The document summarizes key concepts about large biological molecules from Chapter 5 of Campbell Biology. It discusses the four main classes of macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. It focuses on carbohydrates and lipids, explaining that carbohydrates include sugars and polysaccharides that serve as fuels and building materials, while lipids are hydrophobic and include fats, phospholipids and steroids. Specifically, it describes monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides like starch, cellulose and chitin. It also explains that lipids are not polymers, and describes the structure and properties of fatty acids and fats like triglycerides.
Trường đại học hallym hàn quốc - du học Hàn QuốcNam_Khanh
Giới thiệu về trường đại hcoj Hallym Hàn Quốc là ngôi trường thực hiện giấc mơ du học Hàn Quốc của rất nhiều các bạn trẻ
http://bachkhoahanoi.edu.vn/du-hoc-han-quoc.html
Thông tin chi tiết về chương trình du học Hàn Quốc của trường Đại học Kyong-gi, để tham khảo thêm về các chương trình học bổng thì click vào link sau:
http://duhocbachkhoa.edu.vn/du-hoc-han-quoc/
Nghiên cứu thành phần dịch chiết từ củ cà rốtsphoahoc
Cà rốt là một loại cây quen thuộc được nhân dân ta sử dụng làm thức ăn.
Đặc biệt carotene trong củ cà rốt có đặc tính chữa bệnh còi xương, góp phần hạn chế sự phát triển của tế bào ung thư, trị phổi nóng, ho ra máu, chảy máu mũi, đau họng.
Vì những lý do trên, tôi thực hiện đề tài: “ Nghiên cứu chiết tách và xác định thành phần hóa học trong dịch chiết cà rốt ở xã Hiệp An, Đà Lạt – Tỉnh Lâm Đồng.”
lesson for grade 9 science
the topics includes: (a)respiratory system, (b) circulatory system, (c) other organs working together with the respiratory and circulatory system
luận văn nghiên cứu chiết tách xác định thành phần hóa học hoa atiso doLe Ngoc
Từ năm 1992, cây bụp giấm đã du nhập vào Việt Nam và được đỡ đầu bởi nhà khoa học Mai Thị Tấn. Bà đã nhân giống loại cây này trên toàn quốc và đã điều chế từ bụp giấm như trà, mứt, rượu, nước cốt quả. Những sản phẩm này vừa là thực phẩm vừa có nhiều tác dụng dược lý được công nhận bởi chính những người sử dụng nó nên bụp giấm ngày càng được ưa chuộng và trở nên gần gũi hơn trong đời sống.
Cây bụp giấm có tên khoa học là Hibiscus sabdariffa L., thuộc họ bông. Cây cao từ 1,5-2m, thân màu lục hoặc đỏ tía, phân nhánh gần gốc, cành nhẵn hoặc hơi có lông. Lá mọc so le, lá ở gốc nguyên, lá phía trên chia 3-5 thùy hình chân vịt , mép có răng cưa. Hoa đơn độc, mọc ở nách, gần như không có cuống, đường kính từ 8-10cm. Tràng hoa màu vàng hồng hay tía, có khi trắng. Quả nang hình trứng, có lông thô mang đài màu đỏ sáng tồn tại bao quanh quả. Hạt màu đen, gần tròn và thô, chứa nhiều tinh dầu.
Đài hoa bụp giấm là một loại dược liệu rất có lợi cho sức khỏe. Tính theo hàm lượng chất khô đài hoa bụp giấm chứa khoảng 1,5% anthocyanin, axit hữu cơ khoảng 15-30%, các vitamin A, B1, B2, C, E, F và nhiều loại khoáng chất như sắt, đồng, canxi, magie, kẽm…Đài hoa bụp giấm chứa một loại chất chống oxy hóa rất hiếm là Flavonoid lên tới 12%. Chất này oxy hóa chậm hay ngăn cản một cách hữu hiệu quá trình oxy hóa của các gốc tự do, có thể là nguyên nhân khiến các tế bào họat động khác thường. Từ đó giúp làm chậm quá trình lão hóa. Theo nghiên cứu của nhà khoa học dinh dưỡng Diane McKay và đã được trình bày trong hội nghị thường niên của Hiệp hội Tim mạch Mỹ đã chỉ ra rằng: “Chỉ với ba tách trà đài hoa bụp giấm mỗi ngày sẽ hỗ trợ giảm cao huyết áp của những người có nguy cơ mắc các bệnh về tim, đột qụy hay các vấn đề về thận”.
KEY CONCEPTS
5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
5.4 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
5.5 Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary
information
5.6 Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
6. Figure 5.2
(a) Dehydration reaction: synthesizing a polymer
Short polymer Unlinked monomer
Dehydration removes
a water molecule,
forming a new bond.
Longer polymer
(b) Hydrolysis: breaking down a polymer
Hydrolysis adds
a water molecule,
breaking a bond.
1
1
1
2 3
2 3 4
2 3 4
1 2 3
7. Figure 5.2a
(a) Dehydration reaction: synthesizing a polymer
Short polymer Unlinked monomer
Dehydration removes
a water molecule,
forming a new bond.
Longer polymer
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
8. Figure 5.2b
(b) Hydrolysis: breaking down a polymer
Hydrolysis adds
a water molecule,
breaking a bond.
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
37. Figure 5.9
Chitin forms the exoskeleton
of arthropods.
The structure
of the chitin
monomer
Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible
surgical thread that decomposes after the
wound or incision heals.
42. Figure 5.10
(a) One of three dehydration reactions in the synthesis of a fat
(b) Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)
Fatty acid
(in this case, palmitic acid)
Glycerol
Ester linkage
43. Figure 5.10a
(a) One of three dehydration reactions in the synthesis of a fat
Fatty acid
(in this case, palmitic acid)
Glycerol
47. Figure 5.11
(a) Saturated fat
(b) Unsaturated fat
Structural
formula of a
saturated fat
molecule
Space-filling
model of stearic
acid, a saturated
fatty acid
Structural
formula of an
unsaturated fat
molecule
Space-filling model
of oleic acid, an
unsaturated fatty
acid
Cis double bond
causes bending.
49. Figure 5.11b
(b) Unsaturated fat
Structural
formula of an
unsaturated fat
molecule
Space-filling model
of oleic acid, an
unsaturated fatty
acid
Cis double bond
causes bending.
64. Figure 5.15-a
Enzymatic proteins Defensive proteins
Storage proteins Transport proteins
Enzyme Virus
Antibodies
Bacterium
Ovalbumin Amino acids
for embryo
Transport
protein
Cell membrane
Function: Selective acceleration of chemical reactions
Example: Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis
of bonds in food molecules.
Function: Protection against disease
Example: Antibodies inactivate and help destroy
viruses and bacteria.
Function: Storage of amino acids Function: Transport of substances
Examples: Casein, the protein of milk, is the major
source of amino acids for baby mammals. Plants have
storage proteins in their seeds. Ovalbumin is the
protein of egg white, used as an amino acid source
for the developing embryo.
Examples: Hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of
vertebrate blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to
other parts of the body. Other proteins transport
molecules across cell membranes.
65. Figure 5.15-b
Hormonal proteins
Function: Coordination of an organism’s activities
Example: Insulin, a hormone secreted by the
pancreas, causes other tissues to take up glucose,
thus regulating blood sugar concentration
High
blood sugar
Normal
blood sugar
Insulin
secreted
Signaling
molecules
Receptor
protein
Muscle tissue
Actin Myosin
100 µm 60 µm
Collagen
Connective
tissue
Receptor proteins
Function: Response of cell to chemical stimuli
Example: Receptors built into the membrane of a
nerve cell detect signaling molecules released by
other nerve cells.
Contractile and motor proteins
Function: Movement
Examples: Motor proteins are responsible for the
undulations of cilia and flagella. Actin and myosin
proteins are responsible for the contraction of
muscles.
Structural proteins
Function: Support
Examples: Keratin is the protein of hair, horns,
feathers, and other skin appendages. Insects and
spiders use silk fibers to make their cocoons and webs,
respectively. Collagen and elastin proteins provide a
fibrous framework in animal connective tissues.
67. Figure 5.15b
Storage proteins
Ovalbumin Amino acids
for embryo
Function: Storage of amino acids
Examples: Casein, the protein of milk, is the major
source of amino acids for baby mammals. Plants have
storage proteins in their seeds. Ovalbumin is the
protein of egg white, used as an amino acid source
for the developing embryo.
68. Figure 5.15c
Hormonal proteins
Function: Coordination of an organism’s activities
Example: Insulin, a hormone secreted by the
pancreas, causes other tissues to take up glucose,
thus regulating blood sugar concentration
High
blood sugar
Normal
blood sugar
Insulin
secreted
69. Figure 5.15d
Muscle tissue
Actin Myosin
100 µm
Contractile and motor proteins
Function: Movement
Examples: Motor proteins are responsible for the
undulations of cilia and flagella. Actin and myosin
proteins are responsible for the contraction of
muscles.
71. Figure 5.15f
Transport proteins
Transport
protein
Cell membrane
Function: Transport of substances
Examples: Hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of
vertebrate blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to
other parts of the body. Other proteins transport
molecules across cell membranes.
73. Figure 5.15h
60 µm
Collagen
Connective
tissue
Structural proteins
Function: Support
Examples: Keratin is the protein of hair, horns,
feathers, and other skin appendages. Insects and
spiders use silk fibers to make their cocoons and webs,
respectively. Collagen and elastin proteins provide a
fibrous framework in animal connective tissues.
79. Figure 5.16
Nonpolar side chains; hydrophobic
Side chain
(R group)
Glycine
(Gly or G)
Alanine
(Ala or A)
Valine
(Val or V)
Leucine
(Leu or L)
Isoleucine
(Ile or I)
Methionine
(Met or M)
Phenylalanine
(Phe or F)
Tryptophan
(Trp or W)
Proline
(Pro or P)
Polar side chains; hydrophilic
Serine
(Ser or S)
Threonine
(Thr or T)
Cysteine
(Cys or C)
Tyrosine
(Tyr or Y)
Asparagine
(Asn or N)
Glutamine
(Gln or Q)
Electrically charged side chains; hydrophilic
Acidic (negatively charged)
Basic (positively charged)
Aspartic acid
(Asp or D)
Glutamic acid
(Glu or E)
Lysine
(Lys or K)
Arginine
(Arg or R)
Histidine
(His or H)
80. Figure 5.16a
olar side chains; hydrophobic
Side chain
Glycine
(Gly or G)
Alanine
(Ala or A)
Valine
(Val or V)
Leucine
(Leu or L)
Isoleucine
(Ile or I)
Methionine
(Met or M)
Phenylalanine
(Phe or F)
Tryptophan
(Trp or W)
Proline
(Pro or P)
81. Figure 5.16b
Polar side chains; hydrophilic
Serine
(Ser or S)
Threonine
(Thr or T)
Cysteine
(Cys or C)
Tyrosine
(Tyr or Y)
Asparagine
(Asn or N)
Glutamine
(Gln or Q)
82. Figure 5.16c
Electrically charged side chains; hydrophilic
Acidic (negatively charged)
Basic (positively charged)
Aspartic acid
(Asp or D)
Glutamic acid
(Glu or E)
Lysine
(Lys or K)
Arginine
(Arg or R)
Histidine
(His or H)
96. Secondary structure
Hydrogen bond
α helix
β pleated sheet
β strand, shown as a flat
arrow pointing toward
the carboxyl end
Hydrogen bond
Figure 5.20c
113. Figure 5.23
The cap attaches, causing
the cylinder to change
shape in such a way that
it creates a hydrophilic
environment for the
folding of the polypeptide.
Cap
Polypeptide
Correctly
folded
protein
Chaperonin
(fully assembled)
Steps of Chaperonin
Action:
An unfolded poly-
peptide enters the
cylinder from
one end.
Hollow
cylinder
The cap comes
off, and the
properly folded
protein is
released.
1
2 3
115. Figure 5.23b
The cap attaches, causing
the cylinder to change
shape in such a way that
it creates a hydrophilic
environment for the
folding of the polypeptide.
Polypeptide
Correctly
folded
protein
Steps of Chaperonin
Action:
An unfolded poly-
peptide enters the
cylinder from
one end.
The cap comes
off, and the
properly folded
protein is
released.
32
1
Figure 5.1 Why do scientists study the structures of macromolecules?
Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers.
Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers.
Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers.
Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides.
Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides.
Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides.
Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides.
Figure 5.4 Linear and ring forms of glucose.
Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis.
Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides of plants and animals.
Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides of plants and animals.
Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides of plants and animals.
Figure 5.7 Starch and cellulose structures.
Figure 5.7 Starch and cellulose structures.
Figure 5.7 Starch and cellulose structures.
Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls.
Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls.
Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls.
Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls.
Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide.
Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide.
Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide.
Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol.
Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol.
Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol.
Figure 5.11 Saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids.
Figure 5.11 Saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids.
Figure 5.11 Saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids.
Figure 5.11 Saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids.
Figure 5.11 Saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids.
Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid.
Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid.
Figure 5.13 Bilayer structure formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in an aqueous environment.
For the Cell Biology Video Space Filling Model of Cholesterol, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video Stick Model of Cholesterol, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.UN01 In-text figure, p. 78
Figure 5.16 The 20 amino acids of proteins.
Figure 5.16 The 20 amino acids of proteins.
Figure 5.16 The 20 amino acids of proteins.
Figure 5.16 The 20 amino acids of proteins.
Figure 5.17 Making a polypeptide chain.
Figure 5.18 Structure of a protein, the enzyme lysozyme.
Figure 5.18 Structure of a protein, the enzyme lysozyme.
Figure 5.18 Structure of a protein, the enzyme lysozyme.
Figure 5.19 An antibody binding to a protein from a flu virus.
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
For the Cell Biology Video An Idealized Alpha Helix: No Sidechains, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video An Idealized Alpha Helix, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video An Idealized Beta Pleated Sheet Cartoon, go to Animation and Video Files.
For the Cell Biology Video An Idealized Beta Pleated Sheet, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
Figure 5.21 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease.
Figure 5.21 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease.
Figure 5.21 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease.
Figure 5.22 Denaturation and renaturation of a protein.
Figure 5.23 A chaperonin in action.
Figure 5.23 A chaperonin in action.
Figure 5.23 A chaperonin in action.
Figure 5.24 Inquiry: What can the 3-D shape of the enzyme RNA polymerase II tell us about its function?
Figure 5.24 Inquiry: What can the 3-D shape of the enzyme RNA polymerase II tell us about its function?
Figure 5.24 Inquiry: What can the 3-D shape of the enzyme RNA polymerase II tell us about its function?
Figure 5.25 DNA → RNA → protein.
Figure 5.25 DNA → RNA → protein.
Figure 5.25 DNA → RNA → protein.
Figure 5.26 Components of nucleic acids.
Figure 5.26 Components of nucleic acids.
Figure 5.26 Components of nucleic acids.
Figure 5.27 The structures of DNA and tRNA molecules.
Figure 5.UN02 Summary table, Concepts 5.2–5.5
Figure 5.UN02a Summary table, Concepts 5.2–5.3
Figure 5.UN02b Summary table, Concepts 5.4–5.5
Figure 5.UN03 Appendix A: answer to Figure 5.4 legend question
Figure 5.UN04 Appendix A: answer to Figure 5.5 legend question
Figure 5.UN05 Appendix A: answer to Figure 5.12 legend question
Figure 5.UN06 Appendix A: answer to Figure 5.14 legend question
Figure 5.UN07 Appendix A: answer to Figure 5.17 legend question