This document provides background information on Charles Darwin and the key influences on his theory of evolution by natural selection. It discusses Aristotle's early ideas about fixed species, the classification systems of Linnaeus, and influential thinkers like Lamarck, Lyell, Malthus, and Cuvier. It then covers Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle, his observations of the Galapagos finches, his development of the theory over many years, and the publication of On the Origin of Species in 1859.

1. DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION A Darwinian View of Life AP BIOLOGY Chapter 22 Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006

6. Kidspiration by Riedell Image Sources: see end of show

10. Modern Taxonomy has added more Kingdoms AND more levels (DOMAINS) Linneaus only used 2 kingdoms (Plants & Animals) Domains are larger than Kingdoms and are based on the differences in ribosomal RNA

17. The male fiddler crab uses its front claw to attract mates and ward off predators. “ USE or DISUSE” = Use it or lose it Through repeated use, the front claw becomes larger. The fiddler passes on this acquired characteristic to its offspring INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS

28. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Darwin Presents his Case Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006

29. Isn’t evolution “ just a theory”? In every day usage “theory” often refers to a hunch or a speculation. When people say, “I have a theory about what happened,” they are often drawing a conclusion based on fragmentary or inconclusive evidence. The formal scientific definition of “theory” is quite different from the every day meaning. It refers to a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evohome.htm

30. In Science a theory is a well supported, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world. Example: Cell theory Atomic theory Gravitational theory Isn’t evolution just a theory? http://www.avgoe.de/StarChild/DOCS/STARCH00/questions/apple_falling.gif http://sixthsense.osfc.ac.uk/chemistry/atomic_structure2/atom.gif

38. Over time, NATURAL SELECTION results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species’ fitness in its environment. WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? How Does Evolution Really Work?

40. DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION suggests that each species has descended with changes from other species over time. This idea suggests that all living species are related to each other and that all species, living and extinct, share a common ancestor. WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?

44. BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece Prentice Hall Publishing©2005 WE’VE DONE IT WITH PLANTS

45. WE’VE DONE IT WITH ANIMALS http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/geology/images/dogs_sm.jpg If humans can select for beneficial traits, why can’t nature? If artificial selection can achieve so much change in relatively short time, why can’t major changes happen over thousands of generations?

47. How Do We Know Evolution Happens? The Fossil Record provides evidence that organisms have changed over time. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/img/bifossils.gif

49. Lots of TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS have been found Scientific American; Dec 2005; Vol 293; p100-107

51. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION = BIOGEOGRAPHY If Darwin’s theory is correct you would expect to find closely related yet different species living in a geographic region as they spread into nearby habitats and evolve. That’s EXACTLY what we do see!

54. If Darwin’s theory is correct you would also expect to find different species living in far apart geographic regions but similar habitats becoming more alike as they adapt to similar environments. That’s EXACTLY what we do see!

56. Whales and sharks have a similar body design even though they are very different organisms (one is a fish; the other, a mammal) because they have independently adapted to living in a similar environment. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456973/html/nn1page1.stm http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/TigerShark/scars.JPG = CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

57. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES- Forelimbs of all mammals share same arrangement of bones that can be traced to same embryological origin BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece Prentice Hall Publishing©2005

58. Turtle Alligator Bird Mammal Ancient lobe-finned fish Section 15-3 EVOLUTION explains why certain characteristics in related species have an underlying similarity.

59. amnion /am·ni·on/ (am´ne-on) bag of waters; the extraembryonic membrane of birds, reptiles, and mammals, which lines the chorion and contains the fetus and the amniotic fluid http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/amnions http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/27/117227-050-E1C9ABEE.jpg

60. VESTIGIAL ORGANS Some homologous structures are vestigial and have no useful function even though they are still present. Examples: Hipbones and pelvis in whales and boa constrictors Cecum (appendix) in humans Skink legs http://www.txtwriter.com/backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage12.html

62. EMBRYOLOGY Development of vertebrate embryos follows same path Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml

63. Same groups of undifferentiated cells develop in the same order to produce the same tissues and organs of all vertebrates, suggesting that they all evolved from a common ancestor. Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm

67. Similarities in protein sequences suggests similarities in DNA Image from: Modern Biology by Holt, Rinehart, and Winston

68. Image from: BIOLOGY AP EDITION by Campbell and Reece; Prentice Hall Publishing©2005 Similarities in DNA and protein sequences suggest relatedness MOLECULAR HOMOLOGIES

69. Similarities in karyotypes suggest an evolutionary relationship Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt. Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes

70. Even differences show relatedness Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt. Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes Chimpanzees have 2 smaller chromosome pairs we don’t have Humans have 1 larger chromosome pair (#2) they don’t have.

71. Remember: Protective TELOMERE sequences found at ends of chromosomes http://joannenova.com.au/Speaking/Morslids.html

72. 2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE Human chromosome is only human chromosome that has telomere sequences at the ends BUT ALSO IN THE MIDDLE . . . suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together. http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm -> -> ->

73. _________________ Chromosome #2 has a second inactive centromere region . . . suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together. Which chromosomes? http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm -> EXTRA CENTROMERE

74. ________________________ If you take the two smaller chromosomes they have that we don’t, and place them end to end, the banding pattern is identical to human chromosome #2 http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm BANDING PATTERN MATCHES

75. Why don’t dogs and cats need to eat fresh fruit, but you do? http://www.naturescornermagazine.com/NaturesBlog/images/dog%20care%20in%20summer.jpg http://www.alpo.com/where.aspx

76. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and most mammals can make their own vitamin C, but humans can’t make vitamin C. Without fresh fruit, humans end up with scurvy. http://www.med.uc.edu/departme/cellbiol/Image7.gif http://www.rachelleb.com/images/2005_02_22/scurvy.jpg

77. Human DNA contains the gene that codes for the enzyme to make vitamin C, but it is nonfunctional. Guess what other group of organisms lack the ability to make their own Vitamin C? http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges.jpg PRIMATES… which includes chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, and other apes .

78. PSEUDOGENES are vestigial genes. EX: Humans have more than 99 different odor receptor genes, but more than 70% of them are nonfunctional. http://www.animationplayhouse.com/new/dogs2.html http://unraveling.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/nose_1.jpg

79. Slide by Kim Foglia@ http://www.explorebiology.com/

80. BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece We can see Natural selection happen

81. BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece We can see Natural selection happen

82. EX: Changes in disease-causing microbes that produce new organisms and new diseases. _______ ___ __________________________ http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis.jpg http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/hiv.gif Can see Natural selection happen Bird flu Antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis HIV Why does evolution matter now?

85. Slide from Kim Foglia@www.biologyzone.com

86. Slide by Kim Foglia@www.biologyzone.com

88. Image Sources http://www.kidskonnect.com/Lions/lion.gif http://www.seattleschools.org/schools/blaine/ http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/2428/directory.html http://www.gifs.net http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm

89. http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/images/platypus.gif http://www.drtoy.com/news/ http://www.ca4h.org/4hresource/clipart/animals/pics/dog.gif http://www.madlantern.com/clipart/cindexw.htm http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif

90. http://www.gifs.net http://www.dallas-zoo.org/featured/featured.asp?page=wc http://www.animationlibrary.com http://www.dynamicearth.co.uk/education/images/tree_frog.jpg