Valence electrons are electrons on the outer-most ring that have the highest energy. An electron dot diagram shows the element symbol and dots for each valence electron. A stable atom has a full outer shell of 8 electrons, while a neutral atom has an equal number of protons and electrons. Ionic bonding occurs when atoms gain or lose electrons to form ions, which are charged atoms that conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water. Covalent bonding happens when atoms share electrons to form molecules or molecular compounds, which have lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds. Polar covalent bonds share electrons unequally, while nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally. Alloys are mixtures of metals and other elements that are usually stronger and less
The chemical Bond: Electronic concept of valency. Different types of chemical bond e.g. ionic, covalent, coordinate covalent metallic, dipole, hydrogen bond etc. Theories of covalent bonding and hybridization.
The chemical Bond: Electronic concept of valency. Different types of chemical bond e.g. ionic, covalent, coordinate covalent metallic, dipole, hydrogen bond etc. Theories of covalent bonding and hybridization.
We will be going over information for Exam 2. Talking a lot about naming of compounds and learning electron domain geometries with molecular geometries.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2. Valence electrons - electrons on the outer-most ring that have the highest energy. Electron dot diagram - includes the element symbol and dots for each valence electron. Stable Atom - an atom that has a full outer shell of 8 electrons ( 2 for H, He, Li, Be, and B) Neutral Atom - any atom from the periodic table. The number of protons = the number of electrons. + = -
3. Ionic Bonding - a bond where electrons are gained or lost and ions are formed. Ion - an atom that has gained or lost electrons and has a positive or negative charge. Na + Cl Na + Cl - Ions are hard, brittle solids with high melting points. When melted or dissolved in water, they conduct electricity.
4. Covalent Bond - when atoms share electrons. Usually between 2 nonmetals. H N + H N H NH 3 H Molecule - the neutral particle that is formed when atoms share electrons. Double bond -share 2 pairs of electrons. O=O Triple Bond -share 3 pairs of electrons.
5. Molecular compounds usually have lower melting and boiling points and do not conduct electricity. Polar bond- electrons are shared unequally. Nonpolar bond - electrons shared equally. H 2 O vs F 2
6. Alloy - a mixture made of two or more elements and at least one of which is a metal. They are usually stronger and less reactive. Metallic Bond - metal atoms combine in regular patterns where the valence electrons are tree to move from atom to atom. This free movement explains the characteristics of metals. - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - - + - - + - - + - -
