The document describes the bones that make up the upper and lower limbs and pelvis in humans. It discusses the 37 bones of the upper limb, including the humerus of the arm, radius and ulna of the forearm, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges of the hand. It also describes the bones of the lower limb, including the femur of the thigh, tibia and fibula of the leg, and tarsal, metatarsal and phalangeal bones of the foot. Additionally, it compares male and female pelvic structures.
This document provides an overview of skeletal cartilage and bone structure and development. It discusses the three types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - and their locations in the body. Bone structure is examined, including long, short, flat, and irregular bones. Bone is composed of compact and spongy bone, and develops through intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Key cells involved in bone formation and remodeling are also outlined.
The document provides information about the skeletal system, including:
1. It describes the two divisions of the skeleton - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thorax, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and girdles.
2. It discusses the main functions of bones which are support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation.
3. It provides details about the types of bones, classifications of bones, bones of the axial skeleton including the skull, vertebrae, and thoracic cage.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts covered in Chapter 7 of the textbook about the muscular system. It begins with the 13 learning outcomes for the chapter, which cover topics like muscle tissue organization, contraction, fiber types, and specific muscle groups. It then presents information on the functions of skeletal muscle, its tissue-level organization, the structure of sarcomeres and muscle fibers, and the sliding filament theory of contraction. The role of the neuromuscular junction and steps of the contraction cycle are explained. Finally, it distinguishes between different types of muscle contractions based on fiber recruitment. The document uses diagrams and tables to illustrate important anatomical structures and concepts.
The skeleton is made up of bones and cartilages that form the framework of the body. Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow for muscle attachment, and store minerals. There are various types of bones classified by shape, development, and structure. Long bones like the femur have a shaft and two ends, while flat bones make up surfaces like the skull. Bones develop through intramembranous ossification from mesenchymal tissue or endochondral ossification that forms from cartilage models. The skeleton is highly vascular and innervated, with bones receiving blood supply and nerves along blood vessels to allow for growth, remodeling, and repair.
The skeletal system includes bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments. It is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, ribs, and vertebrae, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the pelvis and extremities. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation. There are 206 bones in the adult skeleton which are classified by shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. Bones are made of compact and spongy bone tissue and contain bone cells. The skeletal system allows for movement through articulations between bones.
This document contains a lecture on the muscular system from a PowerPoint presentation. It provides an overview of the major muscles of the body and identifies their locations, actions, and roles. The presentation is divided into sections on muscles of the face, neck, back, abdomen, upper and lower limbs. Each section includes labeled diagrams identifying the individual muscles and brief descriptions of their functions.
The document summarizes the key bones and structures of the human skeleton. It describes the 7 cervical vertebrae and characteristics of the atlas and axis. It then discusses the 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx. The thoracic cage is made up of thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum and costal cartilages. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdles of the clavicles and scapulae and the pelvic girdle.
The document summarizes the bones that make up the axial skeleton, including the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It describes in detail the individual bones of the skull, including the cranial and facial bones. It identifies the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and facial bones. It highlights key features of each bone such as their articulation points and major markings. Diagrams are included to illustrate the anatomical features.
This document provides an overview of skeletal cartilage and bone structure and development. It discusses the three types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - and their locations in the body. Bone structure is examined, including long, short, flat, and irregular bones. Bone is composed of compact and spongy bone, and develops through intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Key cells involved in bone formation and remodeling are also outlined.
The document provides information about the skeletal system, including:
1. It describes the two divisions of the skeleton - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thorax, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and girdles.
2. It discusses the main functions of bones which are support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation.
3. It provides details about the types of bones, classifications of bones, bones of the axial skeleton including the skull, vertebrae, and thoracic cage.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts covered in Chapter 7 of the textbook about the muscular system. It begins with the 13 learning outcomes for the chapter, which cover topics like muscle tissue organization, contraction, fiber types, and specific muscle groups. It then presents information on the functions of skeletal muscle, its tissue-level organization, the structure of sarcomeres and muscle fibers, and the sliding filament theory of contraction. The role of the neuromuscular junction and steps of the contraction cycle are explained. Finally, it distinguishes between different types of muscle contractions based on fiber recruitment. The document uses diagrams and tables to illustrate important anatomical structures and concepts.
The skeleton is made up of bones and cartilages that form the framework of the body. Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow for muscle attachment, and store minerals. There are various types of bones classified by shape, development, and structure. Long bones like the femur have a shaft and two ends, while flat bones make up surfaces like the skull. Bones develop through intramembranous ossification from mesenchymal tissue or endochondral ossification that forms from cartilage models. The skeleton is highly vascular and innervated, with bones receiving blood supply and nerves along blood vessels to allow for growth, remodeling, and repair.
The skeletal system includes bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments. It is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, ribs, and vertebrae, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the pelvis and extremities. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation. There are 206 bones in the adult skeleton which are classified by shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. Bones are made of compact and spongy bone tissue and contain bone cells. The skeletal system allows for movement through articulations between bones.
This document contains a lecture on the muscular system from a PowerPoint presentation. It provides an overview of the major muscles of the body and identifies their locations, actions, and roles. The presentation is divided into sections on muscles of the face, neck, back, abdomen, upper and lower limbs. Each section includes labeled diagrams identifying the individual muscles and brief descriptions of their functions.
The document summarizes the key bones and structures of the human skeleton. It describes the 7 cervical vertebrae and characteristics of the atlas and axis. It then discusses the 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx. The thoracic cage is made up of thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum and costal cartilages. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdles of the clavicles and scapulae and the pelvic girdle.
The document summarizes the bones that make up the axial skeleton, including the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It describes in detail the individual bones of the skull, including the cranial and facial bones. It identifies the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and facial bones. It highlights key features of each bone such as their articulation points and major markings. Diagrams are included to illustrate the anatomical features.
The document provides information about the skeletal system. It begins by listing the learning objectives, which are to enumerate the roles of the skeletal system, explain bone formation and aging, and discuss the importance of the skeletal system. It then outlines the topics to be covered, including the functions of bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments and joints. General features of bones such as parts, cells, surface markings and types are described. The document discusses bone formation, remodeling, repair and classifications. It provides an overview of the axial skeleton and its divisions before focusing on details of the skull and its bones.
The document summarizes the main bones that make up the appendicular skeleton in humans. It describes the two pairs of girdles - the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic (hip) girdles - that connect the upper and lower limbs to the axial skeleton. It then outlines the major bones that comprise each segmented limb, including the arm, forearm, hand, thigh, leg, and foot. For each bone, it identifies key anatomical features and points of articulation with other bones.
The skeletal system consists of bones and tissues like tendons and ligaments that connect bones. It provides structure, protects organs, and allows movement. Babies have more bones than adults, which fuse together as people grow. Bones are living tissues made of hard material for strength surrounded by cells that allow growth and repair. Joints connect bones and allow movement through different types of connections like ball-and-socket joints in the shoulder.
The document provides an overview of the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. Key points include:
- The skull is made up of cranial and facial bones that form the cranium and face, protecting the brain and organs. Sutures connect the bones.
- The vertebral column consists of 26 bones including 24 vertebrae that provide support, protect the spinal cord, and allow movement.
- The thoracic cage is made up of ribs and sternum, forming a protective structure around vital chest organs.
The document discusses the muscles that cross the shoulder and elbow joints and act on the forearm, hand, and fingers. It describes nine muscles that cross the shoulder and insert into the humerus, including the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and deltoid muscles. It also discusses the rotator cuff muscles that reinforce the shoulder capsule. The document outlines the forearm muscles and their actions, including muscles of the anterior and posterior compartments that flex and extend the wrist and fingers. It details the intrinsic hand muscles and their roles in precise hand movements.
The document summarizes the axial and appendicular skeleton. It describes the three regions that make up the axial skeleton - the skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax. It then discusses the individual bones that comprise these regions in detail. It also describes the appendicular skeleton, including the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and bones of the upper and lower limbs. Developmental aspects of the skeleton from infancy to old age are also summarized.
The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs that are attached to the axial skeleton by shoulder and pelvic girdles. The pectoral girdle consists of bones that hold the upper limbs in place while the pelvic girdle consists of bones that hold the lower limbs in place. The adult pelvis is composed of four bones - the sacrum, coccyx, and left and right ossa coxae which protect the viscera and support the lower body. Each os coxa is formed from the ilium, ischium, and pubis bones. The pelvic brim divides the pelvis into the true pelvis and false pelvis. The foot has three longitudinal
This document discusses the classification and structure of joints in the human body. It begins by defining joints as the places where two or more bones meet, and classifies joints based on their structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and function (immovable, slightly movable, freely movable). The majority of the document then focuses on describing the key characteristics and examples of each type of structural and functional joint classification. It concludes by explaining the movements that occur at synovial joints, including gliding, angular, rotational, and special movements.
CVA A&P - Chapter 5c: Standard Appendicular SkeletonClayVirtual
This document summarizes the appendicular skeleton, which is composed of 126 bones that make up the limbs and their attachments. It describes the bones that make up the pectoral girdle (shoulder blades and collarbone), pelvic girdle (hip bones), upper limbs (humerus, radius, ulna, wrist, hand), lower limbs (femur, tibia, fibula, foot bones), and differences in the male and female pelvis. Diagrams are included to illustrate the skeletal features.
The document summarizes key aspects of the muscular system, including the three main muscle types (skeletal, cardiac, smooth), microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle, the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, energy pathways in muscle, and muscle naming conventions. Examples of muscle disorders like muscular dystrophy and myasthenia gravis are also briefly mentioned.
CVA A&P - Chapter 5a: Honors Bone TissueClayVirtual
The document summarizes key aspects of the skeletal system, including that it has 206 bones divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton, bones have various shapes and serve functions like protection and movement, and long bones have specific internal structures. It also outlines bone cell types, growth and remodeling, common fractures, and the fracture healing process.
This document provides an overview of the appendicular skeleton, which includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. It discusses the individual bones that make up these areas, including the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges of the upper limb. For the lower limb it discusses the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges. It also notes differences between the male and female pelvis. The document contains diagrams labeling the bones and their features.
This document discusses the muscular system, specifically muscles of the thigh and leg. It describes how thigh muscles flex, extend and adduct the thigh. The anterior thigh muscles extend the leg at the knee. Leg muscles plantar flex and evert the foot, plantar flex the toes, and dorsiflex the foot to extend the toes. Intrinsic foot muscles flex, extend, abduct and adduct the toes while supporting the foot arch. Diagrams show the major muscles involved in these actions.
The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones that make up the framework of the body. The skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton of 80 bones, including the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton of 126 bones, including the shoulder and pelvic girdles and long bones of the arms and legs. Bones provide structure and support to the body, protect organs, store minerals, allow for movement through joints between bones, and are the site of blood cell formation in bone marrow.
The skeletal system chapter discusses the structure and function of the skeletal system. It describes how the skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the limbs and their attachments. It details the types of bones, their microscopic structure, growth and remodeling, fractures and their repair. Joints are classified by function and structure. The functions of the skeletal system include support, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell formation.
This document is a presentation on the skeletal system that focuses on the appendicular skeleton. It describes the bones that make up the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula. It also details the bones of the upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. For each body region, it lists the individual bones and provides labeled diagrams to illustrate their structures and relationships. Key points covered include differences in the male and female pelvis that relate to childbirth.
The document summarizes the organization and components of the human skeleton. It describes the axial skeleton, which includes the skull and vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton. It provides details on the bones and structures of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, and their functions in supporting the body and vital organs. Key bones mentioned include the cranium, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae.
The document discusses the skeletal system and bones. It covers the structure and function of bones, classification of bones, bone tissues, bone cells, bone growth and healing, joints, and common bone diseases. The skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints. It is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and thoracic cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments.
The document summarizes the key topics in Chapter 8 on the muscular system, including:
- The three main types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
- Details of skeletal muscle tissue such as muscle fiber structure, sarcomeres, and how contraction occurs via the sliding filament mechanism.
- How skeletal muscle contraction is controlled by motor neurons and the neuromuscular junction, and how repeated stimuli can produce different types of muscle contractions.
- The energy systems that fuel muscle contraction including creatine phosphate, anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
- An overview of the major skeletal muscles of the body grouped by region.
Anatomy unit 7 physiology of the skeletal systemwanted1361
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that provide structure, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation. Bones are made of collagen, hydroxyapatite, and other tissues. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton (skull and vertebrae) and appendicular skeleton (limbs). Long bones have an epiphysis, diaphysis, articular cartilage, and epiphyseal plate. Joints connect bones and include ligaments, cartilage, and fluid-filled capsules. Bone tissue contains periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, marrow cavity, and Haversian systems. Bones develop from cartilage and are constantly remodeling through osteoblasts, osteoclasts,
Applied anatomy of pelvis and fetal skullAravind Ravi
The document provides information on the anatomy of the female pelvis and fetal skull. It describes the bones that make up the pelvis, measurements and variations. The female pelvis is shallower and wider than the male pelvis to accommodate childbirth. Key differences between the fetal and adult skull are the fetal skull's large size relative to other bones, small facial skeleton, and fontanels and sutures between unfused skull bones that allow for molding during birth.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and physiology as the study of body functions. It describes the different branches and levels of structural organization in the body from atoms and molecules to organ systems. Key body systems are introduced such as the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Concepts of homeostasis, anatomical position, directional terminology, body planes and sections, body cavities and membranes, and abdominal regions and quadrants are explained.
The document provides information about the skeletal system. It begins by listing the learning objectives, which are to enumerate the roles of the skeletal system, explain bone formation and aging, and discuss the importance of the skeletal system. It then outlines the topics to be covered, including the functions of bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments and joints. General features of bones such as parts, cells, surface markings and types are described. The document discusses bone formation, remodeling, repair and classifications. It provides an overview of the axial skeleton and its divisions before focusing on details of the skull and its bones.
The document summarizes the main bones that make up the appendicular skeleton in humans. It describes the two pairs of girdles - the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic (hip) girdles - that connect the upper and lower limbs to the axial skeleton. It then outlines the major bones that comprise each segmented limb, including the arm, forearm, hand, thigh, leg, and foot. For each bone, it identifies key anatomical features and points of articulation with other bones.
The skeletal system consists of bones and tissues like tendons and ligaments that connect bones. It provides structure, protects organs, and allows movement. Babies have more bones than adults, which fuse together as people grow. Bones are living tissues made of hard material for strength surrounded by cells that allow growth and repair. Joints connect bones and allow movement through different types of connections like ball-and-socket joints in the shoulder.
The document provides an overview of the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. Key points include:
- The skull is made up of cranial and facial bones that form the cranium and face, protecting the brain and organs. Sutures connect the bones.
- The vertebral column consists of 26 bones including 24 vertebrae that provide support, protect the spinal cord, and allow movement.
- The thoracic cage is made up of ribs and sternum, forming a protective structure around vital chest organs.
The document discusses the muscles that cross the shoulder and elbow joints and act on the forearm, hand, and fingers. It describes nine muscles that cross the shoulder and insert into the humerus, including the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and deltoid muscles. It also discusses the rotator cuff muscles that reinforce the shoulder capsule. The document outlines the forearm muscles and their actions, including muscles of the anterior and posterior compartments that flex and extend the wrist and fingers. It details the intrinsic hand muscles and their roles in precise hand movements.
The document summarizes the axial and appendicular skeleton. It describes the three regions that make up the axial skeleton - the skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax. It then discusses the individual bones that comprise these regions in detail. It also describes the appendicular skeleton, including the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and bones of the upper and lower limbs. Developmental aspects of the skeleton from infancy to old age are also summarized.
The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs that are attached to the axial skeleton by shoulder and pelvic girdles. The pectoral girdle consists of bones that hold the upper limbs in place while the pelvic girdle consists of bones that hold the lower limbs in place. The adult pelvis is composed of four bones - the sacrum, coccyx, and left and right ossa coxae which protect the viscera and support the lower body. Each os coxa is formed from the ilium, ischium, and pubis bones. The pelvic brim divides the pelvis into the true pelvis and false pelvis. The foot has three longitudinal
This document discusses the classification and structure of joints in the human body. It begins by defining joints as the places where two or more bones meet, and classifies joints based on their structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and function (immovable, slightly movable, freely movable). The majority of the document then focuses on describing the key characteristics and examples of each type of structural and functional joint classification. It concludes by explaining the movements that occur at synovial joints, including gliding, angular, rotational, and special movements.
CVA A&P - Chapter 5c: Standard Appendicular SkeletonClayVirtual
This document summarizes the appendicular skeleton, which is composed of 126 bones that make up the limbs and their attachments. It describes the bones that make up the pectoral girdle (shoulder blades and collarbone), pelvic girdle (hip bones), upper limbs (humerus, radius, ulna, wrist, hand), lower limbs (femur, tibia, fibula, foot bones), and differences in the male and female pelvis. Diagrams are included to illustrate the skeletal features.
The document summarizes key aspects of the muscular system, including the three main muscle types (skeletal, cardiac, smooth), microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle, the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, energy pathways in muscle, and muscle naming conventions. Examples of muscle disorders like muscular dystrophy and myasthenia gravis are also briefly mentioned.
CVA A&P - Chapter 5a: Honors Bone TissueClayVirtual
The document summarizes key aspects of the skeletal system, including that it has 206 bones divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton, bones have various shapes and serve functions like protection and movement, and long bones have specific internal structures. It also outlines bone cell types, growth and remodeling, common fractures, and the fracture healing process.
This document provides an overview of the appendicular skeleton, which includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. It discusses the individual bones that make up these areas, including the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges of the upper limb. For the lower limb it discusses the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges. It also notes differences between the male and female pelvis. The document contains diagrams labeling the bones and their features.
This document discusses the muscular system, specifically muscles of the thigh and leg. It describes how thigh muscles flex, extend and adduct the thigh. The anterior thigh muscles extend the leg at the knee. Leg muscles plantar flex and evert the foot, plantar flex the toes, and dorsiflex the foot to extend the toes. Intrinsic foot muscles flex, extend, abduct and adduct the toes while supporting the foot arch. Diagrams show the major muscles involved in these actions.
The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones that make up the framework of the body. The skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton of 80 bones, including the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton of 126 bones, including the shoulder and pelvic girdles and long bones of the arms and legs. Bones provide structure and support to the body, protect organs, store minerals, allow for movement through joints between bones, and are the site of blood cell formation in bone marrow.
The skeletal system chapter discusses the structure and function of the skeletal system. It describes how the skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the limbs and their attachments. It details the types of bones, their microscopic structure, growth and remodeling, fractures and their repair. Joints are classified by function and structure. The functions of the skeletal system include support, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell formation.
This document is a presentation on the skeletal system that focuses on the appendicular skeleton. It describes the bones that make up the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula. It also details the bones of the upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. For each body region, it lists the individual bones and provides labeled diagrams to illustrate their structures and relationships. Key points covered include differences in the male and female pelvis that relate to childbirth.
The document summarizes the organization and components of the human skeleton. It describes the axial skeleton, which includes the skull and vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton. It provides details on the bones and structures of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, and their functions in supporting the body and vital organs. Key bones mentioned include the cranium, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae.
The document discusses the skeletal system and bones. It covers the structure and function of bones, classification of bones, bone tissues, bone cells, bone growth and healing, joints, and common bone diseases. The skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints. It is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and thoracic cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments.
The document summarizes the key topics in Chapter 8 on the muscular system, including:
- The three main types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
- Details of skeletal muscle tissue such as muscle fiber structure, sarcomeres, and how contraction occurs via the sliding filament mechanism.
- How skeletal muscle contraction is controlled by motor neurons and the neuromuscular junction, and how repeated stimuli can produce different types of muscle contractions.
- The energy systems that fuel muscle contraction including creatine phosphate, anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
- An overview of the major skeletal muscles of the body grouped by region.
Anatomy unit 7 physiology of the skeletal systemwanted1361
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that provide structure, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation. Bones are made of collagen, hydroxyapatite, and other tissues. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton (skull and vertebrae) and appendicular skeleton (limbs). Long bones have an epiphysis, diaphysis, articular cartilage, and epiphyseal plate. Joints connect bones and include ligaments, cartilage, and fluid-filled capsules. Bone tissue contains periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, marrow cavity, and Haversian systems. Bones develop from cartilage and are constantly remodeling through osteoblasts, osteoclasts,
Applied anatomy of pelvis and fetal skullAravind Ravi
The document provides information on the anatomy of the female pelvis and fetal skull. It describes the bones that make up the pelvis, measurements and variations. The female pelvis is shallower and wider than the male pelvis to accommodate childbirth. Key differences between the fetal and adult skull are the fetal skull's large size relative to other bones, small facial skeleton, and fontanels and sutures between unfused skull bones that allow for molding during birth.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and physiology as the study of body functions. It describes the different branches and levels of structural organization in the body from atoms and molecules to organ systems. Key body systems are introduced such as the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Concepts of homeostasis, anatomical position, directional terminology, body planes and sections, body cavities and membranes, and abdominal regions and quadrants are explained.
The document provides details on the anatomy of the arm, including:
1. The humerus bone has two parts - an upper part for muscle attachments and a lower part for origins. Major muscles attaching to the humerus are described.
2. The brachial artery and accompanying nerves in the arm are outlined. Branches of the axillary artery and surrounding muscles are also noted.
3. Joint movements allowed by different synovial joint types are illustrated, including hinge, pivot, saddle, ball-and-socket, and condyloid joints.
This document provides an overview of upper limb anatomy including:
- The breast lies over the pectoralis major muscle and fascia and extends from the 2nd to 6th ribs.
- The axilla is the region between the upper arm and chest wall bounded by several muscles. It contains the axillary artery, vein and brachial plexus nerves.
- The muscles of the shoulder region include the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and deltoid which all insert on the humerus.
This document provides an overview of anatomical terminology including:
1) It describes the three main anatomical planes - coronal, sagittal, and horizontal - and defines each.
2) It lists several anatomical lines used for orientation on the body surface including axillary lines and mid-clavicular line.
3) It defines common terms used to describe directional terms including superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, and proximal/distal.
4) It explains several terms used to describe movements of joints and body parts including flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation.
The document provides an overview of the pelvis, including its definition, surface landmarks, composition, differences between the male and female pelvis, divisions, walls, joints, muscles, pelvic diaphragm, peritoneum, clinical correlations, organs contained in the pelvis (urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum), and details on the urinary bladder. Key points include that the pelvis is the region below the abdomen composed of hip bones, sacrum and coccyx; it is divided into the greater and lesser pelvis; and contains organs like the bladder, colon and rectum in both males and females.
The document provides information on the anatomy revision session on the upper limb muscles and their functions. Key points covered include identifying the muscles of the upper limb and their nerve supply, orientation and movement terms, and muscles of the forearm, hand, and nerves of the upper limb. There will be pop quizzes to test understanding. The session then reviews muscles of the gluteal region, hip bone anatomy, and the hip joint.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper limb, including key structures like bones, muscles, nerves, blood vessels and lymph nodes. It discusses the pectoral region, axilla, mammary glands, bones of the shoulder girdle and arm, joints, muscles, neurovascular structures, and clinical considerations. The goal is to familiarize medical professionals with the anatomy of the upper limb so they can accurately diagnose and treat common clinical problems involving this region.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper limb. It begins by listing the learning objectives which are to describe the bones, joints, muscles, arteries, veins, and spaces of the upper limb. It then proceeds to discuss the bones of the upper limb including the scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. It also describes the joints between these bones. Next, it covers the major muscles of the upper limb grouped into those attached to the axial skeleton and those of the upper limb itself. Finally, it briefly discusses the brachial plexus nerves and blood vessels of the axilla and upper limb.
The cervical plexus and brachial plexus are formed by the branching and merging of spinal nerve roots in the neck and shoulder region. The cervical plexus is formed from cervical nerve roots C1-C4 and supplies nerves to the neck muscles and skin. The brachial plexus is formed from cervical nerve roots C5-T1 and supplies all nerves to the upper limb, including the axillary, musculocutaneous, radial, median, and ulnar nerves. Both plexuses demonstrate how spinal nerves branch and connect to innervate different regions of the body.
This document provides information about skeletal muscle and the appendicular skeleton. It discusses the characteristics of skeletal muscle, including that it is striated and under voluntary control. It describes the bones and joints of the upper and lower limbs, including the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and bones of the arms, legs, hands and feet. It discusses the muscles that act on these limbs and their functions in movement.
The brachial plexus is formed by the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves, specifically C5-T1. It provides motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb. The axillary artery begins at the lateral border of the first rib and terminates below the elbow joint by dividing into the radial and ulnar arteries. The axilla is a triangular space bounded by the thorax medially, the upper arm laterally, and the upper chest anteriorly. It contains nerves, vessels and lymph nodes that serve the upper limb.
The rise of the global South is radically reshaping the world and is perhaps the most significant development of recent times. As one of the fastest growing economies, India has emerged as the seventh largest economy globally. Moreover, India’s 16-rung leap in the recently released Global Competitiveness ranking by the World Economic Forum points towards its sharp focus on improving competitiveness.
As India began to enhance its competitiveness journey and given the new direction of its economic and political diplomacy, it has signed FTAs with some of the most important economies like Japan, Korea, Malaysia and the ASEAN countries in the last few years. It is also in the process of negotiating comprehensive trade agreements with EU, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. It has made its presence felt in alliances like the G-20, IBA, and BRICS and has also deepened relations with the East Asian countries. All this points towards India’s growing integration into the Global Economy.
While Indian industry has adapted well to the changing global dynamics, it needs to work hard to integrate itself into the global value chains (GVCs) to boost its global trade, and the country’s economic development.
This edition of Policy Watch looks at some of the important issues that continue to impact the overall trade performance of India and highlights key policy interventions that need to be taken up on priority.
The report highlights that retail sector will get a transformational push with an aggressive collaboration between the organized, unorganized and online retail growth, driven by India’s demographics with huge young and tech savvy population (500 million below 25 years), rising incomes and demand levels, urbanisation, attitudinal shifts and above all, a phenomenal and continuous rise in internet penetration across the country with the government’s commitment to digitization”.
“It is estimated there would be 550 million net users in India by 2018, as also the face of the Internet user will change dramatically, with higher penetration to the tune of 210 million in rural areas. The online retail would provide a superb platform to the unorganised retail to reach out to the consumers across markets in tier 3 & tier 4 cities”,
The document describes the new 2011 Ford Edge crossover vehicle. It highlights some of the vehicle's key features including a new 3.5L V6 engine that delivers the best horsepower and fuel efficiency in its class, new driver connectivity technologies like MyFord Touch, and available safety features like BLIS. The document provides images and descriptions of the Edge's exterior styling and interior technologies to promote the vehicle's new design and innovations.
The 2014 Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class is available at Walter’s Automotive, a leading Mercedes-Benz dealer serving Orange County. See what sets the world’s first four-door coupe apart in terms of luxury, performance, and innovation.
This document provides links to 6 different lessons on logarithmic equations and functions on a Facebook page for a group called "Yplitgroup Logarit". The lessons cover various exercises and problems involving logarithmic equations and functions.
This document proposes using the W3C PROV ontology to describe specimen preparation workflows from collection to analysis. It suggests representing specimens as PROV entities, preparation steps as activities, and people and machines as agents. This allows capturing the transformations that specimens undergo and linking specimens and data to those who handled them. Mapping specimens to PROV entities addresses issues with prior models and can help evaluate and reproduce observations by making preparation details available as provenance.
The document summarizes the skeletal structure of the human appendicular skeleton. It describes the bones that make up the upper limb (arm, forearm, hand), pelvic girdle and lower limb (thigh, leg, foot). For each body region, the individual bones are identified along with their anatomical features and articulation points. The foot and skull are discussed in more detail, including the arches of the foot and fontanels of the fetal skull.
The document summarizes the key bones that make up the human skeleton. It describes the 7 cervical vertebrae, including unique features of the atlas (C1) and axis (C2). It then discusses the characteristics of thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccyx vertebrae. The document also outlines the bones that make up the rib cage, shoulder girdles, and upper limbs, including the clavicles and scapulae.
The document summarizes the main bones that make up the axial and appendicular skeleton. It describes the 80 bones that comprise the axial skeleton, including the skull, vertebral column, and thorax. The skull is formed from the cranium and facial bones, and protects the brain. The vertebral column consists of 26 vertebrae connected to form a flexible curved structure. The thorax is made up of ribs and the sternum, forming the rib cage. The appendicular skeleton attaches the upper and lower limbs and is comprised of the shoulder and pelvic girdles.
The document is a PowerPoint presentation on the axial skeleton. It begins by defining the skeleton and dividing it into the axial and appendicular divisions. It then focuses on the axial skeleton, which is formed of 80 bones including the skull, vertebral column, and thorax. Over the course of many slides, it describes the individual bones that make up the skull (both cranial and facial bones) and vertebral column in detail, including their structural features, locations within the skeleton, and functions. It includes many labeled diagrams to supplement the textual descriptions.
This document summarizes key points about joints from Chapter 8 of the textbook "Human Anatomy & Physiology". It discusses the classification of joints, examples of different types of synovial joints like the knee, shoulder, elbow and hip, common joint injuries and conditions such as sprains, dislocations and arthritis. It also covers developmental aspects of joints and how they are affected by aging.
The document describes the bones that make up the axial skeleton, including the skull and vertebral column. It details the individual bones of the skull, including the cranial and facial bones. The cranial bones described are the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The document outlines the key features and landmarks of each bone.
This document discusses the muscles that cross the shoulder and elbow joints, as well as the muscles of the forearm and hand. It describes nine muscles that cross the shoulder and insert into the humerus, including the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and deltoid muscles. The forearm contains flexor and extensor muscles that act on the wrist and fingers. Intrinsic hand muscles are also detailed, which precisely control finger and thumb movements and produce opposition of the thumb.
This document discusses the muscles that cross the shoulder and elbow joints, as well as the muscles of the forearm and hand. It describes nine muscles that cross the shoulder and insert into the humerus, including the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and deltoid muscles. The document also outlines the flexor and extensor muscles of the forearm, wrist, fingers, and thumb. It notes the small intrinsic hand muscles that control precise hand movements and produce opposition of the thumb.
CVA A&P - Chapter 6c: Muscle Movements and Major MusclesClayVirtual
The document discusses the muscular system and describes various muscles and their functions. It explains that muscles produce movement by connecting to and pulling on bones. Various types of movement are defined including flexion, extension, rotation, abduction, and adduction. Specific muscles of the head, neck, trunk, upper and lower limbs are identified along with their actions. Diagrams are included to illustrate muscle locations and movements.
This document provides an overview of the skeletal structures of the head and neck, including the orbits, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and general vertebral structure. Key points discussed are the bones that form the orbits and nasal cavity, the function of paranasal sinuses, the hyoid bone's unique mobility, the curvature and ligaments of the vertebral column, and common components of vertebrae such as the vertebral body and arch. Diagrams are included to illustrate these anatomical features.
The document discusses the muscular system, specifically muscles of the thigh and leg. It describes how thigh muscles flex, extend, and adduct the thigh, and extend the leg. Leg muscles plantar flex and evert the foot, plantar flex the foot and flex the toes, and dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes. Intrinsic foot muscles help flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the toes and support the foot arch.
This document summarizes the skeletal structures of the head and vertebral column. It describes the bones that make up the orbits, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and hyoid bone. It then discusses the vertebral column, made of 26 vertebrae that provide flexibility. The document outlines the general structure of vertebrae and important ligaments and discs of the vertebral column.
The document discusses the muscular system, describing various muscle groups in the neck, throat, back, abdominal wall, pelvic floor, and shoulders. It provides an overview of the key muscles involved in functions like swallowing, breathing, trunk movement, and defines the layers of muscles in areas like the abdominal wall. Diagrams are included to illustrate the muscle locations and attachments.
The document discusses the muscular system, describing various muscle groups in the neck, throat, back, abdominal wall, pelvic floor, and shoulders. It provides an overview of the key muscles involved in functions like swallowing, breathing, trunk movement, and defines the layers of muscles in areas like the abdominal wall. Diagrams are included to illustrate the muscle locations and attachments.
The document is a PowerPoint presentation on the axial skeleton from a human anatomy textbook. It discusses the bones that make up the axial skeleton, including the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. Specifically, it covers the individual bones of the skull such as the cranial and facial bones. It also describes the regions of the vertebral column and the structures between vertebrae like discs. The presentation provides labeled diagrams to illustrate the key parts and features of the axial skeleton.
The document discusses the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and their attachments to the axial skeleton. It describes the bones that make up the shoulder girdle (clavicle and scapula), upper limb (humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges), pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium, pubis), lower limb (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges), and their articulations. It also briefly discusses the development and homeostasis functions of the skeletal system.
CVA A&P - Chapter 5a: Standard Bone TissueClayVirtual
The document summarizes key aspects of the skeletal system, including that it has 206 bones divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton, bones provide structure, protection and movement, and there are four types of bones classified by shape (long, short, flat, irregular). It also describes bone tissue, the anatomy of long bones, growth and remodeling of bones, and bone fractures and healing.
CVA A&P - Chapter 5b: Standard Axial SkeletonClayVirtual
This document provides an overview of the axial skeleton, including the skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax. It describes the main bones that make up each part as well as their structures and functions. Key points covered include that the skull has cranium and facial bones joined by sutures, with the exception of the mandible. The vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae plus the sacrum and coccyx. It maintains the spine's curvature. The bony thorax forms a protective cage from the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae.
Based on the assessment findings provided, M.H. appears to have developed postoperative pneumonia and ileus.
The crackles heard on auscultation of her lungs along with a fever suggest she has a postoperative pulmonary infection like pneumonia.
Her abdominal tenderness, distension and absence of bowel sounds indicate she has developed an ileus, which is delayed return of normal bowel function and gas/stool movement after surgery. The brownish-green drainage from her NG tube is also consistent with ileus.
This document discusses perioperative nursing care. It describes the various areas of the surgical suite including restricted, semirestricted, and unrestricted areas. It then outlines the roles and responsibilities of the different members of the surgical team, including nurses, surgeons, anesthesiologists and other support staff. It provides details on preoperative preparation of the patient, room and equipment, intraoperative care and positioning of the patient, and postoperative recovery of the patient.
The document describes the presurgical assessment process for a patient undergoing breast lumpectomy. It outlines gathering information on the patient's medical history including cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, genitourinary, hepatic and musculoskeletal systems. It also describes assessing the patient's medications, allergies, psychosocial factors and ensuring informed consent is obtained. The document uses the example of a 45-year-old female with hypertension, diabetes and anxiety about her breast cancer surgery to demonstrate the presurgical assessment.
This document discusses how psychosocial, cultural, and genetic factors can influence pharmacotherapy outcomes. It notes that effective pharmacotherapy requires considering biological, psychological, social, cultural, and environmental variables that may impact drug response. Specific influences discussed include spiritual/religious beliefs, ethnicity, culture, literacy levels, and genetic polymorphisms. Gender differences are also outlined, such as varying responses, behaviors, and drug coverage based on sex. The holistic nursing approach of considering all these influences is emphasized for achieving successful pharmacotherapy.
The document discusses drug administration throughout the lifespan. It covers considerations for drug use during pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and aging. Key factors that affect pharmacokinetics at different life stages are growth and development changes, organ system changes, and age-related changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding life stage considerations and providing appropriate patient education for safe and effective pharmacotherapy.
This document discusses complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies, focusing on herbal supplements. It defines CAM as treatments considered outside mainstream healthcare. Major CAM characteristics include treating each person as an individual and emphasizing mind-body connections. The document reviews various CAM healing methods, common herbal supplements, dietary supplement regulations, and the nurse's role in educating patients about CAM therapies and potential herb-drug interactions. It emphasizes the need for rigorous research on herbal supplement effectiveness and standardization.
This document discusses key concepts in pharmacodynamics including:
1) Pharmacodynamics examines how medicines change the body and helps predict drug effects.
2) Frequency distribution and dose-response curves illustrate variability in individual drug responses.
3) The median effective dose is the dose that produces a therapeutic response in 50% of patients.
4) Drugs can act as agonists, partial agonists, or antagonists at receptor sites to stimulate or inhibit responses.
1. Medication errors are common and can harm patients, increasing costs and negatively impacting facilities. They are caused by factors involving healthcare providers, patients, and systems.
2. It is important to accurately document and report all medication errors to determine root causes and implement strategies to prevent future errors. Reducing distractions, cross-checking orders, and reconciling medications can help reduce errors.
3. Educating patients on their medications also helps reduce errors by empowering them to participate in the medication administration process. Automated systems, electronic records, and updated policies further aim to minimize medication errors.
The document discusses the nursing process as it relates to pharmacology and medication administration. It describes the 5 steps of the nursing process - assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Considerable detail is provided about properly assessing patients, identifying nursing diagnoses related to medication, setting goals and expected outcomes, implementing interventions like medication administration and monitoring, and evaluating the effectiveness of the care plan. The overarching goals of the nursing process in pharmacology are safe and effective medication administration and optimal patient wellness.
This document discusses the key principles of pharmacokinetics - how drugs move through the body. It describes the four main components of pharmacokinetics: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption involves a drug moving from its site of administration through membranes and into circulation. Distribution is the transport of drugs throughout tissues, influenced by factors like blood flow and binding to plasma proteins. Metabolism biochemically alters drugs in the liver to make them more easily excreted. Excretion primarily occurs through the kidneys which filter drugs out of the bloodstream. Understanding pharmacokinetics helps explain how the body handles medications and any obstacles they may face.
Drugs are organized in two ways: by therapeutic classification based on their clinical effects, and by pharmacologic classification based on their mechanism of action. Drugs have three names - a chemical name assigned by IUPAC, a generic name assigned by the USAN Council, and one or more trade or brand names assigned by the marketing company. Drugs considered to have abuse or addiction potential are scheduled by the DEA into five categories, with Schedule I having the highest abuse potential and Schedule V the lowest. Drugs are also classified based on their teratogenic risk to a fetus from A to X.
1) Pharmacology has its origins in ancient times when various cultures used plants and herbs to treat medical issues. It developed into a distinct discipline in the 19th century with the isolation of active compounds from natural substances and study of their effects.
2) John Jacob Abel established the first pharmacology department in the United States in 1890, advancing the field of modern pharmacology. Regulations and standards for drug development, labeling, and safety have strengthened over time through organizations like the USP and laws.
3) Nurses play a key role in pharmacology due to their direct involvement in patient care across all settings. Understanding how different factors influence individual drug responses is important for safe administration.
This chapter discusses principles of drug administration for nurses. It outlines the nursing process for drug administration including nurse responsibilities such as understanding classifications, actions, side effects, and ensuring safe preparation and administration. Common medication errors are also reviewed. The chapter then covers allergic reactions, the five rights of administration, routes of administration including enteral, topical and parenteral, and special considerations for various types of drug delivery such as transdermal patches, ophthalmic drops, and otic drops. Measurement systems, abbreviations, and documentation requirements are also discussed.
This document summarizes various rheumatic disorders that can cause musculoskeletal dysfunction. It describes osteoarthritis as a local degenerative joint disorder associated with aging that causes joint pain and stiffness. Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory autoimmune disease that can cause joint destruction in multiple symmetrically involved joints. Other systemic disorders discussed include systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout, which involves uric acid crystal deposition in joints. Pediatric joint disorders like juvenile idiopathic arthritis are also reviewed.
This document discusses various types of musculoskeletal trauma, diseases, and alterations. It covers bone fractures, dislocations, infections, tumors, and soft tissue injuries. Specific conditions covered include osteoporosis, rickets, Paget's disease, osteomyelitis, tuberculosis, osteosarcoma, ligament injuries, tendon injuries, and muscle strains. Treatment options are provided for many conditions, which may include surgery, antibiotics, chemotherapy, calcium supplements, and physical therapy.
1. The document discusses the pathophysiology of pain, which involves transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation of pain signals in the body.
2. Pain signals are transmitted from nociceptors via the peripheral nervous system to the spinal cord and brain. Various neurotransmitters are involved at different stages of transmission.
3. Pain perception is influenced by both physical and psychological factors and can be modulated in the brain using various pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments.
This document summarizes several chronic neurological disorders including seizure disorder, dementia, Parkinson's disease, cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and Bell's palsy. It describes the key characteristics, causes, symptoms, diagnoses, and treatment approaches for each condition.
This document discusses mechanisms and manifestations of acute brain injury. It covers several topics:
1) Mechanisms of primary and secondary brain injury including ischemia, cellular energy failure, excitatory amino acids, reperfusion injury, abnormal autoregulation, increased intracranial pressure, and brain herniation.
2) Manifestations of brain injury including level of consciousness assessed by Glasgow Coma Scale, pupil reflexes, oculovestibular reflex, and corneal reflex.
3) Traumatic brain injury classifications including mild, moderate and severe injuries, as well as types of primary injuries like focal, polar and diffuse injuries, and intracranial hematomas.
This document discusses common gastrointestinal disorders and their manifestations. It describes different types of dysphagia, including problems with food delivery into the esophagus (Type I), transport down the esophagus (Type II), and entry into the stomach (Type III). Other manifestations covered include heartburn, abdominal pain, vomiting, changes in bowel habits like constipation and diarrhea, and intestinal gas. Causes and symptoms are provided for each manifestation.
1. The document discusses the structure, function, embryology and disorders of the gallbladder and exocrine pancreas.
2. It describes the anatomy of the pancreaticobiliary system including the gallbladder, cystic duct, common bile duct and pancreas.
3. Key disorders covered include cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and acute pancreatitis. The causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of each are explained.