The document discusses various approaches to leadership including: trait approaches that examine common traits of leaders; situational approaches that emphasize how leadership styles depend on decision-making situations; and more modern theories like transformational leadership, coaching, servant leadership, and entrepreneurial leadership. It provides insights into leadership theories and examines how the most effective leadership depends on assessing individual and situational factors.

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2. Objectives
1. A working definition of leadership
2. An understanding of the relationship between leading and managing
3. An appreciation for the trait and situational approaches to leadership
4. Insights into using leadership theories that emphasize decisionmaking
situations
5. Insights into using leadership theories that emphasize more general
organizational situations
6. An understanding of alternatives to leader flexibility
7. An appreciation of emerging leadership styles and leadership issues of
today
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3. Defining Leadership
Leader Versus Manager
Managing
Broader in scope
Focuses on nonbehavioral issues
Leading
Emphasizes behavioral issues
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4. Defining Leadership
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5. The Trait Approach to Leadership
Successful leaders tend to possess:
1. Intelligence, including judgment and verbal ability
2. Past achievement in scholarship and athletics
3. Emotional maturity and stability
4. Dependability, persistence, and a drive for continuing achievement
5. The skill to participate socially and adapt to various groups
6. A desire for status and socioeconomic position
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6. The Situational Approach to Leadership: A Focus on Leader Behavior
Leadership Situations and Decisions
The Tannenbaum and Schmidt Leadership Continuum
The manager:
1. Makes the decision and announces it
2. “Sells” the decision
3. Presents ideas and invites questions
4. Presents a tentative decision that is subject to change
5. Presents the problem, gets suggestions, and then makes the decision
6. Defines the limits and asks the group to make a decision
7. Permits the group to make decisions within prescribed limits
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7. The Situational Approach to Leadership: A Focus on Leader Behavior
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8. The Situational Approach to Leadership: A Focus on Leader Behavior
Leadership Situations and Decisions (continued)
Determining How to Make Decisions as a Leader
1. Forces in the Manager
 Manager’s values
 Level of confidence in subordinates
 Personal leadership strengths
 Tolerance for ambiguity
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9. The Situational Approach to Leadership: A Focus on Leader Behavior
Leadership Situations and Decisions (continued)
Determining How to Make Decisions as a Leader (continued)
2. Forces in Subordinates
 They have a relatively high need for independence
 They have a readiness to assume responsibility for decision making
 They have a relatively high tolerance for ambiguity
 They are interested in the problem and believe it is important to solve it
 They understand and identify with the organization’s goals.
 They have necessary knowledge and experience to deal with problem
 They have learned to expect to share in decision making
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10. The Situational Approach to Leadership: A Focus on Leader Behavior
Leadership Situations and Decisions (continued)
Determining How to Make Decisions as a Leader (continued)
3. Forces in the Situation
 Type of organization in which the leader works
 Effectiveness of a group
 Problem to be solved
 Time available to make a decision
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11. The Situational Approach to Leadership: A Focus on Leader Behavior
Leadership Situations and Decisions (continued)
Determining How to Make Decisions as a Leader: An Update
The Vroom-Yetton-Jago Model
1. Organizational decisions should be of high quality
2. Subordinates should accept and be committed decisions
 Decision Styles
 Using the Model
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12. The Situational Approach to Leadership: A Focus on Leader Behavior
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13. The Situational Approach to Leadership: A Focus on Leader Behavior
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14. The Situational Approach to Leadership: A Focus on Leader Behavior
Leadership Behaviors
The OSU Studies
 Structure behavior
 Consideration behavior
 Leadership Style
The Michigan Studies
 Job-Centered Behavior
 Employee-Centered Behavior
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15. The Situational Approach to Leadership: A Focus on Leader Behavior
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16. The Situational Approach to Leadership: A Focus on Leader Behavior
Leadership Behaviors (continued)
Effectiveness of Various Leadership Styles
 Comparing Styles
The Hersey–Blanchard Life Cycle Theory of Leadership
 Maturity
 The Life Cycle Model
 Exceptions to the Model
 Applying Life Cycle Theory
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17. The Situational Approach to Leadership: A Focus on Leader Behavior
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18. The Situational Approach to Leadership: A Focus on Leader Behavior
Leadership Behaviors (continued)
Fiedler’s Contingency Theory
 Changing the Organization to Fit the Leader
 Leader–member relations
 Task structure
 Position power
Actions to modify the leadership situation:
1. Change the individual’s task assignment
2. Change the leader’s position power
3. Change the leader–member relations in this group
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19. The Situational Approach to Leadership: A Focus on Leader Behavior
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20. The Situational Approach to Leadership: A Focus on Leader Behavior
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21. The Situational Approach to Leadership: A Focus on Leader Behavior
Leadership Behaviors (continued)
The Path–Goal Theory of Leadership
 Leadership Behavior
1. Directive behavior
2. Supportive behavior
3. Participative behavior
4. Achievement behavior
 Adapting Behavior to Situations
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22. Leadership Today
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23. Leadership Today
Transformational Leadership
The Tasks of Transformational Leaders
Coaching
Coaching Behavior
 Listens closely
 Gives emotional support
 Shows by example what constitutes appropriate behavior
Superleadership
Leading by showing others how to lead themselves
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24. Leadership Today
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25. Leadership Today
Servant Leadership
Servant leaders are . . .
. . . good listeners.
. . . persuasive.
. . . aware of their surroundings.
. . . empathetic.
. . . stewards.
Entrepreneurial Leadership
Leader is self-employed
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26. Leadership Today
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27. Questions
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