IN BIOMECHANICS, LEVERS ARE THE MAINSTAY OF THE MOVEMENT. THE LEVERS ARE CLASSIFIED AS FIRST ORDER, SECOND ORDER AND THIRD ORDER LEVERS RESPECTIVELY. OF THESE SECOND ORDER LEVER IS OF MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE AND THIRD ORDER LEVER IS OF MECHANICAL DISADVANTAGE.
First-year BPO - Biomechanics. here are the essential notes required to understand basic biomechanics regarding the human body and the forces acting on it.
First-year BPO - Biomechanics. here are the essential notes required to understand basic biomechanics regarding the human body and the forces acting on it.
Muscles and bones act together to form levers. A lever is a rigid rod (usually a length of bone) that turns about a pivot (usually a joint). Levers can be used so that a small force can move a much bigger force. This is called mechanical advantage.
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How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
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Muscles and bones act together to form levers. A lever is a rigid rod (usually a length of bone) that turns about a pivot (usually a joint). Levers can be used so that a small force can move a much bigger force. This is called mechanical advantage.
Bhaskar Health News and Medical Education is leading source for trustworthy health, medical, science and technology news and information. Providing world health information Medical Education.
Bhaskar Health News and Medical Education is dedicated to medical students, physiotherapists, doctors, nurses, paramedics, physician associates, dentists, pharmacists, midwives and other healthcare professionals.
We're committed to being your source for expert health guidance. Bhaskar Health and Medical Education.
Source : https://www.bhaskarhealth.com
Health Shop: https://www.bhaskarhealth.org
@drrohitbhaskar @bhaskarhealth
#DrRohitBhaskar #BhaskarHealth
#Health #Medical #News #Physiotherapy
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
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The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptx
Levers.pptx
1. DR. SACHIN CHAUDHARY
PRINCIPAL CUM PROFESSOR
DATTA MEGHE COLLEGE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY
NAGPUR
Department of Kinesiology
and Kinesiotherapy
2. LEVER
A LEVER IS A RIGID BAR WHICH IS CAPABLE OF
MOVEMENT ABOUT A FIXED POINT CALLED A FULCRUM
(F)
Work is done when a force or effort (E), applied at one point on the
lever, acts upon another force or weight (W), acting at the second point
on the lever.
The perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the effort (E) may be
called the effort's arm and that from the fulcrum to the weight (W) as
the weight's arm.
3. In the body lever is represented by a bone, which is capable of
movement about a fulcrum formed at the articulating surfaces
of a joint;
The effort which works the lever is supplied by the force of
muscular contraction, applied at the point of insertion to the
bone,
While the weight may be either at the centre of gravity of the
part moved, or of the object to be lifted.
4. There are Three Orders or Classes of Levers, each of
which is characterised by the relative positions of the
fulcrum, effort and weight.
Ist Order
The fulcrum is between the effort and the weight; it
may be situated centrally, or towards either the effort
or the weight, consequently the effort's and the
weight's arms may be equal, or one may exceed the
other in length.
5. 2nd Order
The weight is between the fulcrum and the effort, and the
effort's arm must therefore always exceed the weight's arm.
6. 3rd Order
The effort is between the fulcrum and the weight, and the weight's
arm must therefore exceed the effort's arm.
8. MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
Mechanical advantage is the ratio of the weight to the effort
Mechanical Advantage = W/E
When the two lengths are same, the MA is equal to 1
When the MA is greater than 1 the machine is regarded as being efficient
and has a positive MA.
This means that the effort required to shift a given resistance is less than
the value of the resistance. This is possible because the total force is equal
to F * d
9. When the MA is less than 1, the machine is less efficient and exhibits
a mechanical disadvantage.
This means that the effort required to shift a resistance is greater than
the value of the actual resistance
Two types of machines, based on principles of moments, are used by
physiotherapists
- LEVERS & PULLEYS
10. The efficacy of a force in relation to a lever is dependant on two factors, ie force
exerted (W) or (E), and its perpendicular distance from the fulcrum (weight’s
arm or effort’s arm)
The product of these two factors is known as the Moment of Force (or torque)
When the weight’s and effort’s arm are of equal length an effort of a magnitude
equal to that of the weight will be required to lift it.
No advantage is gained but the machine is useful for measuring weights as, for
eg – common balance
If the length of effort’s arm is more than the weight’s arm, less effort will be
required to achieve a similar result and an advantage will be gained by the use
of the lever ie MA
11. LEVERS IN HUMAN BODY
1ST ORDER – A state of equilibrium can be achieved either with or
without MA .
Eg – Nodding movement of head; the skull represents the lever, the atlanto-
occipital joint the fulcrum, the weight is situated anteriorly in the face, and
the effort is supplied by contraction of posterior neck muscles applied at
their attachment on the occipital bone.
Eg – Tilting movement of pelvis on the femoral heads
12.
13. 2ND ORDER
There must always be a Mechanical Advantage.
Eg - Heels raised to stand on toes
The tarsal ans metatarsal bines are stabilised by muscular action to form the
lever, the fulcrum is at the MTP joint, and the weight of the body is transmitted
through the ankle joint to the talus. the effort is applied at the insertion of the
tendo-calcaneum by contraction of calf muscles.
Eg - The action of Brachioradialis muscle in flexing the elbow joint
15. 3RD ORDER
In this type of lever there is always mechanical disadvantage.
This is a lever of velocity, the loss of mechanical advantage being
outweighed by the advantage gained by speed and range of movement.
Eg - Elbow flexion by Brachialis muscle
Lever is the forearm, Fulcrum is the elbow joint, weight is some object held
in the hand, effort is supplied by contraction of the brachialus muscle at its
insertion.
Eg - Knee flexion by Hamstring muscle
16.
17. A system of levers is the means by which the human body achieves
movement and resilience.
A knowledge of lever principles is necessary for understanding of the method
of progression in strengthning muscles.
As the strength increases the resistance or weight which is to be overcomed
should also increased.
The insertions of muscles (E) are fixed in relation to the joints, thus the only
factors capable of variation are the weight and its perpendicular distance from
the fulcrum.
LEVERS IN PHYSIOTHERAPY
18. Added resistance to the muscle action can therefore be applied, either by
increasing the weight to be overcome or by increasing the length of the
weight's arm ie increasing the leverage
eg - In deltoid paresis, Abduction of arm at shoulder joint with flexed elbow
reduces the leverage, thus relatively weak muscles can perform the
movement; whereas when the elbow is straight and the leverage is increased
a more powerful contraction is required.
eg - When patient is in supine lying while performing hip extension, resistance
applied at knee joint is more easily overcome by the extensors than the same
resistance applied at the foot when the knee is straight.