1. Human
Anatomy
& Physiology
SEVENTH EDITION
Elaine N. Marieb
Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Vince Austin,
Bluegrass Technical
and Community College
C H A P T E R 7The Skeleton
P A R T A

2. The Axial Skeleton
 Eighty bones segregated into three regions
 Skull
 Vertebral column
 Bony thorax
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3. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
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Figure 7.1

4. The Skull
 The skull, the body’s most complex bony structure,
is formed by the cranium and facial bones
 Cranium – protects the brain and is the site of
attachment for head and neck muscles
 Facial bones
 Supply the framework of the face, the sense
organs, and the teeth
 Provide openings for the passage of air and food
 Anchor the facial muscles of expression
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5. Anatomy of the Cranium
 Eight cranial bones – two parietal, two temporal,
frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid
 Cranial bones are thin and remarkably strong for
their weight
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6. Frontal Bone
 Forms the anterior portion of the cranium
 Articulates posteriorly with the parietal bones via
the coronal suture
 Major markings include the supraorbital margins,
the anterior cranial fossa, and the frontal sinuses
(internal and lateral to the glabella)
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7. Frontal Bone
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Figure 7.2a

8. Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures
 Form most of the superior and lateral aspects of the
skull
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Figure 7.3a

9. Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures
 Four sutures mark the articulations of the parietal
bones
 Coronal suture – articulation between parietal
bones and frontal bone anteriorly
 Sagittal suture – where right and left parietal bones
meet superiorly
 Lambdoid suture – where parietal bones meet the
occipital bone posteriorly
 Squamosal or squamous suture – where parietal
and temporal bones meet
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10. Occipital Bone and Its Major Markings
 Forms most of skull’s
posterior wall and base
 Major markings
include the posterior
cranial fossa, foramen
magnum, occipital
condyles, and the
hypoglossal canal
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Figure 7.2b

11. Temporal Bones
 Form the inferolateral aspects of the skull and parts
of the cranial floor
 Divided into four major regions – squamous,
tympanic, mastoid, and petrous
 Major markings include the zygomatic, styloid,
and mastoid processes, and the mandibular and
middle cranial fossae
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12. Temporal Bones
 Major openings include the stylomastoid and
jugular foramina, the external and internal auditory
meatuses, and the carotid canal
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13. Temporal Bones
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Figure 7.5

14. Sphenoid Bone
 Butterfly-shaped bone that spans the width of the
middle cranial fossa
 Forms the central wedge that articulates with all
other cranial bones
 Consists of a central body, greater wings, lesser
wings, and pterygoid processes
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15. Sphenoid Bone
 Major markings: the sella turcica, hypophyseal
fossa, and the pterygoid processes
 Major openings include the foramina rotundum,
ovale, and spinosum; the optic canals; and the
superior orbital fissure
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16. Sphenoid Bone
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Figure 7.6a

17. Sphenoid Bone
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Figure 7.6b

18. Ethmoid Bone
 Most deep of the skull bones; lies between the
sphenoid and nasal bones
 Forms most of the bony area between the nasal
cavity and the orbits
 Major markings include the cribriform plate, crista
galli, perpendicular plate, nasal conchae, and the
ethmoid sinuses
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19. Ethmoid Bone
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Figure 7.7

20. Wormian Bones
 Tiny irregularly shaped bones that appear within
sutures
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21. Facial Bones
 Fourteen bones of which only the mandible and
vomer are unpaired
 The paired bones are the maxillae, zygomatics,
nasals, lacrimals, palatines, and inferior conchae
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22. Mandible and Its Markings
 The mandible (lower jawbone) is the largest,
strongest bone of the face
 Its major markings include the coronoid process,
mandibular condyle, the alveolar margin, and the
mandibular and mental foramina
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23. Mandible and Its Markings
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Figure 7.8a

24. Maxillary Bones
 Medially fused bones that make up the upper jaw
and the central portion of the facial skeleton
 Facial keystone bones that articulate with all other
facial bones except the mandible
 Their major markings include palatine, frontal, and
zygomatic processes, the alveolar margins, inferior
orbital fissure, and the maxillary sinuses
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25. Maxillary Bone
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Figure 7.8b

26. Zygomatic Bones
 Irregularly shaped bones (cheekbones) that form
the prominences of the cheeks and the inferolateral
margins of the orbits
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27. Other Facial Bones
 Nasal bones – thin medially fused bones that form
the bridge of the nose
 Lacrimal bones – contribute to the medial walls of
the orbit and contain a deep groove called the
lacrimal fossa that houses the lacrimal sac
 Palatine bones – two bone plates that form portions
of the hard palate, the posterolateral walls of the
nasal cavity, and a small part of the orbits
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28. Other Facial Bones
 Vomer – plow-shaped bone that forms part of the
nasal septum
 Inferior nasal conchae – paired, curved bones in
the nasal cavity that form part of the lateral walls
of the nasal cavity
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29. Anterior Aspects of the Skull
Parietal bone
Frontal squama
of frontal bone
Nasal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Mandible
Mental
foramen
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Figure 7.2a
(a)
Frontal bone
Glabella
Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen
(notch)
Supraorbital margin
Superior orbital
fissure
Optic canal
Inferior orbital
fissure
Middle nasal concha
Perpendicular plate
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer bone
Mandibular symphysis
Ethmoid
bone

30. Posterior Aspects of the Skull
Lambdoid
suture
Occipital bone
Superior nuchal line
External
occipital
protuberance
Occipitomastoid
suture
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Figure 7.2b
(b)
Sagittal suture
Parietal bone
Mastoid
process
Inferior
nuchal
Occipital line
condyle
External
occipital
crest
Sutural
bone

31. External Lateral Aspects of the Skull
Coronal suture Frontal bone
Temporal bone
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Figure 7.3a
(a)
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Lacrimal fossa
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Alveolar margins
Mandible
Mental foramen
Parietal bone
Lambdoid
suture
Squamous suture
Occipital bone
Occipitomastoid suture
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Mandibular condyle
Mandibular notch
Mandibular ramus
Mandibular angle Coronoid process
Zygomatic process

32. Midsagittal Lateral Aspects of the Skull
Parietal bone
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Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Incisive fossa
Alveolar margins
Figure 7.3b
(b)
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Frontal sinus
Crista galli
Nasal bone
Sphenoid sinus
Ethmoid bone
(perpendicular plate)
Vomer bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Lambdoid suture
Occipital
bone
Occipitomastoid
suture
External occipital
protuberance
Internal acoustic
meatus
Sella turcica
of sphenoid
bone
Pterygoid
process of
sphenoid
bone
Mandibular
foramen
Palatine
bone
Squamous
suture
Temporal
bone
Palatine
process of
maxilla

33. Inferior Portion of the Skull
Vomer
Palatine bone
(horizontal plate)
Mastoid process
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Pharyngeal
tubercle of
basioccipital
Parietal bone
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Figure 7.4a
(a)
Maxilla
(palatine process)
Hard
palate
Zygomatic bone
Incisive fossa
Medial palatine suture
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Foramen ovale
Foramen
lacerum
Carotid canal
External acoustic meatus
Stylomastoid
foramen
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Inferior nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
Foramen magnum
Temporal bone
(zygomatic process)
Mandibular
fossa
Styloid process
External occipital crest
External occipital
protuberance

34. Inferior Portion of the Skull
Olfactory foramina Frontal bone
Anterior cranial fossa
Greater wing
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Figure 7.4b
(b)
(c)
Sphenoid Lesser wing
Hypophyseal fossa
Middle cranial
fossa
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Internal
acoustic meatus
Posterior
cranial fossa
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Foramen magnum
Cribriform plate Ethmoid
Crista galli bone
Optic canal
Anterior clinoid process
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Anterior
cranial
fossa
Middle
cranial
fossa
Posterior
cranial
fossa
Foramen lacerum
Tuberculum sellae
Sella Dorsum sellae
turcica Posterior clinoid process