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Ch. 4 Ancient Egypt
- 1. Ch. 4 Egypt Section 1 The Nile
- 2. The Nile • Flows North 4,145 miles • Central Africa to Mediterranean Sea • World’s Longest River • Most ancient Egyptians lived in fan- shaped area of fertile land called a delta. • Protected from invaders by the desert, the sea, and waterfalls
- 3. The Nile • July of every year, Nile overflowed • Flood waters left rich soil • To water crops during dry season, dug out basins, or bowl-shaped holes. • Used a shadoof machine to lift water from Nile to basins. • Raised flax, wheat, barley, grapes
- 4. On the Map
- 5. Section 2 The Old Kingdom
- 6. The Old Kingdom • Two kingdoms: • Upper Egypt – southern part of the Nile valley • Lower Egypt – northern delta • 3100 B.C. King Menes of Upper Egypt • Conquered Lower Egypt, united the two • Old Kingdom began 2600 B.C.
- 7. The Old Kingdom • Most Egyptians lived on large estates along Nile river banks (farmers) • Farmed, built monuments, dug ditches, repaired roads • Rich lived in estates—family, servants, artisans
- 8. The Pharaoh • Egyptians ruled by pharaohs – meaning “great house.” • Was a ruler, priest, and a god • Owned all land • Gave gifts of land to rich Egyptians, • priests • Choose all government workers • Performed rituals
- 9. The Pyramids • Pyramids (great tombs) built on behalf of the pharaoh • Place for pharaohs after death
- 11. Religious Beliefs • River God Hapi • Sun God Re • Depended on the river and the sun • Osiris – God of harvest and eternal life
- 12. Religious Beliefs • Embalming – process to preserve the bodies of the dead • Mummy – a wrapped • body
- 13. The Sphinx
Editor's Notes
- Mask of Sargon
- The Egyptians believed that what happened to Egypt depended on the pharaoh’s actions. As chief priest, the pharaoh carried out certain rituals. For example, he made the first break in the irrigation dikes each year to open the land to the water. When the water went down, he drove a sacred bull around the capital city. The Egyptians believed this ritual would make the soil rich so they could grow good crps. The pharaoh was the first to cut ripe grain. Believed this would bring a good harvest. Pharaohs treated with great respect. Whenever they appeared in public, people played music on flutes and cymbals. They also bowed and smelled the earth or touch their heads ot the ground.
- Eyptians believed the pharaohs would be happy after death if they had their personal belongings. Therefore, they placed a pharaoh’s clothing; weapons, furniture, and jewelry in the pyramids.
- According to the Egyptian legend, Osiris was an early pharaoh who gave his people laws and taught them farming. He and his wife Isis ruled over the dead. The Egyptians believed that the souls of the dead went to the underworld. There, they were weighed on a scale. If a person had led a good life and knew certain magic spells, the scales balanced. Then, Osiris would grant the person life after death. To learn correct magic spells, Egyptians studied a special book called the Book of the Dead.
- The mummy of a poor person was often buried in a cave or in the sand. The mummy of a rich person was placed inside a special case or coffin. The coffin was then placed in a tomb.