Chemistry of Life Biological MoleculesBiological Molecules.docx
05 macromolecules
1. Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
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15. Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose. The bonding of two glucose units forms maltose. The glycosidic link joins the number 1 carbon of one glucose to the number 4 carbon of the second glucose. Joining the glucose monomers in a different way would result in a different disaccharide. Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose. Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose. Notice that fructose, though a hexose like glucose, forms a five-sided ring. H 2 O CH 2 OH Glucose Fructose Sucrose H HO H H OH H OH O H OH CH 2 OH H H O H HO H OH O H CH 2 OH CH 2 OH HO OH H CH 2 OH H OH H O H OH CH 2 OH H HO O H O 1 2 1–2 glycosidic linkage H H HO H H OH H OH O H OH CH 2 OH H O H H OH H OH O H OH CH 2 OH H H 2 O H HO OH H CH 2 OH H OH H O H OH H CH 2 OH H OH H O H OH O 1 4 1– 4 glycosidic linkage Glucose Glucose Maltose OH H
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43. O – OH CH 2 C C H H 3 N + O O – H 3 N + OH CH 3 CH C C H O – O SH CH 2 C H H 3 N + C O O – H 3 N + C C CH 2 OH H H H H 3 N + NH 2 CH 2 O C C C O O – NH 2 O C CH 2 CH 2 C C H 3 N + O O – O Polar Electrically charged – O O C CH 2 C C H 3 N + H O O – O – O C CH 2 C C H 3 N + H O O – CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 3 + CH 2 C C H 3 N + H O O – NH 2 C NH 2 + CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C C H 3 N + H O O – CH 2 NH + NH CH 2 C C H 3 N + H O O – Serine (Ser) Threonine (Thr) Cysteine (Cys) Tyrosine (Tyr) Asparagine (Asn) Glutamine (Gln) Acidic Basic Aspartic acid (Asp) Glutamic acid (Glu) Lysine (Lys) Arginine (Arg) Histidine (His)
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50. Review of Protein Structure Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary + H 3 N Amino end Amino acid subunits helix
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52. Fibers of abnormal hemoglobin deform cell into sickle shape. Primary structure Secondary and tertiary structures Quaternary structure Function Red blood cell shape Hemoglobin A Molecules do not associate with one another, each carries oxygen. Normal cells are full of individual hemoglobin molecules, each carrying oxygen 10 m 10 m Primary structure Secondary and tertiary structures Quaternary structure Function Red blood cell shape Hemoglobin S Molecules interact with one another to crystallize into a fiber, capacity to carry oxygen is greatly reduced. subunit subunit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 4 5 6 7 2 1 Normal hemoglobin Sickle-cell hemoglobin . . . . . . Figure 5.21 Exposed hydrophobic region Val Thr His Leu Pro Glul Glu Val His Leu Thr Pro Val Glu
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