The document discusses the structure and function of large biological molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. It provides details on the monomers and polymers that make up each type of macromolecule, how they are synthesized and broken down, and their various roles in living organisms. The key macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids and proteins - are each discussed in separate sections that describe their monomer units, examples of important polymers, and structural and functional diversity within each class.
This Policy Framework is intended to inform
discussion and the formulation of action plans
that promote healthy and active ageing.(World Health Organization)
The topic is about carbohydreates.
This lecture will cover an introduction to carbohydrates, its classification and exmaples. it will also cover the difference between glycemic index, difference between complex vs simple carb and also what are the fuctions of carbohydrates. this content will be helpful for all categories of students. 2014 study published in JAMA and youtube sources helps me in preparing lecture.
The term "biochemistry" originated from combining the words "bios," meaning life, and "chemistry."
Biochemistry is defined as the branch of science that deals with the study of chemical reactions that take place inside a living organism.
The word "biochemistry" was first introduced by a German chemist, Carl Neuberg, in 1903.
This Policy Framework is intended to inform
discussion and the formulation of action plans
that promote healthy and active ageing.(World Health Organization)
The topic is about carbohydreates.
This lecture will cover an introduction to carbohydrates, its classification and exmaples. it will also cover the difference between glycemic index, difference between complex vs simple carb and also what are the fuctions of carbohydrates. this content will be helpful for all categories of students. 2014 study published in JAMA and youtube sources helps me in preparing lecture.
The term "biochemistry" originated from combining the words "bios," meaning life, and "chemistry."
Biochemistry is defined as the branch of science that deals with the study of chemical reactions that take place inside a living organism.
The word "biochemistry" was first introduced by a German chemist, Carl Neuberg, in 1903.
Biochemistry, Biomolecules and Cell: An IntroductionPrincy Agarwal
This presentation will help you to understand the introduction of Biochemistry, Biomolecules and Cell along with transport mechanisms across cell membrane in an easy and friendly manner along with summarised notes.
In this video the viewers will come to know about Proteins that is one of the ESSENTIAL COMPONENT in plant and animal. A protein is a complex, high molecular weight organic compound that consists of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Here the Definition, meaning, configuration, nature, role and structure of proteins has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Definition of proteins
2. Word Meaning of Protein
3. Sources of Protein
4. Configuration of Protein
6. Essential Amino Acids
7. Structural details of Protein
8. Nature of Protein
9. Role of protein in body
Theory lecture for first semester RN students about the special needs of older adults. We have a growing older adult population.. we need education patients and family members how to adapt to this aging changes.
This was done as a student presentation using photographs & content from various web sites & textbooks on the assumption of fair usage for studying & is for NON-COMMERCIAL purposes.
24.1 Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
24.2 Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
24.3 Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
24.4 Gluconeogenesis
24.5 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
24.6 Glycolysis
24.7 Terminology for Glucose Metabolic Pathways
24.8 The Citric Acid Cycle
24.9 The Electron Transport Chain
24.10 Oxidative Phosphorylation
24.11 ATP Production for the Complete Oxidation of Glucose
24.12 Importance of ATP
24.13 Non-ETC Oxygen-Consuming Reactions
24.14 B-Vitamins and Carbohydrate Metabolism
KEY CONCEPTS
5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
5.4 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
5.5 Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary
information
5.6 Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications
6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells
6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.
6.3 The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes.
6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell.
6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another.
6.6 The cyto
Biochemistry, Biomolecules and Cell: An IntroductionPrincy Agarwal
This presentation will help you to understand the introduction of Biochemistry, Biomolecules and Cell along with transport mechanisms across cell membrane in an easy and friendly manner along with summarised notes.
In this video the viewers will come to know about Proteins that is one of the ESSENTIAL COMPONENT in plant and animal. A protein is a complex, high molecular weight organic compound that consists of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Here the Definition, meaning, configuration, nature, role and structure of proteins has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Definition of proteins
2. Word Meaning of Protein
3. Sources of Protein
4. Configuration of Protein
6. Essential Amino Acids
7. Structural details of Protein
8. Nature of Protein
9. Role of protein in body
Theory lecture for first semester RN students about the special needs of older adults. We have a growing older adult population.. we need education patients and family members how to adapt to this aging changes.
This was done as a student presentation using photographs & content from various web sites & textbooks on the assumption of fair usage for studying & is for NON-COMMERCIAL purposes.
24.1 Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
24.2 Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
24.3 Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
24.4 Gluconeogenesis
24.5 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
24.6 Glycolysis
24.7 Terminology for Glucose Metabolic Pathways
24.8 The Citric Acid Cycle
24.9 The Electron Transport Chain
24.10 Oxidative Phosphorylation
24.11 ATP Production for the Complete Oxidation of Glucose
24.12 Importance of ATP
24.13 Non-ETC Oxygen-Consuming Reactions
24.14 B-Vitamins and Carbohydrate Metabolism
KEY CONCEPTS
5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
5.4 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
5.5 Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary
information
5.6 Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications
6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells
6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.
6.3 The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes.
6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell.
6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another.
6.6 The cyto
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
6. Figure 5.2
(a) Dehydration reaction: synthesizing a polymer
Short polymer Unlinked monomer
Dehydration removes
a water molecule,
forming a new bond.
Longer polymer
(b) Hydrolysis: breaking down a polymer
Hydrolysis adds
a water molecule,
breaking a bond.
1
1
1
2 3
2 3 4
2 3 4
1 2 3
7. Figure 5.2a
(a) Dehydration reaction: synthesizing a polymer
Short polymer Unlinked monomer
Dehydration removes
a water molecule,
forming a new bond.
Longer polymer
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
8. Figure 5.2b
(b) Hydrolysis: breaking down a polymer
Hydrolysis adds
a water molecule,
breaking a bond.
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
37. Figure 5.9
Chitin forms the exoskeleton
of arthropods.
The structure
of the chitin
monomer
Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible
surgical thread that decomposes after the
wound or incision heals.
42. Figure 5.10
(a) One of three dehydration reactions in the synthesis of a fat
(b) Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)
Fatty acid
(in this case, palmitic acid)
Glycerol
Ester linkage
43. Figure 5.10a
(a) One of three dehydration reactions in the synthesis of a fat
Fatty acid
(in this case, palmitic acid)
Glycerol
47. Figure 5.11
(a) Saturated fat
(b) Unsaturated fat
Structural
formula of a
saturated fat
molecule
Space-filling
model of stearic
acid, a saturated
fatty acid
Structural
formula of an
unsaturated fat
molecule
Space-filling model
of oleic acid, an
unsaturated fatty
acid
Cis double bond
causes bending.
49. Figure 5.11b
(b) Unsaturated fat
Structural
formula of an
unsaturated fat
molecule
Space-filling model
of oleic acid, an
unsaturated fatty
acid
Cis double bond
causes bending.
64. Figure 5.15-a
Enzymatic proteins Defensive proteins
Storage proteins Transport proteins
Enzyme Virus
Antibodies
Bacterium
Ovalbumin Amino acids
for embryo
Transport
protein
Cell membrane
Function: Selective acceleration of chemical reactions
Example: Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis
of bonds in food molecules.
Function: Protection against disease
Example: Antibodies inactivate and help destroy
viruses and bacteria.
Function: Storage of amino acids Function: Transport of substances
Examples: Casein, the protein of milk, is the major
source of amino acids for baby mammals. Plants have
storage proteins in their seeds. Ovalbumin is the
protein of egg white, used as an amino acid source
for the developing embryo.
Examples: Hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of
vertebrate blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to
other parts of the body. Other proteins transport
molecules across cell membranes.
65. Figure 5.15-b
Hormonal proteins
Function: Coordination of an organism’s activities
Example: Insulin, a hormone secreted by the
pancreas, causes other tissues to take up glucose,
thus regulating blood sugar concentration
High
blood sugar
Normal
blood sugar
Insulin
secreted
Signaling
molecules
Receptor
protein
Muscle tissue
Actin Myosin
100 µm 60 µm
Collagen
Connective
tissue
Receptor proteins
Function: Response of cell to chemical stimuli
Example: Receptors built into the membrane of a
nerve cell detect signaling molecules released by
other nerve cells.
Contractile and motor proteins
Function: Movement
Examples: Motor proteins are responsible for the
undulations of cilia and flagella. Actin and myosin
proteins are responsible for the contraction of
muscles.
Structural proteins
Function: Support
Examples: Keratin is the protein of hair, horns,
feathers, and other skin appendages. Insects and
spiders use silk fibers to make their cocoons and webs,
respectively. Collagen and elastin proteins provide a
fibrous framework in animal connective tissues.
67. Figure 5.15b
Storage proteins
Ovalbumin Amino acids
for embryo
Function: Storage of amino acids
Examples: Casein, the protein of milk, is the major
source of amino acids for baby mammals. Plants have
storage proteins in their seeds. Ovalbumin is the
protein of egg white, used as an amino acid source
for the developing embryo.
68. Figure 5.15c
Hormonal proteins
Function: Coordination of an organism’s activities
Example: Insulin, a hormone secreted by the
pancreas, causes other tissues to take up glucose,
thus regulating blood sugar concentration
High
blood sugar
Normal
blood sugar
Insulin
secreted
69. Figure 5.15d
Muscle tissue
Actin Myosin
100 µm
Contractile and motor proteins
Function: Movement
Examples: Motor proteins are responsible for the
undulations of cilia and flagella. Actin and myosin
proteins are responsible for the contraction of
muscles.
71. Figure 5.15f
Transport proteins
Transport
protein
Cell membrane
Function: Transport of substances
Examples: Hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of
vertebrate blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to
other parts of the body. Other proteins transport
molecules across cell membranes.
73. Figure 5.15h
60 µm
Collagen
Connective
tissue
Structural proteins
Function: Support
Examples: Keratin is the protein of hair, horns,
feathers, and other skin appendages. Insects and
spiders use silk fibers to make their cocoons and webs,
respectively. Collagen and elastin proteins provide a
fibrous framework in animal connective tissues.
79. Figure 5.16
Nonpolar side chains; hydrophobic
Side chain
(R group)
Glycine
(Gly or G)
Alanine
(Ala or A)
Valine
(Val or V)
Leucine
(Leu or L)
Isoleucine
(Ile or I)
Methionine
(Met or M)
Phenylalanine
(Phe or F)
Tryptophan
(Trp or W)
Proline
(Pro or P)
Polar side chains; hydrophilic
Serine
(Ser or S)
Threonine
(Thr or T)
Cysteine
(Cys or C)
Tyrosine
(Tyr or Y)
Asparagine
(Asn or N)
Glutamine
(Gln or Q)
Electrically charged side chains; hydrophilic
Acidic (negatively charged)
Basic (positively charged)
Aspartic acid
(Asp or D)
Glutamic acid
(Glu or E)
Lysine
(Lys or K)
Arginine
(Arg or R)
Histidine
(His or H)
80. Figure 5.16a
olar side chains; hydrophobic
Side chain
Glycine
(Gly or G)
Alanine
(Ala or A)
Valine
(Val or V)
Leucine
(Leu or L)
Isoleucine
(Ile or I)
Methionine
(Met or M)
Phenylalanine
(Phe or F)
Tryptophan
(Trp or W)
Proline
(Pro or P)
81. Figure 5.16b
Polar side chains; hydrophilic
Serine
(Ser or S)
Threonine
(Thr or T)
Cysteine
(Cys or C)
Tyrosine
(Tyr or Y)
Asparagine
(Asn or N)
Glutamine
(Gln or Q)
82. Figure 5.16c
Electrically charged side chains; hydrophilic
Acidic (negatively charged)
Basic (positively charged)
Aspartic acid
(Asp or D)
Glutamic acid
(Glu or E)
Lysine
(Lys or K)
Arginine
(Arg or R)
Histidine
(His or H)
96. Secondary structure
Hydrogen bond
α helix
β pleated sheet
β strand, shown as a flat
arrow pointing toward
the carboxyl end
Hydrogen bond
Figure 5.20c
113. Figure 5.23
The cap attaches, causing
the cylinder to change
shape in such a way that
it creates a hydrophilic
environment for the
folding of the polypeptide.
Cap
Polypeptide
Correctly
folded
protein
Chaperonin
(fully assembled)
Steps of Chaperonin
Action:
An unfolded poly-
peptide enters the
cylinder from
one end.
Hollow
cylinder
The cap comes
off, and the
properly folded
protein is
released.
1
2 3
115. Figure 5.23b
The cap attaches, causing
the cylinder to change
shape in such a way that
it creates a hydrophilic
environment for the
folding of the polypeptide.
Polypeptide
Correctly
folded
protein
Steps of Chaperonin
Action:
An unfolded poly-
peptide enters the
cylinder from
one end.
The cap comes
off, and the
properly folded
protein is
released.
32
1
Figure 5.1 Why do scientists study the structures of macromolecules?
Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers.
Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers.
Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers.
Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides.
Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides.
Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides.
Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides.
Figure 5.4 Linear and ring forms of glucose.
Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis.
Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides of plants and animals.
Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides of plants and animals.
Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides of plants and animals.
Figure 5.7 Starch and cellulose structures.
Figure 5.7 Starch and cellulose structures.
Figure 5.7 Starch and cellulose structures.
Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls.
Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls.
Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls.
Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls.
Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide.
Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide.
Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide.
Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol.
Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol.
Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol.
Figure 5.11 Saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids.
Figure 5.11 Saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids.
Figure 5.11 Saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids.
Figure 5.11 Saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids.
Figure 5.11 Saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids.
Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid.
Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid.
Figure 5.13 Bilayer structure formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in an aqueous environment.
For the Cell Biology Video Space Filling Model of Cholesterol, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video Stick Model of Cholesterol, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.15 An overview of protein functions.
Figure 5.UN01 In-text figure, p. 78
Figure 5.16 The 20 amino acids of proteins.
Figure 5.16 The 20 amino acids of proteins.
Figure 5.16 The 20 amino acids of proteins.
Figure 5.16 The 20 amino acids of proteins.
Figure 5.17 Making a polypeptide chain.
Figure 5.18 Structure of a protein, the enzyme lysozyme.
Figure 5.18 Structure of a protein, the enzyme lysozyme.
Figure 5.18 Structure of a protein, the enzyme lysozyme.
Figure 5.19 An antibody binding to a protein from a flu virus.
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
For the Cell Biology Video An Idealized Alpha Helix: No Sidechains, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video An Idealized Alpha Helix, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video An Idealized Beta Pleated Sheet Cartoon, go to Animation and Video Files. For the Cell Biology Video An Idealized Beta Pleated Sheet, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
Figure 5.20 Exploring: Levels of Protein Structure
Figure 5.21 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease.
Figure 5.21 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease.
Figure 5.21 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease.
Figure 5.22 Denaturation and renaturation of a protein.
Figure 5.23 A chaperonin in action.
Figure 5.23 A chaperonin in action.
Figure 5.23 A chaperonin in action.
Figure 5.24 Inquiry: What can the 3-D shape of the enzyme RNA polymerase II tell us about its function?
Figure 5.24 Inquiry: What can the 3-D shape of the enzyme RNA polymerase II tell us about its function?
Figure 5.24 Inquiry: What can the 3-D shape of the enzyme RNA polymerase II tell us about its function?
Figure 5.25 DNA → RNA → protein.
Figure 5.25 DNA → RNA → protein.
Figure 5.25 DNA → RNA → protein.
Figure 5.26 Components of nucleic acids.
Figure 5.26 Components of nucleic acids.
Figure 5.26 Components of nucleic acids.
Figure 5.27 The structures of DNA and tRNA molecules.
Figure 5.UN02 Summary table, Concepts 5.2–5.5
Figure 5.UN02a Summary table, Concepts 5.2–5.3
Figure 5.UN02b Summary table, Concepts 5.4–5.5
Figure 5.UN03 Appendix A: answer to Figure 5.4 legend question
Figure 5.UN04 Appendix A: answer to Figure 5.5 legend question
Figure 5.UN05 Appendix A: answer to Figure 5.12 legend question
Figure 5.UN06 Appendix A: answer to Figure 5.14 legend question
Figure 5.UN07 Appendix A: answer to Figure 5.17 legend question