This document provides an introduction to computer architecture and organization. It defines architecture as the attributes visible to programmers, such as instruction sets and data representation. Organization is defined as how the architectural features are implemented in hardware. The document notes that while different computer families may share the same architecture, ensuring code compatibility, their internal organizations may differ. It also distinguishes between computer architecture, which focuses on high-level functionalities, and computer organization, which describes how components are arranged and interconnected at a low level.

1. Chapter 1
Introduction

2. Architecture & Organization 1
• Architecture is those attributes visible to
the programmer
—Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing
techniques.
—e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
• Organization is how features are
implemented
—Control signals, interfaces, memory
technology.
—e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it
done by repeated addition?

3. Architecture & Organization 2
• All Intel x86 family share the same basic
architecture
• The IBM System/370 family share the
same basic architecture
• This gives code compatibility
—At least backwards
• Organization differs between different
versions

4. Computer Architecture Computer Organization
Computer Architecture is the functional behavior of a
computer system.
Computer Organization is concerned with the structure
and behavior of a computer system.
It acts as the interface between hardware and software. It deals with the components of a connection in a
system.
Computer Architecture helps us to understand the
functionalities of a system.
Computer Organization tells us how exactly all the units
in the system are arranged and interconnected.
A programmer can view architecture in terms of
instructions, addressing modes and registers.
Whereas Organization expresses the realization of
architecture.
While designing a computer system architecture is
considered first.
An organization is done on the basis of architecture.
Computer Architecture deals with high-level design
issues.
Computer Organization deals with low-level design
issues.
Architecture involves Logic (Instruction sets, Addressing
modes, Data types, Cache optimization)
Organization involves Physical Components (Circuit
design, Adders, Signals, Peripherals)

5. Structure & Function
• Structure is the way in which components
relate to each other
• Function is the operation of individual
components as part of the structure

6. Function
• All computer functions are:
—Data processing
—Data storage
—Data movement
—Control

7. Functional View

8. Operations (a) Data movement

9. Operations (b) Storage

10. Operation (c) Processing from/to storage

11. Operation (d)
Processing from storage to I/O

12. Structure - Top Level
Computer
Main
Memory
Input
Output
Systems
Interconnection
Peripherals
Communication
lines
Central
Processing
Unit
Computer

13. Structure - The CPU
Computer Arithmetic
and
Login Unit
Control
Unit
Internal CPU
Interconnection
Registers
CPU
I/O
Memory
System
Bus
CPU

14. Structure - The Control Unit
CPU
Control
Memory
Control Unit
Registers and
Decoders
Sequencing
Login
Control
Unit
ALU
Registers
Internal
Bus
Control Unit

15. Outline of the Book (1)
• Computer Evolution and Performance
• Computer Interconnection Structures
• Internal Memory
• External Memory
• Input/Output
• Operating Systems Support
• Computer Arithmetic
• Instruction Sets

16. Outline of the Book (2)
• CPU Structure and Function
• Reduced Instruction Set Computers
• Superscalar Processors
• Control Unit Operation
• Microprogrammed Control
• Multiprocessors and Vector Processing
• Digital Logic (Appendix)

17. Internet Resources
- Web site for book
• http://WilliamStallings.com/COA/COA7e.html
—links to sites of interest
—links to sites for courses that use the book
—errata list for book
—information on other books by W. Stallings
• http://WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html
—Math
—How-to
—Research resources
—Misc

18. Internet Resources
- Web sites to look for
• WWW Computer Architecture Home Page
• CPU Info Center
• Processor Emporium
• ACM Special Interest Group on Computer
Architecture
• IEEE Technical Committee on Computer
Architecture
• Intel Technology Journal
• Manufacturer’s sites
—Intel, IBM, etc.

19. Internet Resources
- Usenet News Groups
• comp.arch
• comp.arch.arithmetic
• comp.arch.storage
• comp.parallel