The document provides an overview of cells and their structures and functions. It discusses that cells are the basic unit of structure and function in the human body, and that cells specialize through differentiation. It then describes the major parts of a composite animal cell, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, microtubules and microfilaments, nucleus, and cell cycle. It explains the various mechanisms by which substances move into and out of cells, including passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis. Finally, it briefly discusses stem cells and cell division control.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. Major parts of cells include the nucleus, which contains DNA, and the cytoplasm. The cell membrane acts as a selective barrier, controlling what moves in and out. There are two main ways for substances to move through the membrane: passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis, and active transport mechanisms like the sodium-potassium pump that requires energy. The cell cycle involves interphase, where the cell grows and divides its genetic material, and mitosis, where the cell nucleus and cytoplasm divide to form two daughter cells. Cell division is tightly controlled to maintain healthy cell turnover.
The document provides an overview of cellular structure and function. It discusses that cells are the basic unit of structure in the human body, and there are trillions of cells that vary in size and shape depending on their function. The major parts of a typical cell are the nucleus, which contains DNA; cytoplasm between the plasma membrane and nucleus; and the cell membrane, which is a selective barrier. Different organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and lysosomes are contained within the cytoplasm and have specialized functions. The document also describes various cellular processes such as transport mechanisms, the cell cycle, and cell division.
The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It describes the basic parts of a cell including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and nucleus. It explains how cells carry out important functions like movement of substances, cell division, and how cancer arises from dysregulation of the cell cycle. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in the human body, and specialized cells carry out unique roles through differentiation.
The document provides an overview of membrane structure and function. It discusses how phospholipids form a bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads outward. Membrane proteins are embedded in this bilayer and carry out various functions like transport, signaling, and cell adhesion. The fluid mosaic model describes membranes as a fluid bilayer with proteins diffusing freely within. Various microscopic techniques like TEM and freeze-fracture are used to visualize membrane structure. The document also summarizes passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and facilitated diffusion as well as active transport powered by ATP hydrolysis.
The document provides an outline and overview of key concepts about cell membranes:
1. Membranes are composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The fluid mosaic model describes membranes as a fluid bilayer with proteins floating within.
2. Membrane components include phospholipids, transmembrane proteins, peripheral proteins, and glycoproteins/glycolipids. Electron microscopy techniques like TEM and freeze-fracture are used to study membrane structure.
3. Passive transport across membranes, like diffusion and facilitated diffusion, moves molecules down concentration gradients through channel or carrier proteins without energy expenditure.
This document provides an overview of cell biology concepts including:
- The basic unit of structure and function in the human body is the cell, with trillions of cells varying in size and shape.
- A typical cell contains organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum that allow for specialized functions.
- Substances move into and out of cells through passive diffusion or active transport processes that either require or do not require energy.
- Cell division through mitosis and cytokinesis allows cells to replicate, while cell cycle regulation and apoptosis control cell numbers.
There are approximately 75 trillion cells in the human body that are derived from a single fertilized egg. The cell membrane maintains the integrity of the cell and is selectively permeable, controlling what moves in and out. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer, membrane proteins, and cholesterol. Transport across the membrane can occur through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. Active transport uses cellular energy and includes processes like endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis. The basic stages of the cell cycle are interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
1. The document outlines key aspects of cell structure, including the discovery of cells and the cell theory. It describes the basic components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. Eukaryotic cells also have organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Golgi apparatus.
3. The size and structure of cells is limited by their need to exchange substances via diffusion. Organelles and compartments allow eukaryotic cells to perform specialized functions.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. Major parts of cells include the nucleus, which contains DNA, and the cytoplasm. The cell membrane acts as a selective barrier, controlling what moves in and out. There are two main ways for substances to move through the membrane: passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis, and active transport mechanisms like the sodium-potassium pump that requires energy. The cell cycle involves interphase, where the cell grows and divides its genetic material, and mitosis, where the cell nucleus and cytoplasm divide to form two daughter cells. Cell division is tightly controlled to maintain healthy cell turnover.
The document provides an overview of cellular structure and function. It discusses that cells are the basic unit of structure in the human body, and there are trillions of cells that vary in size and shape depending on their function. The major parts of a typical cell are the nucleus, which contains DNA; cytoplasm between the plasma membrane and nucleus; and the cell membrane, which is a selective barrier. Different organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and lysosomes are contained within the cytoplasm and have specialized functions. The document also describes various cellular processes such as transport mechanisms, the cell cycle, and cell division.
The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It describes the basic parts of a cell including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and nucleus. It explains how cells carry out important functions like movement of substances, cell division, and how cancer arises from dysregulation of the cell cycle. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in the human body, and specialized cells carry out unique roles through differentiation.
The document provides an overview of membrane structure and function. It discusses how phospholipids form a bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads outward. Membrane proteins are embedded in this bilayer and carry out various functions like transport, signaling, and cell adhesion. The fluid mosaic model describes membranes as a fluid bilayer with proteins diffusing freely within. Various microscopic techniques like TEM and freeze-fracture are used to visualize membrane structure. The document also summarizes passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and facilitated diffusion as well as active transport powered by ATP hydrolysis.
The document provides an outline and overview of key concepts about cell membranes:
1. Membranes are composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The fluid mosaic model describes membranes as a fluid bilayer with proteins floating within.
2. Membrane components include phospholipids, transmembrane proteins, peripheral proteins, and glycoproteins/glycolipids. Electron microscopy techniques like TEM and freeze-fracture are used to study membrane structure.
3. Passive transport across membranes, like diffusion and facilitated diffusion, moves molecules down concentration gradients through channel or carrier proteins without energy expenditure.
This document provides an overview of cell biology concepts including:
- The basic unit of structure and function in the human body is the cell, with trillions of cells varying in size and shape.
- A typical cell contains organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum that allow for specialized functions.
- Substances move into and out of cells through passive diffusion or active transport processes that either require or do not require energy.
- Cell division through mitosis and cytokinesis allows cells to replicate, while cell cycle regulation and apoptosis control cell numbers.
There are approximately 75 trillion cells in the human body that are derived from a single fertilized egg. The cell membrane maintains the integrity of the cell and is selectively permeable, controlling what moves in and out. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer, membrane proteins, and cholesterol. Transport across the membrane can occur through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. Active transport uses cellular energy and includes processes like endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis. The basic stages of the cell cycle are interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
1. The document outlines key aspects of cell structure, including the discovery of cells and the cell theory. It describes the basic components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. Eukaryotic cells also have organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Golgi apparatus.
3. The size and structure of cells is limited by their need to exchange substances via diffusion. Organelles and compartments allow eukaryotic cells to perform specialized functions.
1. The document outlines key aspects of cell structure, including the discovery of cells and the cell theory. It describes the basic components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes, but eukaryotic cells also have organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
3. The size of cells is limited by their surface area to volume ratio, but some cells are adapted to be longer to overcome this. Microscopes allow observation of cellular structures down to the nanometer level.
All organisms are composed of one or more cells, which are the basic unit of life. A typical animal cell contains organelles such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and microtubules. The nucleus houses the cell's DNA and directs cell activities, while organelles such as mitochondria generate energy and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus modify and transport proteins within the cell. Cells arise only through division of preexisting cells, demonstrating the cell theory that cells are the fundamental unit of life.
1) Anton Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope in the late 1600s, allowing the first observations of cells. Robert Hooke coined the term "cell" after observing cork cells.
2) In 1838-1839, Schleiden and Schwann proposed the first two principles of cell theory: all organisms are composed of cells, and cells are the basic unit of life. Rudolf Virchow later added that cells only arise from preexisting cells.
3) Cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and sometimes organelles like the nucleus. Prokaryotic cells lack internal membranes while eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.
The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol and membrane proteins. The phospholipid bilayer forms a fluid yet stable boundary, with hydrophobic nonpolar tails facing inward and hydrophilic phosphate heads facing outward. Integral proteins span the membrane and form ion channels and pores, while peripheral proteins project from the membrane surface. Transmembrane proteins function as receptors, with one end outside and one inside the cell. The nuclear envelope is a double membrane surrounding the nucleus, with nuclear pores allowing specific molecules to pass through.
This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology concepts including:
- The levels of organization in the human body from subcellular to organism.
- Cell structure including the nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, and cell membrane.
- Mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane including diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
- How cells communicate with each other through chemical signaling and receptors.
The document discusses cells, their structure and function. It explains that cells are the basic unit of life and consist of a nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, and a plasma membrane. The key components and functions of plant and animal cells are described. Specialized cell types are adapted to their specific functions through differences in shape, structures, and components. Cells combine to form tissues, organs and organ systems that work together to carry out essential life functions.
The document outlines chapter 5 of a biology textbook on membrane structure and function. It discusses:
1) The structure of the plasma membrane, including the phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins.
2) Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated transport that allow molecules to cross the membrane down a concentration gradient without cellular energy expenditure.
3) Active transport mechanisms that require cellular energy to move molecules across the membrane against a concentration gradient.
This document provides information on cell organelles and their functions:
- It describes the nucleus, which houses DNA and directs cell activities, and the ribosomes, which synthesize proteins following RNA instructions from the nucleus.
- The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus work together to synthesize, modify, and transport proteins and lipids within the cell. Lysosomes digest wastes and the cytoplasm contains mitochondria for energy production.
- Plant cells contain additional structures like a cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis not present in animal cells. The document compares and contrasts the basic components of plant and animal cells.
The plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane, is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. . The plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. The plasma membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.
The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that surrounds the cell. It functions to control what enters and exits the cell to maintain homeostasis and provides protection. The phospholipids form a lipid bilayer with hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails. Proteins are embedded in the membrane. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing passive diffusion of small molecules and facilitated diffusion of larger molecules through transport proteins. Active transport uses ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
IT IS PPT ABOUT CELL MEMBRANE AFSHADFBHJADFKJDFBHJADFBHJDAFJHDFBVHCDBHJDJHDFSBHDFSJDFSHBJDFABHJDFSHJHDFSBJDFSBJDFSHJKDSFHJDFASKHFDSHJDFSKHKHKHFDSKHDFSKHDFSKHKDFHSKHDFSKHFSKHDFSKH
This document summarizes key cellular structures and processes. It describes mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cytoskeleton, and plasma membranes. It then explains different types of membrane transport including diffusion, osmosis, and various passive and active transport mechanisms.
This document summarizes key components and transport mechanisms of the cell. It describes mitochondria and chloroplasts as organelles that perform energy production and photosynthesis, respectively. The cytoskeleton is made of protein filaments that provide structure and enable movement within the cell. The plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic of lipids and proteins that regulates what enters and exits the cell. Diffusion and osmosis allow passage of substances down concentration gradients without energy, while active transport uses carrier proteins and ATP to move substances against gradients.
There are four primary tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue covers organs and lines body cavities and hollow organs. It is classified based on cell shape and number of layers. Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue and has many functions including binding structures, providing support, and storing fat. The main connective tissue types are connective tissue proper, specialized connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. Muscle tissue contains three types - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - which differ in whether they are striated, voluntary or involuntary, and where they are located. Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and contains neurons and neuroglial
Here are potential responses to the critical thinking questions:
1. Yes, I'm familiar with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). It's one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children.
2. Some signs of ADHD include having trouble paying attention, difficulty concentrating, being easily distracted, fidgeting or squirming excessively, talking excessively, having trouble taking turns in conversations or games, and acting impulsively without considering consequences.
3. Five genetic disorders are: cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, Huntington's disease, and fragile X syndrome.
Cystic fibrosis causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs
The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell. It is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded. Materials move across the membrane through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport using protein channels and pumps. Water moves across the membrane through osmosis to equalize its concentration gradient. Large particles enter through endocytosis using vesicles formed from the membrane.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 7 from Campbell Biology on membrane structure and function. It discusses how the plasma membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that gives it a fluid mosaic structure. Specific topics covered include passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, osmosis, and bulk transport mechanisms like endocytosis and exocytosis. Membrane structure results in selective permeability, allowing some substances to cross more easily than others. Both passive and active transport processes allow cells to regulate what enters and leaves across the membrane.
Biological membrane and transport BY Mohammadali mohammadali783
The sodium-potassium pump uses active transport to maintain concentration gradients across the plasma membrane. It pumps 3 sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for 2 potassium ions into the cell against their concentration gradients. This is achieved through an integral membrane protein called Na+-K+ ATPase which hydrolyzes ATP to provide the energy for transport. The pump helps establish a low intracellular sodium and high potassium concentration which is important for cell functions like nerve impulse transmission and protein synthesis.
The document discusses cell membranes and ion transport. It begins by defining the plasma membrane/cell membrane and its role in regulating materials moving in and out of cells. It then discusses several key topics:
- Membrane models including the fluid mosaic model which describes membranes as lipid bilayers with embedded proteins that move laterally.
- Membrane structure including lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Lipids form the bilayer while proteins and carbohydrates provide other functions.
- Membrane functions such as selective permeability, transport mechanisms, and roles of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
- Factors like temperature and lipid composition that influence membrane fluidity.
- Transport
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
1. The document outlines key aspects of cell structure, including the discovery of cells and the cell theory. It describes the basic components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes, but eukaryotic cells also have organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
3. The size of cells is limited by their surface area to volume ratio, but some cells are adapted to be longer to overcome this. Microscopes allow observation of cellular structures down to the nanometer level.
All organisms are composed of one or more cells, which are the basic unit of life. A typical animal cell contains organelles such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and microtubules. The nucleus houses the cell's DNA and directs cell activities, while organelles such as mitochondria generate energy and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus modify and transport proteins within the cell. Cells arise only through division of preexisting cells, demonstrating the cell theory that cells are the fundamental unit of life.
1) Anton Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope in the late 1600s, allowing the first observations of cells. Robert Hooke coined the term "cell" after observing cork cells.
2) In 1838-1839, Schleiden and Schwann proposed the first two principles of cell theory: all organisms are composed of cells, and cells are the basic unit of life. Rudolf Virchow later added that cells only arise from preexisting cells.
3) Cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and sometimes organelles like the nucleus. Prokaryotic cells lack internal membranes while eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.
The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol and membrane proteins. The phospholipid bilayer forms a fluid yet stable boundary, with hydrophobic nonpolar tails facing inward and hydrophilic phosphate heads facing outward. Integral proteins span the membrane and form ion channels and pores, while peripheral proteins project from the membrane surface. Transmembrane proteins function as receptors, with one end outside and one inside the cell. The nuclear envelope is a double membrane surrounding the nucleus, with nuclear pores allowing specific molecules to pass through.
This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology concepts including:
- The levels of organization in the human body from subcellular to organism.
- Cell structure including the nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, and cell membrane.
- Mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane including diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
- How cells communicate with each other through chemical signaling and receptors.
The document discusses cells, their structure and function. It explains that cells are the basic unit of life and consist of a nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, and a plasma membrane. The key components and functions of plant and animal cells are described. Specialized cell types are adapted to their specific functions through differences in shape, structures, and components. Cells combine to form tissues, organs and organ systems that work together to carry out essential life functions.
The document outlines chapter 5 of a biology textbook on membrane structure and function. It discusses:
1) The structure of the plasma membrane, including the phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins.
2) Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated transport that allow molecules to cross the membrane down a concentration gradient without cellular energy expenditure.
3) Active transport mechanisms that require cellular energy to move molecules across the membrane against a concentration gradient.
This document provides information on cell organelles and their functions:
- It describes the nucleus, which houses DNA and directs cell activities, and the ribosomes, which synthesize proteins following RNA instructions from the nucleus.
- The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus work together to synthesize, modify, and transport proteins and lipids within the cell. Lysosomes digest wastes and the cytoplasm contains mitochondria for energy production.
- Plant cells contain additional structures like a cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis not present in animal cells. The document compares and contrasts the basic components of plant and animal cells.
The plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane, is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. . The plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. The plasma membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.
The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that surrounds the cell. It functions to control what enters and exits the cell to maintain homeostasis and provides protection. The phospholipids form a lipid bilayer with hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails. Proteins are embedded in the membrane. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing passive diffusion of small molecules and facilitated diffusion of larger molecules through transport proteins. Active transport uses ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
IT IS PPT ABOUT CELL MEMBRANE AFSHADFBHJADFKJDFBHJADFBHJDAFJHDFBVHCDBHJDJHDFSBHDFSJDFSHBJDFABHJDFSHJHDFSBJDFSBJDFSHJKDSFHJDFASKHFDSHJDFSKHKHKHFDSKHDFSKHDFSKHKDFHSKHDFSKHFSKHDFSKH
This document summarizes key cellular structures and processes. It describes mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cytoskeleton, and plasma membranes. It then explains different types of membrane transport including diffusion, osmosis, and various passive and active transport mechanisms.
This document summarizes key components and transport mechanisms of the cell. It describes mitochondria and chloroplasts as organelles that perform energy production and photosynthesis, respectively. The cytoskeleton is made of protein filaments that provide structure and enable movement within the cell. The plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic of lipids and proteins that regulates what enters and exits the cell. Diffusion and osmosis allow passage of substances down concentration gradients without energy, while active transport uses carrier proteins and ATP to move substances against gradients.
There are four primary tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue covers organs and lines body cavities and hollow organs. It is classified based on cell shape and number of layers. Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue and has many functions including binding structures, providing support, and storing fat. The main connective tissue types are connective tissue proper, specialized connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. Muscle tissue contains three types - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - which differ in whether they are striated, voluntary or involuntary, and where they are located. Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and contains neurons and neuroglial
Here are potential responses to the critical thinking questions:
1. Yes, I'm familiar with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). It's one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children.
2. Some signs of ADHD include having trouble paying attention, difficulty concentrating, being easily distracted, fidgeting or squirming excessively, talking excessively, having trouble taking turns in conversations or games, and acting impulsively without considering consequences.
3. Five genetic disorders are: cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, Huntington's disease, and fragile X syndrome.
Cystic fibrosis causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs
The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell. It is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded. Materials move across the membrane through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport using protein channels and pumps. Water moves across the membrane through osmosis to equalize its concentration gradient. Large particles enter through endocytosis using vesicles formed from the membrane.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 7 from Campbell Biology on membrane structure and function. It discusses how the plasma membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that gives it a fluid mosaic structure. Specific topics covered include passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, osmosis, and bulk transport mechanisms like endocytosis and exocytosis. Membrane structure results in selective permeability, allowing some substances to cross more easily than others. Both passive and active transport processes allow cells to regulate what enters and leaves across the membrane.
Biological membrane and transport BY Mohammadali mohammadali783
The sodium-potassium pump uses active transport to maintain concentration gradients across the plasma membrane. It pumps 3 sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for 2 potassium ions into the cell against their concentration gradients. This is achieved through an integral membrane protein called Na+-K+ ATPase which hydrolyzes ATP to provide the energy for transport. The pump helps establish a low intracellular sodium and high potassium concentration which is important for cell functions like nerve impulse transmission and protein synthesis.
The document discusses cell membranes and ion transport. It begins by defining the plasma membrane/cell membrane and its role in regulating materials moving in and out of cells. It then discusses several key topics:
- Membrane models including the fluid mosaic model which describes membranes as lipid bilayers with embedded proteins that move laterally.
- Membrane structure including lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Lipids form the bilayer while proteins and carbohydrates provide other functions.
- Membrane functions such as selective permeability, transport mechanisms, and roles of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
- Factors like temperature and lipid composition that influence membrane fluidity.
- Transport
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
2. 2
3.1: Introduction
• The basic organizational
structure of the human body is
the cell.
• There are 50-100 trillion cells
in the human body.
• Differentiation is when cells
specialize.
• As a result of differentiation,
cells vary in size and shape
due to their unique function.
4. Cell Membrane
(aka Plasma Membrane)
• Outer limit of the cell
• Controls what moves in and out of the cell
• Selectively permeable
• Phospholipid bilayer
• Water-soluble “heads” form surfaces (hydrophilic)
• Water-insoluble “tails” form interior (hydrophobic)
• Permeable to lipid-soluble substances
• Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane
4
6. 6
Cytoplasm
• Cytosol = water
• Organelles = solids
Cytoplasm is really like a Jello fruit
salad where the Jello is the cytosol and
the fruits (oranges, grapes, bananas,
maybe walnuts, etc.) are the
organelles.
13. 3.3: Movements Into
and Out of the Cell
There are 2 ways substances move through the cell
membrane.
13
•Passive mechanisms do
not require energy.
• Simple diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion
• Osmosis
• Filtration
Active mechanisms require cell
energy
• Active transport
• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis
• Transcytosis
14. 14
Simple Diffusion
•The process by which molecules or ions scatter or spread
spontaneously from a higher concentration to a lower
concentration
• Oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse readily through the cell
membrane
•Equilibrium is reached.
Time
Solute molecule
Water molecule
A B A B
(2) (3)
Permeable
membrane
A B
(1)
16. 16
Facilitated Diffusion
• Substances that are not able to pass through the lipid
bilayer need the help of membrane proteins to get across,
this is called Facilitated Diffusion
•Carrier molecules “revolving doors” are used to carry large
molecules (transported substance) across the membrane.
• Ex. Glucose and amino acids
Region of higher
concentration
Transported
substance
Region of lower
concentration
Protein carrier
molecule
Cell
membrane
17. 17
Animation:
How Facilitated Diffusion
Works
Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views.
All animations will appear after viewing
in Presentation Mode and playing each
animation. Most animations will require
the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
19. 19
Animation:
How Osmosis Works
Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views.
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23. 23
Active Transport:
Sodium-Potassium Pump
• Active transport mechanism
• Creates balance by “pumping” three (3) sodium (Na+)
OUT and two (2) potassium (K+) INTO the cell
• 3:2 ratio
34. Mitosis
• Daughter cells have the same number of
chromosomes as that of the parent cell(46
chromosomes- diploid)
• Daughter cells have the same characteristics
as with the parent cells.
• For growth and repair.
34
35. 35
3.5: Control of Cell Division
• Cell division capacities vary greatly among cell types
• Skin and blood cells divide often and continually
• Neuron cells divide a specific number of times then cease
• Chromosome tips (telomeres) that shorten with each
mitosis provide a mitotic clock
• Cells divide to provide a more favorable surface area
to volume relationship
• Growth factors and hormones stimulate cell division
• Hormones stimulate mitosis of smooth muscle cells in uterus
• Epidermal growth factor stimulates growth of new skin
• Tumors are the consequence of a loss of cell cycle control
• Contact (density dependent) inhibition
37. 37
3.6: Stem and Progenitor Cells
• Stem cell:
• Can divide to form two new stem cells
• Self-renewal
• Can divide to form a stem cell and a progenitor cell
• Totipotent – can give rise to every cell type
• Pluripotent – can give rise to a restricted number of cell
types
• Progenitor cell:
• Committed cell
• Can divide to become any of a restricted number of cells
• Pluripotent
39. Meiosis
• The form of cell division by which gametes, with
half the number of chromosomes, are produced.
• Diploid (2n) haploid (n)
• Meiosis is sexual reproduction.
• Two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II).
40. Fertilization
• The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote.
• A zygote is a fertilized egg
n=23
egg
sperm
n=23
2n=46
zygote
41. Meiosis
• Sex cells divide to produce gametes (sperm or
egg).
• Gametes have half the # of chromosomes.
• Occurs only in gonads (testes or ovaries).
Male: spermatogenesis
Female: oogenesis
• Meiosis is similar to mitosis with some
chromosomal differences.
49. Fermentation
• Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)
• Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle
cells (makes muscles tired)
• Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast
(produces ethanol)
• Nets only 2 ATP
50. Central Dogma-
Replication, Transcription,
Translation
• DNA contains the complete genetic
information that defines the structure and
function of an organism.
• Proteins are formed using the genetic
code of the DNA.
• Conversion of DNA encoded information
to RNA is essential to form proteins.
50
51. Central Dogma-
Replication, Transcription,
Translation
• Thus, within most cells, the genetic
information flows from – DNA to RNA to
protein.
• The flow of information is followed through
three different processes which are
responsible for the inheritance of genetic
information and for its conversion from one
form to another:
• Replication: a double stranded nucleic acid51
52. Central Dogma-
Replication, Transcription,
Translation
• Replication: a double stranded nucleic acid
is duplicated to give identical copies. This
process perpetuates the genetic information.
• Transcription: a DNA segment that
constitutes a gene is read and transcribed
into a single stranded sequence of RNA.
The RNA moves from the nucleus into the
cytoplasm.
• Translation: the RNA sequence is 52