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Ch 10 and 11 part 1
- 1. Chapter 11 The Muscular System Appendicular Musculature ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 2. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Introduction • Appendicular Musculature • Appendicular muscles are responsible for: • Stabilizing the pectoral and pelvic girdles • Moving the upper and lower limbs • Absorbing shocks and jolts as you walk, run, or jump • Aiding in strengthening the joint area
- 3. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Introduction • Two Major Groups of Appendicular Muscles • The muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs • The muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs
- 4. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Factors Affecting Appendicular Muscle Function • Action Lines of the Muscle • Flexion and extension at the shoulder joint • Adduction and abduction at the shoulder joint • Medial and lateral rotation at the shoulder joint • Action lines at the hip joint • Spurt and Shunt Muscles
- 5. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.2 Factors Affecting Appendicular Muscle Function (7 of 7) Action Lines at the Hip Joint The hip joint, like the shoulder joint, is a multiaxial synovial joint that permits flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and medial/lateral rotation. Determining the action of a muscle on the hip is identical to the process utilized for the shoulder, in that the action of a muscle on the hip is determined by the structure of the joint and the location of the insertion of the muscle on the femur (not shown) relative to the permitted axes of motion at the joint. Adductor magnus Iliopsoas: flexion Gluteus medius and minimus: abduction Obturator externus: lateral rotation Tensor fasciae latae: medial rotation Adductor longus: adduction Hamstring group: extension and lateral rotation Action lines of the adductor magnus Gluteal Group ExtensionExtension and abduction Flexion, abduction, and medial rotation Lateral Rotator GroupAdductor Group Extension and lateral rotationAdduction ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fasciae latae Acetabulum Hamstring group Adductor longus Adductor magnus
- 6. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.2 Factors Affecting Appendicular Muscle Function (6 of 7) Spurt and Shunt Muscles Determining the location of the insertion of a muscle relative to the axis of the joint will provide additional details about the functions of the muscle at that joint. The primary action of a muscle whose insertion is close to the joint will be the production of movement at that joint. Such a muscle is termed a spurt muscle, and spurt muscles are prime movers. However, a muscle whose insertion is considerably farther from the joint will generally help to stabilize that joint in addition to producing motion at that joint. This type of muscle, a synergist, is termed a shunt muscle. Biceps brachii: movement and torque (spurt muscle) Triceps brachii: movement and torque (spurt muscle) Brachioradialis: stability and movement (shunt muscle) Extensors Flexors Elbow joint (monaxial)
- 7. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs • Muscles associated with the pectoral girdle and upper limbs can be divided into four groups • Muscles that position the pectoral girdle • Muscles that move the arm • Muscles that move the forearm and hand • Muscles that move the hand and fingers
- 8. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs • Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle • These muscles also coordinate with the muscles that move the arm • Levator scapulae • Elevates the scapula • Pectoralis minor • Protracts the shoulder
- 9. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.6 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle, Part II Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Levator scapulae Trapezius Subclavius Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior Internal intercostals External intercostals T12 Short head Long head Biceps brachii Serratus anterior Coracobrachialis Pectoralis minor (cut) Serratus anterior (insertion) Serratus anterior (origin) Pectoralis minor Trapezius Pectoralis major Subclavius Pectoralis major (cut and reflected) Origin Insertion
- 10. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs • Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle • These muscles also coordinate with the muscles that move the arm • Rhomboid major • Adducts the scapula • Rhomboid minor • Adducts the scapula
- 11. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.5 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle, Part I Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Levator scapulae Rhomboid minor Rhomboid major Serratus anterior Triceps brachii Scapula C1 C7 Trapezius Deltoid Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Serratus anterior T12
- 12. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs • Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle • These muscles also coordinate with the muscles that move the arm • Serratus anterior • Protracts the scapula • Subclavius • Protracts the scapula • Trapezius • Rotate scapula and extend the neck
- 13. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.6 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle, Part II Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Levator scapulae Trapezius Subclavius Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior Internal intercostals External intercostals T12 Short head Long head Biceps brachii Serratus anterior Coracobrachialis Pectoralis minor (cut) Serratus anterior (insertion) Serratus anterior (origin) Pectoralis minor Trapezius Pectoralis major Subclavius Pectoralis major (cut and reflected) Origin Insertion
- 14. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
- 15. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. A&P Flix: Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle (a)
- 16. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. A&P Flix: Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle (b)
- 17. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. A&P Flix: Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle (c)
- 18. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. A&P Flix: Movement of the Pectoral Girdle
- 19. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. A&P Flix: Trapezius Muscle
- 20. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs • Muscles That Move the Arm • Anterior view • Deltoid • Abducts the arm • Pectoralis major • Adducts and medially rotates the arm
- 21. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.7a Muscles That Move the Arm Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Muscles That Move the Arm Muscles That Move the Arm Ribs (cut) Clavicle Deltoid Pectoralis major Sternum Subscapularis Coracobrachialis Teres major Biceps brachii, short head Biceps brachii, long head Anterior view. T12 a
- 22. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs • Muscles That Move the Arm • Anterior view • Coracobrachialis • Adduction at the shoulder • Biceps brachii (short head and long head) • Flexes the lower arm • Teres major • Extension and medial rotation at shoulder • Subscapularis • Medial rotation at shoulder
- 23. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.7a Muscles That Move the Arm Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Muscles That Move the Arm Muscles That Move the Arm Ribs (cut) Clavicle Deltoid Pectoralis major Sternum Subscapularis Coracobrachialis Teres major Biceps brachii, short head Biceps brachii, long head Anterior view. T12 a
- 24. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs • Muscles That Move the Arm • Posterior view • Supraspinatus • Abduction at the shoulder • Deltoid • Abduction at the shoulder • Latissimus dorsi • Adduction and medial rotation at the shoulder
- 25. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.7b Muscles That Move the Arm Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Muscles That Move the Arm Muscles That Move the Arm b Posterior view. Triceps brachii, lateral head Triceps brachii, long head Teres major Teres minor Infraspinatus Supraspinatus Vertebra T1 Supraspinatus Deltoid Latissimus dorsi Thoraco- lumbar fascia
- 26. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs • Muscles That Move the Arm • Posterior view • Supraspinatus • Abduction at the shoulder • Infraspinatus • Lateral rotation at the shoulder • Teres major • Extension and medial rotation at the shoulder • Teres minor • Adduction and lateral rotation at the shoulder • Triceps brachii • Extension of the lower arm
- 27. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.7b Muscles That Move the Arm Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Muscles That Move the Arm Muscles That Move the Arm b Posterior view. Triceps brachii, lateral head Triceps brachii, long head Teres major Teres minor Infraspinatus Supraspinatus Vertebra T1 Supraspinatus Deltoid Latissimus dorsi Thoraco- lumbar fascia
- 28. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs • Action Line of Muscles • When a muscle contracts, it develops tension • The direction the muscle moves upon developing tension is known as the action line
- 29. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs • Action Line of Muscles (continued) • Action lines that cross: • The anterior aspect of a joint are flexors • The posterior aspect of a joint are extensors • The medial aspect of a joint are adductors or sometimes called medial rotators • The lateral aspect of a joint are abductors or sometimes called lateral rotators
- 30. © 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.2 Factors Affecting Appendicular Muscle Function (5 of 7) Action Lines at the Shoulder Joint Here is a superficial lateral view showing the action lines of the deltoid, biceps brachii, and triceps brachii muscles. As you have seen, analyzing how those action lines cross the shoulder joint enables one to determine the actions of these muscles on the humerus. Acromion Clavicle Clavicular deltoid: flexion and medial rotation Entire deltoid: abduction at the shoulder Scapular deltoid: extension and lateral rotation Triceps brachii: extension and adduction Biceps brachii: flexion Humerus POSTERIOR ANTERIOR