The document provides notes on the nervous system. It discusses the organization and functions of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and performs integrating and command functions. The PNS connects to the CNS and is composed of nerves and ganglia. The document outlines the structure and function of neurons, including their classification and generation of nerve impulses. It also summarizes the anatomy of the brain and spinal cord, as well as common brain dysfunctions.
The relationship between the parts of the sentence is classification. The sentence is classifying the nervous system into its two major divisions: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
Ns3 Review Of The Organization Of The Nervous Systemmedical
The document provides an overview of the organization of the nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which connects the CNS to sensory receptors and effector organs. The nervous system is composed of neurons and glial cells. Neurons have cell bodies, dendrites, axons and synaptic terminals. They communicate via electrical and chemical signals. The organization of the nervous system allows it to perform functions like sensation, movement, thinking and homeostasis.
The nervous system has two main divisions:
1. The central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord.
2. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising all other nerves outside the CNS.
Nerve tissue contains neurons, which transmit signals, and neuroglial cells which provide support. Neurons communicate via electrochemical signals called nerve impulses, traveling along nerve pathways between neurons. The brain and spinal cord are protected by membranes and fluid within the skull and vertebral column. The brain has three main parts which work together to control voluntary and involuntary functions.
This document provides an overview of nerve-muscle physiology. It discusses the structure and types of neurons, including their classification based on number of poles and function. It also describes the structure and types of muscle, including skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Additionally, it explains the electrophysiology of nerves and muscle, including the properties of electrical excitability, refractory period, and accommodation. The document outlines the process of the action potential in nerves and muscle cells. It concludes with a brief description of electrophysiology in the central nervous system.
2.1 struktur & fisiologi sistem saraf pusatMohd Arif
The document discusses the structure and function of the central nervous system. It describes how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system receives sensory information through receptors and interprets it to determine the appropriate motor responses. It provides control over muscles and glands.
The nervous system is composed of neurons and glial cells that communicate information throughout the body to cause reactions. Neurons are electrically excitable cells that process and transmit information. They consist of a soma, dendrites, axon, and axon terminals. There are different types of neurons. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, which controls mental processes and physical actions. The brain is divided into lobes and structures like the limbic system that support functions like emotion and memory. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main functions, anatomy, and divisions. The nervous system coordinates movement, senses the environment, and integrates senses. It is composed of neurons and neuroglial cells and uses electrochemical signals to communicate via nerves between parts of the body. The nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which connects the CNS to the rest of the body. The PNS is further divided into the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions, and the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary functions.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its basic functions of sensation, integration, and movement. It describes the main structures of the nervous system - the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and meninges. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum contains four lobes and is responsible for functions like thinking and movement. The document also discusses common nervous system diseases like meningitis and epilepsy.
The relationship between the parts of the sentence is classification. The sentence is classifying the nervous system into its two major divisions: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
Ns3 Review Of The Organization Of The Nervous Systemmedical
The document provides an overview of the organization of the nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which connects the CNS to sensory receptors and effector organs. The nervous system is composed of neurons and glial cells. Neurons have cell bodies, dendrites, axons and synaptic terminals. They communicate via electrical and chemical signals. The organization of the nervous system allows it to perform functions like sensation, movement, thinking and homeostasis.
The nervous system has two main divisions:
1. The central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord.
2. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising all other nerves outside the CNS.
Nerve tissue contains neurons, which transmit signals, and neuroglial cells which provide support. Neurons communicate via electrochemical signals called nerve impulses, traveling along nerve pathways between neurons. The brain and spinal cord are protected by membranes and fluid within the skull and vertebral column. The brain has three main parts which work together to control voluntary and involuntary functions.
This document provides an overview of nerve-muscle physiology. It discusses the structure and types of neurons, including their classification based on number of poles and function. It also describes the structure and types of muscle, including skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Additionally, it explains the electrophysiology of nerves and muscle, including the properties of electrical excitability, refractory period, and accommodation. The document outlines the process of the action potential in nerves and muscle cells. It concludes with a brief description of electrophysiology in the central nervous system.
2.1 struktur & fisiologi sistem saraf pusatMohd Arif
The document discusses the structure and function of the central nervous system. It describes how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system receives sensory information through receptors and interprets it to determine the appropriate motor responses. It provides control over muscles and glands.
The nervous system is composed of neurons and glial cells that communicate information throughout the body to cause reactions. Neurons are electrically excitable cells that process and transmit information. They consist of a soma, dendrites, axon, and axon terminals. There are different types of neurons. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, which controls mental processes and physical actions. The brain is divided into lobes and structures like the limbic system that support functions like emotion and memory. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main functions, anatomy, and divisions. The nervous system coordinates movement, senses the environment, and integrates senses. It is composed of neurons and neuroglial cells and uses electrochemical signals to communicate via nerves between parts of the body. The nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which connects the CNS to the rest of the body. The PNS is further divided into the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions, and the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary functions.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its basic functions of sensation, integration, and movement. It describes the main structures of the nervous system - the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and meninges. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum contains four lobes and is responsible for functions like thinking and movement. The document also discusses common nervous system diseases like meningitis and epilepsy.
The nervous system is made up of billions of neurons that connect and communicate through electrochemical signaling. Individual neurons have dendrites that receive signals, an axon that transmits signals, and release neurotransmitters at synapses to transmit signals to other neurons. There are many types of neurotransmitters that can have excitatory or inhibitory effects. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord for complex information processing, while the peripheral nervous system connects to and controls the body's organs and voluntary muscles.
The human nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The nervous system contains neurons that transmit electrochemical signals throughout the body to control and regulate functions. There are three main types of neurons - unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar - which receive and transmit signals through dendrites, axons, and synapses using neurotransmitters. The central nervous system consists of the brain, which is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, and the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body and controls both voluntary and involuntary functions through the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
The nervous system is composed of nerves and cells that carry messages between the brain and body. It has two main parts: the central nervous system containing the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system containing nerves linking the body to the CNS. Neurons are the basic functional units and communicate chemically or electrically. The nervous system coordinates body functions through sensory input, integration in the CNS, and motor output responses.
The document describes the structure and function of the nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes nerves and ganglia outside the CNS. The nervous system has sensory and motor divisions, with sensory receiving information and motor transmitting it. Neurons conduct nerve impulses while glial cells support neurons. The brain regions include the cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum. The spinal cord extends from the brain stem and is divided into sections.
The nervous system has three main functions: sensory, integration, and motor. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS; brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains neurons and neuroglia. Neuroglia provide support and protection for neurons. There are two types of neurons - sensory neurons transmit sensory information to the CNS, and motor neurons transmit signals from the CNS to effectors like muscles. Neurons communicate via electrical or chemical synapses using neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate, and catecholamines.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its functions and major components. It discusses the two principal cell types - neurons and neuroglia. Neurons are specialized to transmit electrical signals through a process called an action potential. All neurons have dendrites, a cell body, an axon, and presynaptic terminals. The document also describes the basic structure and function of a nerve, including the myelin sheath that surrounds many axons. Nerve fibers are classified in different ways, including based on their structure, function, neurotransmitter secretion, origin and distribution.
The human nervous system consists of two main parts: the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system of nerves throughout the body. There are two types of actions - voluntary actions that require thinking and are slower, mainly controlled by the brain, and involuntary or reflex actions that occur without thinking and are faster, controlled by the spinal cord to perform life-saving functions. A reflex arc is the pathway by which a reflex action occurs, involving sensory and motor neurons that transmit signals from receptors to effectors like muscles.
This document summarizes the structure and types of cells in the nervous system. It describes that the nervous system contains central and peripheral divisions. The central nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system contains cranial and spinal nerves. There are two main cell types - neurons which are excitable cells that transmit signals and neuroglia which are non-excitable supporting cells. Neurons contain a cell body, dendrites and an axon. Neuroglia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. The document also provides an overview of the spinal nerve, reflex arc and different types of reflex actions.
This presentation based on a broad overview to the human central nervous system focusing over the parts of the system, different cell types present in the system, and special terminology used in the system.
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord while the PNS contains nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals while glial cells provide support and insulation. Information flows through the nervous system via sensory input, central processing, and motor output.
Sistem saraf adalah sistem yang berfungsi untuk mengatur dan mengkoordinasikan tubuh manusia. Ada 2 sistem regulatorik yang berperan: sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin (hormon). Perbedaan dari sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin dilihat dari responnya: Sistem saraf:cepat,singkat,spesifik. Sistem endokrin: Lambat,lebih lama, spesifik.
The document summarizes key concepts about the nervous system including:
- Neurons are the basic structural and functional units that transmit electrochemical signals called nerve impulses. Nerves are bundles of axons.
- The central nervous system (CNS) contains gray matter with neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons, and white matter with bundles of myelinated axons.
- There are three main types of neurons - sensory, interneurons, and motor neurons. Neuroglial cells provide support and insulation for neurons in the CNS.
- The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS to other body parts and allows sensory input, integrative processing, and motor output functions.
The document discusses the coordination and response systems in the human body. It describes how the nervous system and endocrine system work together to detect changes both internally and externally, and coordinate responses. The nervous system detects stimuli through sensory receptors and transmits signals rapidly via neurons. The endocrine system responds more slowly by secreting hormones to regulate functions like metabolism and organ activity. Together these systems maintain homeostasis in the body.
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, which coordinate incoming and outgoing information. The PNS connects the CNS to organs and sensory receptors, carrying signals to and from the CNS. Neurons are the basic functional units and come in sensory, motor, and interneuron types that differ in their dendrite and axon structures. Sensory neurons carry signals to the CNS while motor neurons carry signals away, and interneurons connect signals within the CNS.
The document discusses the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and their divisions. The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body. The nervous system has sensory functions to receive stimuli, motor functions to react to stimuli, and integrative functions to process information. It also describes neurons, neuroglia, synapses, and how nerve impulses are transmitted in the body.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on neurophysiology. It begins with an introduction and overview of the nervous system, including its basic functions of sensory, interpretive, and motor functions. It then discusses the fine anatomy of the nervous system including neurons, the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and divisions of the peripheral nervous system. Finally, it covers topics like the structure and function of neurons, neuroglia, myelination, regeneration, and action potentials.
The document describes the structure and function of the nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. It describes the functions of neurons and neuroglial cells that make up nervous tissue and help transmit signals. Specifically, it discusses the roles of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and Schwann cells. It also explains the functions of the somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems and how they regulate voluntary and involuntary bodily processes.
The document discusses the human nervous system and its role in response and coordination. It describes:
1) The human nervous system collects information from internal and external stimuli, transmits it to processing centers in the brain and spinal cord, coordinates responses, and maintains homeostasis.
2) The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum controls voluntary movement and complex cognitive functions while the cerebellum controls movement coordination and balance.
3) Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system, connecting the brain to receptors and effectors via electrically signaling axons surrounded by a myelin sheath for fast transmission.
There are several forms of business ownership. A sole proprietorship is owned and operated by one individual who owns the business assets and is responsible for debts and liabilities. A partnership involves multiple owners who share profits and losses according to an agreement. Partnerships can be general partnerships where partners share management and liability equally or limited partnerships where some partners have limited liability. Other forms of business ownership include joint ventures, corporations, and public sector organizations.
This document provides an overview of key topics in Business Studies for Grade 10, including contact information, lesson outcomes, and content on business environments. It discusses the three main business environments: micro (internal factors controlled by management), market (external elements like customers, suppliers, competitors), and macro (large-scale forces like politics, economy, technology, legislation). For each, it outlines the major components and how they can impact business practice. The document also examines specific aspects of the micro environment like business functions, resources, culture and structure.
The nervous system is made up of billions of neurons that connect and communicate through electrochemical signaling. Individual neurons have dendrites that receive signals, an axon that transmits signals, and release neurotransmitters at synapses to transmit signals to other neurons. There are many types of neurotransmitters that can have excitatory or inhibitory effects. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord for complex information processing, while the peripheral nervous system connects to and controls the body's organs and voluntary muscles.
The human nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The nervous system contains neurons that transmit electrochemical signals throughout the body to control and regulate functions. There are three main types of neurons - unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar - which receive and transmit signals through dendrites, axons, and synapses using neurotransmitters. The central nervous system consists of the brain, which is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, and the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body and controls both voluntary and involuntary functions through the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
The nervous system is composed of nerves and cells that carry messages between the brain and body. It has two main parts: the central nervous system containing the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system containing nerves linking the body to the CNS. Neurons are the basic functional units and communicate chemically or electrically. The nervous system coordinates body functions through sensory input, integration in the CNS, and motor output responses.
The document describes the structure and function of the nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes nerves and ganglia outside the CNS. The nervous system has sensory and motor divisions, with sensory receiving information and motor transmitting it. Neurons conduct nerve impulses while glial cells support neurons. The brain regions include the cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum. The spinal cord extends from the brain stem and is divided into sections.
The nervous system has three main functions: sensory, integration, and motor. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS; brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains neurons and neuroglia. Neuroglia provide support and protection for neurons. There are two types of neurons - sensory neurons transmit sensory information to the CNS, and motor neurons transmit signals from the CNS to effectors like muscles. Neurons communicate via electrical or chemical synapses using neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate, and catecholamines.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its functions and major components. It discusses the two principal cell types - neurons and neuroglia. Neurons are specialized to transmit electrical signals through a process called an action potential. All neurons have dendrites, a cell body, an axon, and presynaptic terminals. The document also describes the basic structure and function of a nerve, including the myelin sheath that surrounds many axons. Nerve fibers are classified in different ways, including based on their structure, function, neurotransmitter secretion, origin and distribution.
The human nervous system consists of two main parts: the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system of nerves throughout the body. There are two types of actions - voluntary actions that require thinking and are slower, mainly controlled by the brain, and involuntary or reflex actions that occur without thinking and are faster, controlled by the spinal cord to perform life-saving functions. A reflex arc is the pathway by which a reflex action occurs, involving sensory and motor neurons that transmit signals from receptors to effectors like muscles.
This document summarizes the structure and types of cells in the nervous system. It describes that the nervous system contains central and peripheral divisions. The central nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system contains cranial and spinal nerves. There are two main cell types - neurons which are excitable cells that transmit signals and neuroglia which are non-excitable supporting cells. Neurons contain a cell body, dendrites and an axon. Neuroglia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. The document also provides an overview of the spinal nerve, reflex arc and different types of reflex actions.
This presentation based on a broad overview to the human central nervous system focusing over the parts of the system, different cell types present in the system, and special terminology used in the system.
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord while the PNS contains nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals while glial cells provide support and insulation. Information flows through the nervous system via sensory input, central processing, and motor output.
Sistem saraf adalah sistem yang berfungsi untuk mengatur dan mengkoordinasikan tubuh manusia. Ada 2 sistem regulatorik yang berperan: sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin (hormon). Perbedaan dari sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin dilihat dari responnya: Sistem saraf:cepat,singkat,spesifik. Sistem endokrin: Lambat,lebih lama, spesifik.
The document summarizes key concepts about the nervous system including:
- Neurons are the basic structural and functional units that transmit electrochemical signals called nerve impulses. Nerves are bundles of axons.
- The central nervous system (CNS) contains gray matter with neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons, and white matter with bundles of myelinated axons.
- There are three main types of neurons - sensory, interneurons, and motor neurons. Neuroglial cells provide support and insulation for neurons in the CNS.
- The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS to other body parts and allows sensory input, integrative processing, and motor output functions.
The document discusses the coordination and response systems in the human body. It describes how the nervous system and endocrine system work together to detect changes both internally and externally, and coordinate responses. The nervous system detects stimuli through sensory receptors and transmits signals rapidly via neurons. The endocrine system responds more slowly by secreting hormones to regulate functions like metabolism and organ activity. Together these systems maintain homeostasis in the body.
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, which coordinate incoming and outgoing information. The PNS connects the CNS to organs and sensory receptors, carrying signals to and from the CNS. Neurons are the basic functional units and come in sensory, motor, and interneuron types that differ in their dendrite and axon structures. Sensory neurons carry signals to the CNS while motor neurons carry signals away, and interneurons connect signals within the CNS.
The document discusses the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and their divisions. The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body. The nervous system has sensory functions to receive stimuli, motor functions to react to stimuli, and integrative functions to process information. It also describes neurons, neuroglia, synapses, and how nerve impulses are transmitted in the body.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on neurophysiology. It begins with an introduction and overview of the nervous system, including its basic functions of sensory, interpretive, and motor functions. It then discusses the fine anatomy of the nervous system including neurons, the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and divisions of the peripheral nervous system. Finally, it covers topics like the structure and function of neurons, neuroglia, myelination, regeneration, and action potentials.
The document describes the structure and function of the nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. It describes the functions of neurons and neuroglial cells that make up nervous tissue and help transmit signals. Specifically, it discusses the roles of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and Schwann cells. It also explains the functions of the somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems and how they regulate voluntary and involuntary bodily processes.
The document discusses the human nervous system and its role in response and coordination. It describes:
1) The human nervous system collects information from internal and external stimuli, transmits it to processing centers in the brain and spinal cord, coordinates responses, and maintains homeostasis.
2) The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum controls voluntary movement and complex cognitive functions while the cerebellum controls movement coordination and balance.
3) Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system, connecting the brain to receptors and effectors via electrically signaling axons surrounded by a myelin sheath for fast transmission.
There are several forms of business ownership. A sole proprietorship is owned and operated by one individual who owns the business assets and is responsible for debts and liabilities. A partnership involves multiple owners who share profits and losses according to an agreement. Partnerships can be general partnerships where partners share management and liability equally or limited partnerships where some partners have limited liability. Other forms of business ownership include joint ventures, corporations, and public sector organizations.
This document provides an overview of key topics in Business Studies for Grade 10, including contact information, lesson outcomes, and content on business environments. It discusses the three main business environments: micro (internal factors controlled by management), market (external elements like customers, suppliers, competitors), and macro (large-scale forces like politics, economy, technology, legislation). For each, it outlines the major components and how they can impact business practice. The document also examines specific aspects of the micro environment like business functions, resources, culture and structure.
This document discusses different forms of business ownership including sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. It provides an overview of each type of ownership structure, highlighting key factors to consider like liability, taxes, capital requirements, and control. Sole proprietorships are owned by one individual and provide total control but unlimited liability. Partnerships have multiple owners who share profits but at least one partner has unlimited liability. Corporations provide limited liability for shareholders but are more expensive to form and are subject to more regulations. The document analyzes advantages and disadvantages of each to help entrepreneurs choose the best structure.
The document outlines tips for building a business case for strategic meetings management. It discusses evaluating the current situation, setting clear objectives like creating efficiencies and cost savings, identifying risks to the business, proposing a strategy with measurable objectives and actions, justifying the impacts, expected results, and a recommended rollout plan. The presentation was moderated by Louann Cashill with a panel including representatives from Estee Lauder, Mentor Graphics, and Educational Testing Service discussing their success stories and roadblocks.
EBSE Engenharia de Soluções is a Brazilian factory founded in 1913 that produces industrial equipment, large diameter pipes, and heavy duty steel components. It was acquired in 2000 by the MPE Group. The factory is located on 100,000 square meters near transport infrastructure in Rio de Janeiro. EBSE has expertise in designing, fabricating, and assembling equipment and pipes for industries such as oil and gas, energy, and pulp and paper. It is certified to various international quality and safety standards.
This document contains information about stoichiometry including homework solutions, key terms, units, and examples of concentration calculations. It defines concentration as the number of particles of solute per solvent and provides examples of converting between units of volume and calculating concentration given the moles of solute and volume of solution. The document serves as a reference for learning about stoichiometry, concentration, and performing concentration calculations.
Este documento proporciona una definición y clasificación de los sistemas operativos. Explica que un sistema operativo es el programa más importante de una computadora que realiza tareas básicas como reconocer el teclado y controlar dispositivos. Los sistemas operativos pueden ser multiusuario, multiprocesador, multitarea o en tiempo real. También da ejemplos de sistemas operativos populares como Windows, Mac OS y Linux.
Conditional sentence type 1 uses the simple present tense in the if-clause to describe a possible condition, and the future tense in the main clause to describe the probable result. The if-clause of a type 1 conditional sentence uses the simple present tense to refer to a possible or imaginary condition.
This study aims to characterize regulatory elements that control spatial gene expression in the skin. The researchers used P300 ChIP-seq in mouse skin to identify putative layer-specific enhancers. They developed assays to test enhancer activity, including a cell-based differentiation assay and a graft-based assay using human keratinocytes. Around 80% of putative enhancers activated reporter expression in differentiating keratinocytes in the cell-based assay. The graft-based assay showed layer-specific reporter expression driven by putative enhancers, recapitulating the spatial patterning of skin. This approach allows rapid validation of epidermal enhancers responsible for spatial gene regulation.
This document contains the resume of Ashish Goyal. It summarizes his educational qualifications including a Master's degree in Advertising, Public Relations, and Marketing from MASSCOMEDIA college in Noida. It also lists his technical skills like HTML, MS Office, and his creative skills in print, electronic and social media. His areas of interest include copywriting, marketing research, brand management. The resume also outlines his internship experiences with companies like Dhanuka Agritech, RK Swamy BBDO, and Madison India where he gained experience in marketing, advertising, media monitoring and relations.
Motivação e aprendizagem em contexto escolarLuiz Magnavita
Este artigo discute a importância da motivação no processo de aprendizagem e sucesso dos alunos no contexto escolar. Aborda a diferença entre motivação intrínseca e extrínseca e como professores podem encorajar a motivação intrínseca dos alunos por meio de estratégias cognitivas e metacognitivas.
Teaching participation in planning and design: a few lessons from NMBU's depa...Deni Ruggeri
This morning, students from my fall course, LAA341 - The Urban landscape as a social arena, presented their vision for the future of Ski, one of the fastest growing municipalities in the Oslo region. Their work translated findings from a workshop with students from the local elementary school into design principles and strategic design proposals for denser yet livable, child-friendly urban neighborhoods integrating walkability, bikeability, stormwater management and a mix of uses.
I have attached a presentation of the goals and objectives of the course, which were to introduce students to theories and practices of participation in urban and landscape design. Students developed customized processes and engaged in a rich dialogue with the Ski community as well as within their own classroom community, resulting in collective visions that were more than the sum of each students' part. The presentation begins with an introduction of NMBU, the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, and its commitment to action-research and research directly affecting decision making and planning of the sustainable city. I then introduce some of the theories introduced as guidance and inspiration for the students. I then discuss some of the principles and goals of the course. I conclude with reflections using student feedback from their "post-facto" survey.
The document discusses the different types of business environments that can impact an organization. It defines the business environment as consisting of all internal and external factors that influence a business's operations. The internal environment includes factors like organizational culture that a business can control. The external environment contains uncontrollable factors like the economic conditions, competitors, and government policies in the macro environment. It also examines the micro environment surrounding the business, including customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders that directly affect operations.
This document analyzes and summarizes the key elements of three magazine covers:
1. Vogue magazine with a cover photo of Kristen Stewart and cover lines advertising exclusive content.
2. Glamour magazine featuring Cheryl on the cover with a tagline about her thoughts on love. It also lists article topics along the side.
3. InStyle magazine with Gwen Stefani on the cover in fashionable clothing. It promotes plus content with buzz words and lists the magazine name and issue in the barcode.
Fed up with stop and go in your data center? Why not shift into overdrive and pull into the fast lane? Learn how AutoScout24, the largest online car marketplace Europe-wide, are building their Autobahn in the cloud.
Reinventing themselves by making a radical transition from monoliths to microservices, from .NET on Windows to Scala on Linux, from data center to AWS and from built by devs and run by ops to a DevOps mindset.
This document discusses the three types of business environments: micro/internal, market, and macro/external. It defines each environment and explains their importance. The micro environment focuses on internal strengths and weaknesses. The market environment involves suppliers, customers, and market forces. And the macro environment comprises political, economic, technological, and legal factors outside a business's control that present opportunities and threats. Regular scanning, monitoring, forecasting and assessing help businesses understand changing trends in their environments.
Nervous System -Autonomic Nervous System-Neurons -Ganglia - Nerves Copy.Home
The nervous system is the body's communication network, coordinating and regulating all bodily functions. Comprising the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), it consists of neurons, specialized cells transmitting electrical and chemical signals. The CNS, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, interprets and processes information. The PNS extends from the CNS, transmitting signals between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body. Sensory neurons detect stimuli, while motor neurons control muscle movement. This intricate system enables sensory perception, voluntary and involuntary actions, and regulates bodily processes, ensuring homeostasis and facilitating responses to the environment.
Nervous System -Autonomic Nervous System-Neurons -Ganglia - Nerves Copy.Home
The nervous system is the body's communication network, coordinating and regulating all bodily functions. Comprising the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), it consists of neurons, specialized cells transmitting electrical and chemical signals. The CNS, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, interprets and processes information. The PNS extends from the CNS, transmitting signals between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body. Sensory neurons detect stimuli, while motor neurons control muscle movement. This intricate system enables sensory perception, voluntary and involuntary actions, and regulates bodily processes, ensuring homeostasis and facilitating responses to the environment.
This document discusses neuroanatomy and the structure and function of the nervous system. It begins by defining neuroanatomy as the study of the nervous system. It then describes the basic functions and classification of the nervous system into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Finally, it discusses the cellular organization and types of nervous tissue, as well as the structure and classification of neurons.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main functions and divisions. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which branches out from the CNS. Within these systems are neurons, the main cell type, and neuroglia which support neuron function. The document outlines the structure of neurons and how nerve impulses are conducted. It also describes the divisions of the nervous system including somatic, autonomic, afferent and efferent systems.
The nervous system has two main parts - the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and coordinates nerve signals throughout the body. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that extend from the central nervous system to the rest of the body, and has two divisions - the somatic and autonomic divisions. Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system, and have different roles like sensory, motor, and interneurons.
The document discusses the nervous system. It begins by outlining the four primary functions of the nervous system: sensing the world, transmitting information, processing information, and producing a response. It then describes neurons and their parts including dendrites, cell body, axon, and axon terminals. It explains the three main types of neurons and provides an overview of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Key areas of the brain and their functions are identified. Finally, it discusses the autonomic nervous system and roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The nervous system has two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord. It contains neurons and neuroglia, and is divided into gray matter and white matter. The PNS includes nerves that branch throughout the body from the CNS, and is divided into the somatic and autonomic systems. The somatic system controls skeletal muscles, while the autonomic system regulates involuntary functions like respiration and digestion.
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, which receive sensory input, integrate information, and respond through motor output. The PNS includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic system connects the CNS to skeletal muscles and senses, while the autonomic system regulates involuntary functions through its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Neurons are the basic functional units that conduct electrical signals, while neuroglia provide support and insulation to neurons.
The nervous system has four primary functions: sensing the world, transmitting information, processing information, and producing responses. It is composed of neurons, which are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals around the body. The nervous system has two main divisions: the central nervous system, comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, comprising all other nerves. The central nervous system receives, interprets, and sends signals to the peripheral nervous system to coordinate body functions and responses.
This document provides an overview of the nervous system for introductory health profession training. It defines key terms, describes the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous systems, and examines the roles of neurons, neuroglia, and reflex arcs. Major topics covered include the brain regions and lobes, spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid, and common clinical disorders of the nervous system. The goal is for students to understand the basic anatomy and physiology of this complex network that regulates the human body.
The document provides an overview of the basic concepts of neuroscience. It describes the central nervous system as consisting of the brain and spinal cord, which integrate and coordinate activities in the body. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to other parts of the body and environment. Within the nervous system, neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals. The document also discusses the structure and functions of key components like the cerebrum, cerebrospinal fluid, spinal cord, and autonomic and somatic nervous systems. It addresses questions about topics such as the differences between central and peripheral nervous systems, components of neurons, and the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The human nervous system is composed of neurons and glial cells. Neurons send and receive signals using long processes, while glial cells provide support and protection. The nervous system develops from embryonic tissue and is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The CNS coordinates information processing, while the PNS connects to sensory organs and muscles. Neurons have a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that transmits signals. Glial cells in the CNS include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells, while Schwann cells are the main type in the PNS.
The document discusses the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit signals in the nervous system. The document outlines the main parts of neurons including the cell body, dendrites, axon, and myelin sheath. It also describes the different types of neurons and specialized cells that support neurons called neuroglial cells.
Unit-I, Chapter_1 Nervous System Final PPT.pptAudumbar Mali
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and contains gray matter and white matter. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch throughout the body. The nervous system detects environmental changes and coordinates the body's actions and sensory information through transmitting signals via neurons. It is composed of neurons, which are the basic functional units, and neuroglia, which provide structure and support. The nervous system functions through nerve impulses that travel along neurons via action potentials and neurotransmitters to transmit signals between neurons.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system and its major components, including:
- The nervous system is made up of neurons that carry messages throughout the body. Neurons have dendrites, a cell body, and an axon.
- Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals. When stimulated, they release neurotransmitters that can excite or inhibit the next neuron.
- The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls functions like emotion, learning, memory, and movement. Different areas of the cortex control senses, movement, and higher thought.
- The peripheral nervous system includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic system interacts with surroundings, while the auton
The document provides an introduction to the nervous system. It discusses that the nervous system is composed of two main divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) containing the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) containing nerves. Sensory information travels via sensory neurons to the CNS, which integrates the information and sends motor commands via motor neurons. Motor commands can target skeletal muscle through somatic nerves or smooth and cardiac muscle through the autonomic nervous system. Neurons transmit nerve impulses while various neuroglial cells provide structural and nutritional support, including myelinating neurons to increase transmission speed.
The nervous system has four primary functions: sensing the world, transmitting information, processing information, and producing responses. It has two main divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) containing the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) containing all other nerves. The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which transmits electrochemical signals through a reflex arc pathway involving sensory, inter, and motor neurons.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system and brain structures. It discusses the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, and how neurons communicate using neurotransmitters. It describes the central nervous system, made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, including the somatic and autonomic divisions. It also outlines structures in the brain stem that control basic functions, as well as limbic system structures involved in emotion, learning, and memory. Imaging techniques used to study the living brain are also summarized.
The nervous system has three main functions: sensory input, integration of stimuli, and motor output. It is structurally divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is further divided into the somatic and autonomic systems. Nervous tissue contains two main cell types: neurons, which transmit electrical signals, and neuroglia, or glial cells, which support neurons. The brain is divided into regions including the cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum. Cranial and spinal nerves connect the central and peripheral nervous systems.
The human nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The nervous system contains neurons that transmit electrochemical signals throughout the body to control and regulate functions. There are three main types of neurons - unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar - which receive and transmit signals through dendrites, axons, and synapses using neurotransmitters. The central nervous system consists of the brain, which is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, and the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body and controls both voluntary and involuntary functions through the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
The brain is one of the largest and most complex organs in the human body. It is made up of more than 100 billion nerves that communicate in trillions of connections called synapses. The brain is made up of many specialized areas that work together: ... The cortex is the outermost layer of brain cells. the brain is how you think.
The most common diabetes symptoms include frequent urination, intense thirst and hunger, weight gain, unusual weight loss, fatigue, cuts and bruises that do not heal, male sexual dysfunction, numbness and tingling in hands and feet.
1. The document discusses several philosophies of education including idealism, realism, pragmatism, existentialism/phenomenology, and neo-Marxism.
2. Idealists like Plato believed that education should move students toward abstract ideas and truth through dialogue and debate. Realists like Aristotle argued that knowledge comes from empirical study of the material world.
3. Pragmatists like Dewey viewed education as a means to solve social problems through experiential learning. Existentialists focused on the individual experience and helping students understand their lived world. Neo-Marxists saw education's role as empowering students to challenge capitalism.
This document summarizes several theories of motivation:
1) Content theories (e.g. Maslow's hierarchy, ERG theory, Herzberg) examine what motivates people based on individual needs and how satisfying different needs impacts motivation.
2) Process theories (e.g. expectancy theory, goal setting theory, reinforcement theory) describe the cognitive processes that translate needs into motivated behavior.
3) Additional theories discussed include equity theory, justice theory, and how individual and organizational factors influence motivation.
This document covers leadership skills development. It discusses various theories of leadership, including trait theories, behavioral theories, situational/contingency theories, and transformational theories. It examines the role and responsibilities of a team leader in the workplace. Key responsibilities include guiding team members, providing structure, focusing on performance, and clarifying roles. However, a team leader's authority is limited and varies depending on organizational structure. The document provides exercises for participants to assess their own leadership strengths and weaknesses and develop a plan to improve their skills.
Social media refers to websites and apps that allow users to create and share content or participate in social networking. Some of the most popular social media sites include Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google+, YouTube, Instagram, Pinterest, Tumblr, Vine, Snapchat, Reddit, Flickr, and Kik. Each has its own niche, such as Facebook for general social networking, LinkedIn for professional networking, YouTube and Vine for sharing videos, Instagram and Pinterest for sharing photos, and Snapchat, Kik and Tumblr for messaging and sharing content with friends. The history of social media began in the 1970s with early message boards and networking sites and grew exponentially with the commercialization of the internet and launch of major sites
A volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur. Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls.
The document provides details about the Titanic, including that it cast off on April 10, 1912 under Captain Edward J. Smith and sank on April 15, 1912 after hitting an iceberg. It notes the ship had 164 watertight compartments but was unable to withstand the damage, and there were not enough lifeboats for all passengers due to the third class being restricted and first class having more amenities. The Carpathia came to the rescue of survivors.
The document discusses various automotive parts including the engine block, crankshaft, connecting rods, pistons, cylinder head, valves, camshaft, manifolds, cooling system, lubrication system, oil pump, oil filter, fuel system, carburetor, air filter, and fuel filter. Key components are manufactured from materials like cast iron, steel, and aluminum alloy. The engine block houses the crankshaft and other internal components. The crankshaft is connected to connecting rods and pistons to convert reciprocating motion to rotational motion.
1) Grasslands provide important ecosystem functions such as carbon storage, nutrient recycling, and habitat. They also act as a buffer between deserts and forests.
2) Fires play an essential role in grassland ecosystems, occurring naturally every 4-20 years on average depending on climate and vegetation. Fire controls species dominance and facilitates germination.
3) Widespread conversion of grasslands to agriculture and urbanization has dramatically reduced grassland areas worldwide. Remaining grasslands face threats from overgrazing, invasive species, and changes in historic fire regimes.
This document provides a summary of notes for a Grade 10 Business final exam. It covers several topics:
1) Economics - including the differences between needs/wants, goods/services, producers/consumers, and the laws of supply and demand.
2) Types of businesses - the various forms of business ownership, factors to consider when starting a business, and categories of businesses like services, retail, and manufacturing.
3) Ethics and CSR - defining ethics, morals, and values, as well as corporate social responsibility and examples of unethical business behaviors.
4) International trade - benefits of international business, the 5 Ps of international business, and agreements like NAFTA.
This document discusses the evolution of horses over time from early multi-toed ancestors to modern single-toed horses. It traces the lineage from Hyracotherium, a small forest-dwelling animal, through Miohippus and Merychippus as forests shrank and grasslands expanded, to the modern horse Equus. Key evolutionary trends included a reduction in toes, lengthening of legs and body size, and adaptations like elongated muzzles and high-crowned teeth for grazing. These changes were driven by needs to escape predators on the plains and adapt to cooling climates and the dominance of grasses.
This document provides an overview of a study that models global carbon emissions and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the next 100 years under different scenarios. It begins by establishing the scientific consensus around human-caused global warming and its link to fossil fuel combustion. It then examines projections for peak production and depletion curves for oil, natural gas, and coal. Under an unmitigated scenario, this would lead to a steep rise in CO2 levels over time. However, the document explores how implementing "stabilization wedges" - measures that each reduce emissions by 25 gigatons over 50 years - can significantly cut emissions from fossil fuels according to different schedules. This achieves the goal of keeping atmospheric CO2 below dangerous thresholds.
This document provides notes on AQA GCSE Biology for Unit 2. It covers several topics:
- Cells and cell structures, including the structures and functions of plant, animal, yeast and bacterial cells.
- Tissues, organs and organ systems, explaining how cells differentiate and organize into tissues, organs, and systems to carry out functions.
- Photosynthesis, outlining the process by which plants use light energy to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
- Organisms and their environment, discussing physical factors that affect organisms and methods to collect quantitative data on populations and distributions.
- Proteins, explaining their structures and functions, including as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural components.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
Ch7 notes1
1. Name________________________________Block_____Date______________________
Ch 7 The Nervous System Notes Lisa Peck
I. Organization of the Nervous System (pp 222-224)
Nervous system- the master controlling and communicating system of the body
3 functions: 1. sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring inside & outside body
stimuli- changes
sensory input- gathered information
2. processes and interprets the sensory input
integration- nervous system makes decisions about what should be done
3. effects a response by activating muscles or glands (effectors) via motor output
Regulating and Maintaining Homeostasis
nervous system - fast-acting control via electrical impulses
endocrine system- slow-acting control via hormones release into the blood
Structural Classification (p 223)
2 subdivisions: Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
consists of: brain
spinal cord
functions: integrating center.........interpret incoming sensory information
command center..........issue instructions based on past experience & current conditions
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
consists of: nerves 2 types: cranial nerves- carry impulses to and from the brain
spinal nerves- carry impulses to and from the spinal cord
ganglia- groups of nerve cell bodies
function: communication lines, linking all parts of the body
2. Functional Classification (pp 223-224) 2
only deals with peripheral nervous system (PNS)
1. Sensory (Afferent) Division- nerve fibers that carry impulses to the CNS from sensory
receptors located throughout body
sensory fibers types: 1. somatic sensory fibers- delivering impulses from the skin, skeletal
muscles, & joints
2. visceral sensory fibers- transmitting impulses from the visceral
organs
2. Motor (Efferent) Division- nerve fibers that carry impulses from the CNS to effector organs
ossicles and glands, bringing about a motor response
2 types: 1. somatic nervous system: conscious control of skeletal muscles
voluntary control
skeletal muscles
2. autonomic nervous system (ANS)- regulates activities that are automatic
involuntary
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
glands
2 nerve types that target same organ but yield opp. effects
exception: targeted only by sympathetic: some glands,
most blood vessels, most structures of the skin
2 types: 1. sympathetic-” fight or flight”
f’ns during extreme situations
ex: increase heart rate
rapid breathing
cold, sweaty skin
dilated pupils
2. parasympathetic- “resting & digesting”
most active when body at rest
causing normal digestion, voiding
feces & urine
goal: conserving energy
3. Nervous Tissue: Structure and function (pp 224-235) 3
2 types of cells: 1. neuroglia- supporting cells
not able to conduct impulses
can undergo cell division
most brain tumors are gliomas- formed by glial cells
2. neurons nerve cells that transmit impulses
functional unit of nervous system
neurglia (pp 224-226) not able to conduct impulse
glia (glial cells)- f’n: support, insulation, & protection ~90% cells in brain are glial cells
CNS: 4 types: astrocytes PNS: 2 types
microglia schwann cells
ependymal satellite cells
oligodendrocytes
1. Astrocytes- star-shaped cells
account for over half of neural tissue
numerous projections have swollen ends that cling to neurons
f’n: 1. brace and anchor neurons to capillaries
intermediary cell b/w neuron and capillary (aids in exchange)
protects neurons from harmful substances present in blood
2. control chemical environment in brain by picking up excess ions &
recapturing released neurotransmitters
4. neurglia 4
2. Microglia- spiderlike phagocytes
dispose of debris (dead brain cells & bacteria)
smallest of glial cells
3. Ependymal- line cavities of the brain & spinal cord
f’n- beating of cilia helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid
that fills cavities & forms protective cushion around CNS
4. Oligodendrocytes- (CNS)
wrap their flat extensions around axons of many nerves
forms myelin sheath- fatty insulating covering
protects and cushions nerves
speeds up nerve transmission speed
gives rise to white matter of brain
fewer extensions than astrocytes
PNS: 2 types:
1. Schwann cells- cells of PNS that myelinate axons
2. satellite cells- protective & cushioning cells of PNS neurons
5. B. Neurons (pp 226-235) 5
1. Anatomy (of a generalized neuron)
cell body- metabolic center
contains typical cell organelles
(exception: no centrioles .....no mitosis -amitotic)
axon- one per cell, process of neuron
conduct impulses away from the cell body
dendrites- many per cell, extension of neuron (often branched extensively)
conduct impulses toward cell body
axon hillock- axon arises form this conelike
region of cell body
axon terminals- 100’s to 1000’s branches at terminal end of axon
contain vessicles of neurotransmitters
collateral branch- branch off of an axon
6. Nerve Anatomy 6
synaptic cleft (synapse)- separation b/w axon terminal and next neuron
myelin- covering of most long neurons (axon)
whitish, fatty substance
protects, insulates, speeds up neural transmission
CNS:
oligodendrocytes- form myelin sheath
lacks neurolemma
f’n- protects and cushions nerve
increases speed of nerve transmission
located in CNS
PNS:
schwann cell’s form myelin sheath
covering of most long neurons
formed by wrapping of a Schwann cell
schwann cell- specialized supportive cells
wrap tightly around axon
neurolemma- outermost part of schwann cell
aids in neuron regeneration
nodes of Ranvier- gaps of myelin sheath
b/ w Schwann cells
loc. @ regular intervals
action potential jumps from
node to node- faster
CNS
white matter- dense bundles of myelinated fibers (tracts) brain- inside spinal cord- surface
gray matter- unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies brain- surface spinal cord- inside
CNS PNS
nuclei ganglia groups of cell bodies
tracts nerves bundles of nerve fibers
7. Classification of Neurons 7
functional classification- according to direction of impulse is traveling relative to CNS
1. sensory neuron- nerve impulse travels towards CNS
afferent
cell bodies outside CNS in ganglion
receptors- dendrite endings that are specialized
activated by specific changes nearby (stimuli)
taste, hearing, sight, equilibrium, smell
cutaneous sense organs- pacinian & meissner corpuscles
proprioceptors- loc. in muscles & tendons
detects amt. of stretch or tension
determines location, posture, and tone
muscle spindle
golgi tendon organs
pain receptors- bare dendrite endings
least specialized cutaneous receptor
most numerous cutaneous receptor
2. motor neuron- nerve impulse travels away from CNS
efferent neuron
cell bodies inside CNS in nuclei
3. association neurons (interneurons)- connect motor and sensory neurons
cell bodies in CNS
8. Classification of Neurons 8
structural classification- based on number of processes extending from cell body
multipolar- several processes
all motor neurons
all association neurons
most common neuron type
bipolar- 2 process on cell body
axon & dendrite
rare in adults (eg; eye & nose)
unipolar- one process on cell body
single process is very short
process divides into 2
peripheral process- (distal)
contains dendrites on end
central process- (proximal)
contains axon terminals
axon- both peripheral & central
processes
conducts impulses in both
directions (toward & away from cell body)
sensory neurons located in PNS ganglia are all unipolar
3. Physiology nerve impulse generation (action potential)
reflex arcs- neural pathways involve both CNS & PNS
reflexes- rapid, predictable and involuntary responses to stimuli
once reflex begins...always goes in same direction
types: somatic reflexes- stimulate the skeletal muscles
eg: pull hand away from hot stove
autonomic reflexes- regulate the activity of smooth muscles, heart, & glands
eg: secretion of saliva, changes in pupil size,
regulates: digestion, elimination, blood pressure, & sweating
10. Functional Anatomy of the Brain (pp 235-241) 10
Brain- 3 parts
1. forebrain- cerebrum
diencephalon- thalamus
hypothalamus
2. midbrain- small superior part of brain stem
3. hindbrain- cerebellum
brain stem (part of it)- medulla oblongata
pons
Forebrain
2 parts: 1. cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres)
2. diencephalon
Cerebrum: largest part of brain
divided into left and right hemispheres-cerebral hemispheres
separated by corpus callosum (internally)- large fiber tract connecting hemispheres
longitudinal fissure (surface)
the spinal tracts cross over -------> left hemisphere deals w/ right side of body
right hemisphere deals w/ left side of body
surface is highly convoluted- increasing surface area (increases # of neurons)
cortex- (exterior) gray matter
thin surface layer (1-4 mm thick)
Interior- white matter, nerve tract relaying impulses
to & from cerebral cortex
gyrus (gyri)- elevated ridges on cerebral cortex
sulcus (sulci)- shallow grooves in cortex
fissure- deep sulcus in cortex sulci divide hemispheres into 4 lobes
separate large areas of brain
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
11. Functional Anatomy of the Brain (pp 235-241) 11
Forebrain
Cerebrum- cerebral cortex: 4 lobes
f’n- speech, memory, logical & emotional response, consciousness, interpretation of sensation,
voluntary movement, problem solving
frontal lobe
primary motor area- located anterior to central sulcus
initiates voluntary movement of skeletal muscles (motor language too)
premotor area- located anterior to primary motor area
process input regarding body movement, modify movements
prefrontal area- anterior frontal lobe
higher level thought, decision making, planning, impulsivity control
selective attention, personality, problem solving, behavior, emotions
Broca’s area- inferior left frontal gyrus
controls facial neurons & speech production- articulation
(works in junction with Wernicke’s Area- language comprehension)
parietal lobe
somatic sensory area- located posterior to central sulcus
interprets input from sensory receptors (except specialized senses)
aids in spacial orientation
sensory pathways are crossed pathways (left sensory area receives input from right side of body)
temporal lobe- auditory processing
olfactory area (located deep temporal)
memory: right lobe- visual memory (pictures, faces)
left lobe- verbal memory (words, names)
occipital lobe- visual center , processes visual info and visual recognition of shapes & colors
12. 12
Forebrain
1. Cerebrum- “telencephalon”
2. Diencephalon- located superior to brain stem & enclosed by cerebral hemispheres
3 parts- thalamus- relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to somatic sensory cortex
all sensory input passes thru thalamus to cortex (except olfaction)
signals from cerebellum pass thru thalamus up to motor area of cortex
encloses 3rd ventricle (spaces filled w/ cerebrospinal fluid...aids in circulation)
hypothalamus-”seat” of autonomic nervous system
regulates homeostasis
both nervous & endocrine f’ns source of 8 hormones
regulation of: body temp, water balance, blood chemistry, metabolism
heart rate,
death results if damaged
plays imp. part in limbic system- “emotional-visceral brain”
emotion, motivation
epithalamus- forms roof of 3rd ventricle
choroid plexus- knots of capillaries w/ in ea. ventricle forms CSF
pineal body- endocrine gland
releases melatonin- regulates daily body rhythms
eg: day/ night cycle melatonin released @ night
Brain Stem- pathway for ascending & descending tracts, has gray areas- cranial nerves
help control breathing, heart rate etc.
1. midbrain
2. pons
3. medulla oblongata
reticular formation- extends length of brain stem (middle of hindbrain to midbrain)
role in consciousness & awake/ sleep cycles damaged- coma
13. Midbrain 13
located upper part of brain stem very small portion of brain stem
evolutionarily: the oldest part of brain
only used for eye reflexes
reticular formation- collects input from higher brain centers & passes it on to motor neurons
substantia nigra- helps “smooth” out body movements damaged-Parkinson’s Disease
ventral tegmental area (VTA)- loaded w/ dopamine-releasing neurons that are activated
by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors & synapse deep w/ in
forebrain
VTA involved in pleasure: nicotine, amphetamines & cocaine
bind to and activate its dopamine-releasing neurons-
may account for their addictive qualities
Hindbrain-consists of part of brain stem: 1. pons
2. medulla oblongata
3. cerebellum
pons- rounded structure protruding below midbrain
unconscious control of breathing (reflexive breathing)
reticular formation- area receives sensory input from forebrain & passes to thalamus
involved in sleep, arousal & vomiting
relay center b/w cerebral cortex (impulses from eyes, ears, & touch receptors) & cerebellum
medulla oblongata- closest to spinal cord most inferior part of brain stem
f’n- regulation of heart beat, breathing, vasoconstriction (blood pressure),
reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, & hiccups
important fiber tract area damaged- death
4th ventricle lies posterior to medulla oblongata
cerebellum- second largest part of brain 2 convoluted hemispheres
surface layer is gray matter and internal area is white matter
f’n- muscle coordination
maintain normal muscle tone & posture balance & equilibrium
Limbic System- receives input from association areas in cortex & passes signals cerebrum
2 parts: hippocampus- essential for formation of long term memories
amygdala- center of emotions (eg fear)
send signals to hypothalamus& medulla wh/ can activate
“fight or flight”
receives signals form olfactory system....may account for
powerful effect that odor has on memory
14. 14
Protection of the Central Nervous System (pp 241-244)
1. Bones of skull and vertebral column
2. Meninges
dura mater- outermost
arachnoid matter- middle
pia matter- innermost
15. Protection of the Central Nervous System (pp 241-244) 15
2. Meninges- 3 continuous sheets covering both spinal cord and brain
dura mater- outermost, pressed against bony surface on interior of vertebrae & cranium
arachnoid mater- middle layer, weblike, threadlike extensions pass thru subarachnoid
space & attach to pia mater
pia mater- innermost layer, thin, attached to surface of spinal cord & brain
3. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
fluid similar to blood plasma containing protein, vit. C, and ions
bathes cells of CNS protecting them from physical trauma
returns to blood thru veins drainging the brain
choroid plexus- capillaries that secrete CSF
located hanging from roof of each ventricle ( 2 lateral, 3rd & 4th)
CSF location
4. Blood-Brain Barrier
16. C. Brain Dysfunctions (pp 244-247) 16
1. Traumatic Brain Injuries
concussion- reversible damage
contusions- nonreversible damage
2. Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVA)- stroke
visual impairment
paralysis
aphasias
3. Alzheimer’s Disease
4. Huntington’s Disease
5. Parkinson’s Disease
6. Diagnosis (pp 262-263)
electroencephalogram (EEG)
simple reflex tests
angiography
CT scans
PET scans
MRI & Functional MRI scans
D. Spinal Cord (247-249)
~17 inches from foramen magnum to L1 or L2
cauda equina- cord ends w/ spinal nerves @ L2
31 pairs of spinal nerves (dorsal & ventral roots)
Gray Matter of Spinal Cords & Spinal Roots
gray matter in middle around central canal (H shape)
2 dorsal (post.) horns- contains interneurons connected to sensory neurons from dorsal root
2 ventral (ant.) horns- cell bodies of motor neurons whose axons leave via ventral root
White Matter of the Spinal Cord 3 regions
anterior column: ascending tracts only (incoming sensory)
lateral column: both ascending & descending
posterior column: both ascending & descending
spinal nerve- fused dorsal & ventral roots (a mixed nerve- sensory & motor neurons)
dorsal root: entering sensory neurons
dorsal root ganglia- sensory nerve
cell bodies
ventral root: motor nerve axons
17. Peripheral Nervous System (pp 249-263) 17
contain only nerves (no glial cells)
Structure of a Nerve
nerve- bundle of neuron fibers (held tog. w/ connective tissue)
endoneurium- surrounds each never fiber
perineurium- binds groups of fibers into fasicles
epineurium- bind fascicles together
12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves
numbered in order from front to back
most are mixed nerves (3 sensory only)
I olfactory
sensory 4 smell
II optic
sensory 4 vision
III oculomotor
motor fibers to eye muscles
IV trochlear
motor fibers to eye muscles
V trigeminal
sensory 4 face
motor fibers to chewing muscles
VI abducens
motor fibers to eye muscles
VII facial
sensory 4 taste
motor fibers to face
VIII vestibulocochlear
sensory 4 hearing & balance
IX glossopharyngeal
sensory 4 taste
motor fibers to pharynx
X vagus
sensory & motor 4 pharynx,
larynx, & viscera
XI accessory
motor nerve to neck &
upper back
XII hypoglossal
motor fibers to tongue
18. 31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses 18
spinal nerves formed by combo of venrtral & dorsal roots of spinal cord
spinal nerves named for region from which they arise
spinal nerves divide after leave spinal cord
dorsal rami- serve skin & posterior trunk muscles
ventral rami- form plexus for the anterior
plexuses- ventral rami of spinal nerves form complex networks that serve motor & sensory
needs of limbs
4 plexus: cervical, brachial, lumbar, & sacral
classification of nerves by direction of impulse
mixed nerve- travels to & from CNS
inlcudes both sensory and motor nerve fibers
sensory nerve- carry impulse towards CNS (afferent)
motor nerve- carry impulse away from CNS (efferent)
19. Autonomic Nervous System 19
somatic & autonomic nervous systems compared
Somatic NS Autonomic NS
Nerves one motor neuron preganglionic nerves
postganglionic nerves
Effector Organs skeletal muscle smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glands
Neurotransmitters always use acetylcholine acetylcholine
epinephrine
norepinephrine
Autonomic Nervous System: involuntary control
2 divisions that serve same effector (smooth or cardiac muscle or a gland)
2 divisions bring about opposite effects, coutner balance ea. other
major difference 1) location of origin in CNS
parasympathetic- brain stem or S1-S4
sympathetic- T1-L2
2) location of ganglia
parasympathetic- ganglia near spinal cord
sympathetic- ganglia near effector organ
20. Autonomic Nervous System 20
Parasympathetic division (PaNS)
“housekeeping activities”
conserves energy
maintains daily necessary body functions
“D” division: digestion, defecation, and diuresis
constricts pupils
conserve E
stimulates digestive (increase saliva)
stimulates urinary organs (increase urine production)
inhibit cardiovascular system (slow heart rate)
inhibit respiratory systems (constrict airways,
slow respirations)
Sympathetic division (SyNS)
“fight-or-flight”
response to unusual stimulus
takes over to increase activities
“E” division: exercise, excitement, emergency, & embarrassment
pupils dialate
stimulate respiratory organs (increase breathing rate & open airways)
stimulate cardiovasculary system (increase heart rate)
stimulate adrenal glands (release epinephrine and norepinephrine...stimulate liver)
stimulated liver (convert glycogen into glucose....release into blood)
inhibit digesitve system (decrease saliva...dry mouth)
inhibit urinary system
increase glucose use....generates heat and water...increase sweat, reddened skin
polygraph- measures stress incurred when tell a lie. You know it is wrong to lie, when you do lie
your sympathetic NS kicks in and your adrenal glands cause heart rate to increase.
measures changes in heart rate
21. Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System (pp 263-266) 21
nervous system if formed during the first month of embryonic development
any maternal infection can have extremely harmful effects
the hypothalamus is one of the last areas of the brain to develop
it controls body temperature: premature babies and infants can not maintain body temp
there are no more neurons formed after birth, but growth and maturation continues for several years
neurons will develop myelination during maturation- increases neuromuscular control
the brain reaches maximum weight as a young adult
A. Embryonic Brain Development
cerebral palsy
anencephaly
hydrocephalus
spina bifida
B. Premature Infants
temperature regulation via hypothalamus