER SYSTEM:
• Structure: The way in which the components are
interrelated.
• Function: The operation of each individual
component as part of the structure.
14. 14 14
main functions of a computer:
• Data processing
• Data storage
• Data movement
• Control
15. 15 15
MAIN STRUCTURAL BLOCKS/PARTS:
• Central Processing Unit (CPU): Controls the operation
of the computer and performs its data processing
functions. Often simply referred to as processor.
• Main Memory: Stores data.
• I/O: Moves data between the computer and its external
environment.
• System Interconnection: e.g. BUS for communication
among CPU, main memory, and I/O.
17. 17 17
major structural components of a CPU:
• Control Unit (CU): Controls the operation of the CPU
and hence the computer.
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Performs
computer’s data processing functions.
• Register: Provides storage internal to the CPU.
• CPU Interconnection: communication among the
control unit, ALU, and register.
21. 21 21
instruction set
is a list of all the instructions, that a processor can execute.
Typical Categories of Instructions:
• Arithmetic - add, subtract
• Logic - and, or and not
• Data - move, input, output, load and store
• Control flow - goto, if ... goto, call and return.
22. 22 22
instruction set, or instruction set
architecture (ISA),
• is the part of the computer architecture related to
programming, including the native data types,
instructions, registers, addressing modes, memory
architecture, interrupt and exception handling, and
external I/O; also includes a specification of the set of
opcodes.
• (machine language) - the native commands for a
particular processor.
23. 23 23
IAS computer consists of:
• A main memory, which stores both data and instructions.
• An arithmetic-logical unit (ALU) capable of operating on
binary data.
• A control unit, which interprets the instructions in
memory and causes them to be executed.
• Input and output (I/O) equipment operated by the control
unit.
A computer performs basically five major operations or functions irrespective of their size and make. These are
it accepts data or instructions by way of input,
it stores data,
it can process data as required by the user,
it gives results in the form of output, and
it controls all operations inside a computer. We discuss below each of these operations.
At each level, the system consists of a set of
components and their interrelationships
The behavior at each level depends only
on a simplified, abstracted characterization of
the system at the next lower level.