1) The document discusses data transmission solutions for smart cities, focusing on ensuring reliable, real-time transmission of data from sensors to servers. 2) It describes how internet of things technologies allow sensors to collect, analyze, and communicate data in real-time to optimize systems and allow for remote monitoring and control. 3) The best transmission method depends on the data type and needs, and may involve wired, wireless, or hybrid networks to reliably transmit data from sensors to local and centralized servers.

1. Smart
City
Concept
and
Solu2on
AUST
Summer
Course
2015
Chapter
7
:
Communica2on
Technology
-­‐
Smart
Ci2es
Professor
Isam
SHAHROUR
Isam.shahrour@univ-­‐lille1.fr

2. -­‐ Data
transmission
requirement
?
-­‐ Data
transmission
solu1ons
?
2
Ques2ons
?

3. Smart
City
Concept
Customers
Providers
Managers
Emergency
Security
Ci1es
Market
Public
How
can
ensure
the
data
transmission

4. Smart
City
Data
Transmission
challenges
How
could
we
ensure
data
transmission
in
large,
complex,
heterogeneous
and
mul1-­‐stakeholders
systems
in
-­‐ Real
–
'me
-­‐ Reliable
way
-­‐ Cyber
security
-­‐ Low
cost
-­‐ Energy
saving

5. Sensor
(A)
Smart
sensor
:
Internet
of
Things
(IoT)
-­‐ Unique
iden1fier
-­‐ Geo-­‐localized
-­‐ Processor
(Analysis,
control)
-­‐ Storage
capacity
-­‐ Ability
to
communicate

6. Sensor
(A)
Smart
sensor
:
Internet
of
Things
(IoT)
IoT
can
:
• Meter
• Store
data
• Analyze
the
data
(intelligence)
• Communicate
with
other
IoT
• Operate
ac1ons

7. Sensor
(A)
Server/senor
(S)
Data
Data
transmission

8. In
smart
City,
Internet
of
things
allows
to:
-­‐ Real
1me
monitoring
of
physical
parameters
(comfort,
safety,
op1mal
management,
health
...)
-­‐ Real
1me
control
of
devices,
and
equipment
-­‐ Share
informa1on
between
«things
»
-­‐ Interact
with
users
-­‐ Take
decisions
and
ac1ons
based
on
embedded
and
shared
intelligence.

9. 1) Bi-­‐direc2onnel
data
transmission
• Verifica1on
• Control
• Update
Sensor
(A)
Server/senor
(S)
Data
Data
transmission

10. Data
specifica2on
• Size
• Frequency
?
• Real
1me
?
• Sensibility
(importance)
• Latencey
Latency
designates
the
1me
necessary
for
a
packet
of
data
to
get
from
one
point
to
another

11. Wired
or
wireless
infrastructure
?
Wired
infrastructure:
• Availability
• Bidirec1onal
(transmission
and
Control)
• Increased
Security
regarding
wireless
technology
• Large
data

12. Wired
or
wireless
infrastructure
?
Wireless
infrastructure
• Used
in
the
absence
of
wired
infrastructure
• Ease
installa1on
• Moderate
amount
of
data
• Low
/
Medium
sensi1vity
of
the
informa1on
(safety
??)

13. Sensor
(A)
Server
(S)
Sensor
(A)
Sensor
(A)
Sensor
(A)
Sensor
(A)
Sensor
(A)
Sensors
network

14. Connected
sensors
Server
(S)
Sensor
(A)
Sensor
(A)
Sensor
(A)
Sensors
network

15. Hybrid
system
Server
(S)
Sensor
(A)
Sensor
(A)
Sensor
(A)
Sensor
(A)
Wired
Sensors
network
Gatway

16. Reduc2on
of
the
energy
consump2on
?
-­‐ Strategy
for
data
transmission
-­‐ Frequency,
-­‐ Embedded
intelligence
-­‐ Data
varia1on

17. Reliability:
The
ability
of
a
system
to
consistently
perform
according
to
its
specifica1ons
without
degrada1on
or
failure.
Data
transmission
security
?

18. Cyber
security
Technologies,
processes
and
prac1ces
designed
to
protect
networks,
computers,
programs,
devices
and
data
from
aXack,
damage
or
unauthorized
access.
Data
transmission
security

19. What
to
do
in
case
of
absence
of
data
transmission?
Analysis
of
the
origin:
• Sensor’s
fault
• Communica1on
fault
• Cyber
aXack
Data
transmission
security

20. How
to
check
the
data
transmission?
Exchange
“specific”
informa2on
at
“specific”
intervals.
Data
transmission
security

22. -­‐ Data
transmission
requirement
?
-­‐ Data
transmission
solu2ons
?
2
Ques2ons
?

23. Example
:
Data
transmission
in
the
electrical
Grid
Physical
Infrastructure
A
survey
of
rou1ng
protocols
for
smart
grid
communica1ons
Nico
Saputro,
Kemal
Akkaya,
Suleyman
Uludag
Computer
Networks
56
(2012)
2742–2771

24. A
survey
of
rou1ng
protocols
for
smart
grid
communica1ons
Nico
Saputro,
Kemal
Akkaya,
Suleyman
Uludag
Computer
Networks
56
(2012)
2742–2771
Data
transmission
in
the
electrical
Grid

25. Data
transmission
in
the
electrical
grid

26.
Data
transmission
at
the
district
level
hXp://arxiv.org/pdf/1112.3516.pdf,

27. The
U2lity
Managed
Architecture
hXp://www.jocm.us/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&ca1d=136&id=711

28. The
U2lity
and
Consumer
Managed
Architecture

29. U2lity
local
Area
Network
Substa2on
Network
Wide
Area
Network
(WAN)
Home
Area
Network
(HAN)
Industrial
Area
Network
(IAN)
Consumer
Area
Network
(LAN)
Business
Area
Network
(BAN)
Neighborhood
Area
network
(NAN)
Distribu2on
substa2on
network
Local
Area
Network
(LAN)
Field
Area
Network
(FAN)
Renewable
Microgrid
Regional/metropolitan
area
networks
Data
transmission
in
the
electrical
Grid

30. • HOME
AREA
NETWORKS
(HAN)
• Neighborhood
Area
network
(NAN)
• Wide
Area
Network
(WAN)

31. Wireless
technologies
• ZigBee,
• Wi-­‐Fi,
• RFID,
• Bluetooth
• 6LoWPAN
HOME
AREA
NETWORKS
(HAN)
Wired
technologies
• RS485,
• PLC
• I2C,
• SPI

32. • The
most
used
protocol
in
HANs.
• Operates
in
the
license-­‐free
frequency
for
short
range
• Bidirec1onal
• Conforms
to
IEEE
802.15.4.
• Low
data
rate,
long
life
baXery
ZigBee
Technology

33. Advantages
of
using
ZigBee
in
HANs
• Highly
secured
connec1on
(128-­‐bit
AES
encryp1on)
• Low
power
consump1on;
baXeries
for
longer
life1me
(100-­‐1000
days)
• Could
be
used
in
large
network
• Short
latency
(15ms
to
30ms)

34. Disadvantages
of
ZigBee
•
ZigBee
network
requires
addi1onal
devices
which
increases
cost.
• Appliances
running
ZigBee
are
incompa1ble
with
other
network
protocols
such
as
Wi-­‐Fi.
• Low
data
transmission
rates
• Lacks
Internet
Protocol
support

35. Wi-­‐Fi
Technology
• Bidirec1onal
radio
frequency
(RF)
• Conforms
to
IEEE
802.11.
•
U1lized
for
high-­‐rate,
informa1on-­‐related
devices
such
as
computers,
TV,
digital
camera,
data
download

36. Advantages
of
Wi-­‐Fi
• Highly
secured
connec1on
(128-­‐bit
AES
encryp1on)
• does
not
require
a
special
gateway
because
it
inherits
the
Internet
protocol
• Short
latency
(less
than
3ms)

37. Disadvantages
of
Wi-­‐Fi
in
HANs
• Consumes
high
power
compared
to
ZigBee
(The
baXery
life1me
extends
from
0.5-­‐5
days)
• Sensi1ve
to
electromagne1c
radia1on
emiXed
from
household
appliances,
which
affects
the
speed
of
transmission
• Low
latency

38. • Wireless
communica1ons
technology
•
simple,
secure,
low
power,
los
cost
•
Used
in
billions
of
devices:
mobile
phones,
computers
medical
devices,
home
entertainment,…
Bluetooth®
technology

39. Bluetooth®
technology
Range
(distance)
• Class
3
:
range
up
to
1
meter
• Class
2
radios
:
most
commonly
found
in
mobile
devices,
range
of
10
meters
• Class
1
radios:
used
primarily
in
industrial
use
cases,
range
of
100
meters

40. Radio
Frequency
Iden2fica2on
(RFID)
Wireless
use
of
electromagne1c
fields
to
transfer
data,
iden1fying
and
tracking
tags
aXached
to
objects.
The
tags
contain
electronically
stored
informa1on.
Tags
are
powered
by
-­‐ Electromagne1c
induc1on
from
magne1c
fields
produced
near
the
reader.
-­‐ From
the
interroga1ng
radio
waves
(passive)
-­‐ local
power
source
such
as
a
baXery
and
may
operate
at
hundreds
of
meters
from
the
reader.

41. Radio
Frequency
Iden2fica2on
(RFID)
Wireless
use
of
electromagne1c
fields
to
transfer
data,
iden1fying
and
tracking
tags
aXached
to
objects.
The
tags
contain
electronically
stored
informa1on.
Tag
Reader

42. Radio
Frequency
Iden2fica2on
(RFID)
• Consists
of
tags
and
readers
• bi-­‐direc1onal
• It
follows
the
electronic
product
code
(EPC)
protocol
• It
can
operate
with
other
technologies
(ZigBee,
Wi-­‐Fi..)
• Operates
under
a
wide
range
of
frequency
(120
kHz
-­‐
10
GHz
)
• Used
in
home
area
network
applica1ons
such
as
energy
management
systems,
door
locks,
ligh1ng
control

43. 6LoWPAN
IPv6
Low
power
Wireless
Personal
Area
Networks
• Created
for
the
Internet
of
Things
• Every
node
has
its
own
IPv6
address,
allowing
it
to
connect
directly
to
the
Internet
using
open
standards.

44. Neighborhood
Area
(NAN)
• Radio
transmission
• LoRa
System
• SigFox

45. Radio
Transmission
Sub
1GHz
-­‐ Proprietary
system
-­‐ Low
frequency
band
433,
868,
915
MHz
-­‐ Can
reach
high
distance
:
up
to
25
km
-­‐ Used
by
many
u1li1es
for
Neighborhood
Area
network
(NAN)
-­‐ Requires
internet
gateway

46. Radio
Transmission
Sub
1GHz
-­‐ Requires
internet
gateway
Radio
Sensor
(A)
Sensor
(A)
Sensor
(A)
Sensor
(A)
Gatway
Server
(S)
Wired
GPRS,
3G,
4G,

47. VHF 169 MHz
Portail de restitution
des données
GPRS

48. Neighborhood
Area
(NAN)
• Radio
transmission
• LoRa
System
• SigFox

49. hXps://www.lora-­‐alliance.org/

53. Could
be
combined
with
other
technologies

54. LoRa
Solu2on
components

55. LoRa
Solu2on
components

56. LoRa
Solu2on
components

57. LoRa
Solu2on

58. Neighborhood
Area
(NAN)
• Radio
transmission
• LoRa
System
• SigFox

59. hXp://www.sigfox.com

60. • Na1onal
network
for
transmission
of
“small
–
size”
data.
• Uses
patented
radio
technology
based
on
Ultra
Narrow
Band
(UNB)
• Free
bands
Global
cellular
connec1vity
for
the
internet
of
things
SIGFOX
:
SIGFOX

61. • Use
of
simple
antenna
• built
for
a
high
volume
of
devices.
• Low
energy
consump1on
• It
provides
two-­‐way
communica1ons
• Easy
to
integrate
with
sorware
applica1on
SIGFOX
:
acts
as
a
transport
channel,
pushing
the
data
towards
the
customer's
IT
system.
The
SIGFOX
protocol
is
compa1ble
with
exis1ng
transceivers

62. Implementa2on
of
the
SigFox
Solu2on
The
SIGFOX
solu2on
is
implemented
as
follows:
• SIGFOX
compa1ble
modems
are
integrated
within
the
physical
objects.
• The
modems
send
data
to
SIGFOX
servers.
• The
SIGFOX
servers
verify
the
data
integrity
and
transmit
it
to
customers’
IT
system.

63. Conclusion
In
the
Smart
City
solu1on,
data
transmission
cons1tues
major
challenges,
because
the
Smart
City
is
mainly
based
on
data
collec1on,
data
analysis,
data
transmission.

64. Data
transmission
challenges
in
Smart
Ci2es
:
Ensure
data
transmission
in
large,
complex,
heterogeneous
and
mul1-­‐stakeholders
systems
in
-­‐ Real
–
'me
-­‐ Reliable
way
-­‐ Cyber
security
-­‐ Low
cost
-­‐ Energy
saving
Conclusion

65. U2lity
local
Area
Network
Substa2on
Network
Wide
Area
Network
Home
Area
Network
(HAN)
Industrial
Area
Network
(IAN)
Consumer
Area
Network
Business
Area
Network
(BAN)
Neighborhood
Area
network
(NAN)
Distribu2on
substa2on
network
Local
Area
Network
Field
Area
Network
(FAN)
Technology
for
data
transmission
Wireless
technology:
ZigBee,
Wi-­‐Fi,
RFID,
Bluetooth,
6LoWPAN
Wired
technology
Wireless
technology:
Radio,
LoRa
,
SigFox
Wired
technology
GPRS,
3G,
4G,
Internet

66. A0
Smart
Grid
Communica1ons
Controlled
Connec1vity
A1
Smart
Grid
Communica1ons
by
S&C
Electric
Company
A2
Robustel
Smart
Grid
Communica1on
A3
Tutorial
on
Wireless
Sensor
Network
A5
Explaining
Wireless
Sensor
Nodes
Zigbee
vs.
WiFI
B1
Internet
of
Things
Goes
the
Distance
with
the
LoRa
Alliance
B2
SIGFOX
-­‐
What
will
YOU
connect?
C1
Cyber
expert
on
smart
grid
massive
vulnerability,
who's
accountable?
C2
Na2on-­‐E
on
real
cyber
security
for
the
smart
grid

67. Thank
you