The document summarizes the history and culture of the Middle Kingdom dynasties in Ancient Egypt. It describes how Nehepetra Montuhotep unified Egypt after the First Intermediate Period, establishing the 11th dynasty and centralized rule from Thebes. It then discusses the art, architecture, and burial practices that developed during the 12th dynasty, including pyramid complexes, temples, and tomb paintings that emphasized royal power and religious ideology.
Without the Nile, the rise of Egypt as one of the oldest civilization would not be possible. Travellers to Egypt would be surprise to find the desert is never very far from the Nile. The predictable cycle of flooding of the Nile was a blessing, a major factor to enable civilization to put down its roots in Egypt.
This presentation can only give you a briefest of all introductions. It touches upon the deep rooted origin of the Egyptian civilization, it sketches all the important monuments and marks major turning points in their history for its 3000 years of existence. After centuries later, its people disappeared. It civilization forgotten. Though the ruins of their monument and in particular their writing, we began to rediscover their world again, their people, their culture, their religion and their history. We know a lot about their ancient Egypt, perhaps more than others civilization of the time, because they left us with a lot of records in writing. What we have found are fascinations, a human ascend in our long journey to civilization
A Presentation on Egyptian Civilization and its history from Late Neolithic era to the decline of Egypt in 30 BC.
This Presentation looks at History of Egypt, Social structure, Architecture, Daily life of average Egyptian, Pharaohs and their roles in governance, religion and gods of Ancient Egypt, Language and Literature, Egyptian Art and representation, and Legacy of Egyptian civilization.
Without the Nile, the rise of Egypt as one of the oldest civilization would not be possible. Travellers to Egypt would be surprise to find the desert is never very far from the Nile. The predictable cycle of flooding of the Nile was a blessing, a major factor to enable civilization to put down its roots in Egypt.
This presentation can only give you a briefest of all introductions. It touches upon the deep rooted origin of the Egyptian civilization, it sketches all the important monuments and marks major turning points in their history for its 3000 years of existence. After centuries later, its people disappeared. It civilization forgotten. Though the ruins of their monument and in particular their writing, we began to rediscover their world again, their people, their culture, their religion and their history. We know a lot about their ancient Egypt, perhaps more than others civilization of the time, because they left us with a lot of records in writing. What we have found are fascinations, a human ascend in our long journey to civilization
A Presentation on Egyptian Civilization and its history from Late Neolithic era to the decline of Egypt in 30 BC.
This Presentation looks at History of Egypt, Social structure, Architecture, Daily life of average Egyptian, Pharaohs and their roles in governance, religion and gods of Ancient Egypt, Language and Literature, Egyptian Art and representation, and Legacy of Egyptian civilization.
This class discusses the Intermediate period where Egypt was in turmoil and had weak central rule and instead the power was in the hands of the Nomarchs. Nomarchs were the leaders of the forty two regions (nomes) that made up Egypt. We also discuss when did the Intermediate period actually stop and the Middle Kingdom begin.
The Twenty-first Dynasty was characterised by a split between the pharaoh in the north, and the Chief Priest of Amun at Karnak who came to take control of Thebes and the south. Herihor was among the first of these newly powerful Chief Priests, and was in authority during the early stages of the ‘restoration’ and caching of the royal mummies of the Valley of Kings and elsewhere. His tomb has never been found, although tantalising clues have appeared in the remote ‘western wadis’ of Thebes. Herihor and the other Chief Priests of the era were also in command of the armies and the judiciary, and they adopted some of the trappings of kingship, but were they really ‘kings’ of Thebes? And what would that mean for the kind of tomb Herihor might have had…?
'People at Amarna' - an online lecture by Dr Chris NauntonChristopher Naunton
Tell el-Amarna is the name we give to the site of Akhetaten, the city founded by the heretic pharaoh Akhenaten as the capital of his new Egypt. His story has proven to be one of the most captivating from anywhere in the ancient world and yet it was almost completely unknown until less than two hundred years ago. Various travellers, expeditions and archaeologists have helped reveal the evidence for what happened in the relatively brief period of the city’s existence, and the contribution of the various EES expeditions in this is immense. In this talk we’ll look at the site, some of its history and the work of those who have revealed Amarna to be one of the most important ancient sites in the world.
For more information about this and other online lectures please visit https://chrisnaunton.com/online-lectures/
During the First Millennium BCE (Dynasties 21-30), what it meant to be ‘king’ or ‘pharaoh’ seems to have changed. This was a time when Egypt was often split into south and north – or even more fragmented than that – and it was subject to influence from various groups of foreigners. While the kings who were recognised by Manetho were generally based in the north, Thebes, in the south, repeatedly produced powerful local individuals who claimed the kingship, or wielded equivalent authority. Some who claimed kingship barely left a trace in the records and were perhaps not so influential; others who didn’t claim kingship seem to have been far more influential and wealthy, causing us to ask what it really meant to be ‘king’ during this era. This is the story of the powerful Chief Priests of Dynasty 21, Theban kings, Libyan Chiefs, and the owners of the three largest and most spectacular tombs anywhere in the country – Harwa, Montuemhat and Padiamunope of Dynasties 25 and 26.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Importance: temple in home town, not in typical king graveyard. No pyramids, chamber in cliffs. Wanted to elevate status of Amun-ra (amun was a local diety and sun god, and Ra was already thriving). Landscape architecture. Axial= draw line down middle, exact same on both sides= symmetrical. **ramp to complex= NEW ramp style. Leads to artificial platform. Planted sycamore trees by ramps= sacred to HATHOR.
Statues of Montuhotep led to ramp. 22 Statues. Dressed like Osiris. Large, block like feet (pre-uni style). White and red crowns.
Collonades- **first not engaged columns. Free standing in a row. Flat-roofed complex-- mound of creation. Central courtyard has columns. 6 Chapels dedicated to 6 queens. Open courtyard is open to the sky. ***Hypostyle hall is filled with columns- common to greek, dark room (1st and not the last).
The further into the cliff, the more sacred. Ka in rock-cut niche. Underground burial chamber. IMPORTANT: new tradition of burying in cliff. landscape arch, ramp, axiol (long and narrow), free standing columns.
Old theme: defeated, foreign people. King conquers enemies. Enemies in state of disarray, king imposes order.
Montuhotep wears red crown. Post unification style. Montu in white-intimate.
Ka statue (very traditional)= sandstone brightly painted (black/green=osiris=farming/regeneration/fertility/MUD). Old pose- seated on a throne. Formal style, similar to Djoser. Block-like= very solid. Hed seb robe. Referenced osiris with mummification style (arms). Double crown=upper/lower egypt. Not following OK tradition of pyramids but follows local/theban tradition of cliff tombs. Burial chamber lined with granite (Old tradition). Mortuary chapel is where the ka statue was found.
Don’t have resources of OK, so badly preserved. New construction technique= deteriorates and not as solid. No standardization of layouts and pyramid sizes. Continued the layout though- similar to dyn 5/6. Causeway, open courtyard, mortuary temple, valley temple, pyramid with enclosed wall, underground burial, satellite temples.
**NEW: more statues decorated in middle kingdom. Causeway is filled with statues. Statue-in causeway, no head, muscular, osiris arms of mummification.
Kings don’t focus on tombs like OK. Built temples to link themselves to gods. Kings interact with gods unlike OK.
Small, jewel box, very decorative, limestone. Square, flat roof, 2 ramps, many windows. 16 pillars, part of festival (renewal of power) 1. Jubilee festival kiosk(hed seb festival) After(stop on sacred prosession): 2. Held boat of amun.
Held double throne of senwosret 1
Reliefs= excellent quality= royal workshop.
Reliefs have muscles, jaw line, etc. king interacts with gods. Amon= headress, erect penis (fertility, depicted as a mummy-lower body in shroud) Atum= creation, leading pharoah to amon. Holds ankh to king (breath of life to king).
King in the middle, guided by Montu (war), leading him to amon (double ploomed headress). Amon holds ankh. Kings now arent as powerful, must be intimate with god to prove divinity.
New motifs and new ideas: no heavy makeup (on reliefs too), more personal- more human= not diety-like. Sagging eyes, loose skin= old, past prime. Heavy eyelids- large creases on eyes. Mouth is frowning=sad, somber, stressed, worried. Middle kingdom=age of anxiety. King wants to show he is working hard for people. More of a message than reality.
Funerary portrait (different from public portrait) more idealized. Baggy eyes, youthful.
** New take on an old idea. Sphinx= guardian, divine figure. Guardian of the entry way to the temple. Combining power of lion with pharoah’s intellect.
Elite burial grounds= beni hasan tombs. Tombs cut into cliffs= very decorated. Governors were buried here- best preserved of rock cut tombs. West of nile- all burial sites. Enter porch with columns- round bases, square capitals, columns influenced greek columns. 3 curved ceilings, geometric patterns= reed mats in homes=new translation of house into stone. Columns don’t support weight, just decorative. Very lively paintings- no reliefs.
Local governor- columns not well preserved. Style is less formal. Khnumhotep is spear fishing. **difference= deceased is taking part in activity unlike tomb of ti. Servants are helping too.
Scene over door= trapping birds--sustence for after life. **difference= knu is actually trapping the birds himself. Detail in birds- fluttering in trees. Specie-recognizable.
Scene of feeding oryxes- servants (close cropped hair). Oryxe= god form of nome- referenced nome Knu was governor of. Fattening them up for sacrifice. ** NEW= 3 overlapping figures= unusual. Orxye and servants overlap- each figure has own ground line= sense of depth.
Scene of fig picking= two servants picking figs. Monkey in trees eating figs (more personal/lively).
Scene of procession of foreigners= interested in trade- dealt with as governor. From syria/palestine= “Hyksos.” They take over egypt. Peacful caravan of traders. Different clothing- men/women/children. Donkey with imports and kids on its back (didn’t ride horses or donkeys until hyksos conquer).
Gurantees moral life. Memorial chapels at abydos for ka. Block statue=version of ka statue. Once ka has made voyage to abydos, he rests here. Stela- rectangular slab for ka statue. Offering formula to osiris. Sahathor offering table- offering to osiris. If could afford bc: memorial chapels- 1.ka-pious-shares offerings with osiris. If something happened to tomb, you could share with osiris. 2. Close to osiris- resurrected every year. Overcoming death, access to eternal life **NEW. **New difference= egyptian king is assumed to have after life. If not king, you have to work for it= emphasis on moral goodness- life of justice (ma’at). Need to make pilgrimages. Style- squatting position. Arms crossed (osiris). No attempt for reality-block like. Represents person squatting on boat. Travel to abydos on boat. Depiction of pilgrimage, just arrived on boat, after life and nile. Block=primordial mound. Head sticks out= creation/being born. Wanted to be like osiris because he overcame death. If couldn’t travel to osiris temple, then mummy could.
How common people lived. By sir flanders petrie, worker’s village and high class and priests. Takes whole town to build pyramids. Stash of papyri-100s of scrolls=“kahun papyri” architecture, town plan, and writing. Legal/medical issues- how it was run. Temple documents-cult, temple, etc math-studying it and theorems. Wills. Run by governor and admin. Official. Occupied for 100 years (dyn 12-13). Surrounded by massive brick walls. Orthagonal plan= grid plan= planned from scratch. Series of blocks of houses- one main street. High class-10-12 rooms, courtyard, high class/officials/ supervisors, kitchen, people slept on flat roofs. Mud brick walls seperated lower and upper town. Upper town is smaller and tighter= for workers and lower class. Babies buried under house-not human until adult.
Perfected mummification. More contact with outside world. Nubia for gold, sinai for stones. Crete for textiles to wrap mummies. Syria/lebanon= cedar wood for coffines, oil, etc.
Access to afterlife. If you could afford it. Not just for kings anymore***. Coffin change- OK for kings- plain Now more elaborate, better materials. Kawit- funerary chapel of montuhotep. Made of limestone covered with relief carvings **NEW.
**NEW= wadjet eyes= eyes of horus= face east towards rising sun (reborn). Symbolic= osiris’ death. Seth gauged out his eyes, god of Tha restored eyes (god of magic). Wholeness- restored and regenerated, to be made whole again. Relief= kawit holds mirror, servant pours water, lady of court fixes hair (**NEW). Table of food, slaughtering of oxen--glimpse of luxury living- trivial rich women. Symbolism= pouring water(same word for impregnate)=cosmetic symbols= sexual, fertility (reborn in afterlife).
Painted, wooden coffin. Began to paint inside too for mummies to look at. Food for afterlife-ducks, grain, oxen. Door-to go in and out. Wadjet eyes.
Coffin texts- texts in coffin. How to get to afterlife, maps, guides for ka, spells. Vs pyramid texts- maps guides spells to get to other world. **difference= pyramid texts written in pyramid for kings, coffin texts= available to anyone who can afford it.
Figurines in coffins or in tombs. Little helpers- affordable- perform things for you. Ceramic- glassy glazed mummies.
Thebes, dyn 11- looted very early, but missed a chamber. Found 24 wooden models- complete full set * very affordable- models of wokers. Magically sprang to life, lively scenes.
Compared to OK- stiff, no life or not personable. Bakery= every figure has its own job and pose.
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