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- 1. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. 11 The Muscular System: Appendicular Musculature PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska
- 2. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Introduction • Appendicular Musculature • Appendicular muscles are responsible for: • Stabilizing the pectoral and pelvic girdles • Moving the upper and lower limbs
- 3. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Introduction • Appendicular Muscles • Account for roughly 40 percent of the skeletal muscles in the body • Two major groups of appendicular muscles: • The muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs • The muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs
- 4. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Factors affecting appendicular muscles function Muscles of the appendicular skeleton may cross one or more joints between its origin and insertion. The position of the muscle as it crosses a joint helps determine the action of that muscle. Complex actions often involve more than one joint of appendicular skeleton. Muscles that cross only one joint typically act as prime movers; muscles that cross more than one joint typically act as synergists.
- 5. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.1 Diagram Illustrating the Insertion of the Biceps Brachii Muscle and the Brachioradialis Muscle Brachioradialis: movement and stability Biceps brachii: torque and movement Elbow joint
- 6. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs Muscles associated with the pectoral girdle and upper limbs can be divided into four groups: Muscles that position the pectoral girdle Rotator cuff: supraspinatous, infraspinatous, subscapularis and teres minor. Supraspinatous is located in the supraspinous fossa and assists the Deltoid muscle in arm abduction. Trapezius: covers most of the superficial area of the upper back. Muscles that move the arm Extensors: Triceps Brachii and ancuneous. Innervated by Radial nerve. Flexors: Brachialis, Brachioredialis, Biceps brachii Innervated mainly by musculocutaneous nerve. Brachioradialis is also innervated by Radial nerve. Muscles that move the forearm and hand Muscles that move the hand and fingers
- 7. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.3 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle, Part I SUPERFICIAL DEEP Trapezius Deltoid Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Serratus anterior Levator scapulae Scapula T12 C1 C7 Rhomboid minor Rhomboid major Triceps brachii
- 8. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.4 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle, Part II Trapezius Subclavius Pectoralis major (cut and reflected) Pectoralis minor Internal intercostals External intercostals T12 Levator scapulae Pectoralis minor (cut) Coracobrachialis Serratus anterior Short head Long head Biceps brachii Serratus anterior (insertion) Serratus anterior (origin) Trapezius Origin Insertion Subclavius Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Biceps brachii, long head Biceps brachii, short head
- 9. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.6a Muscles That Move the Arm SUPERFICIAL DEEP Clavicle Sternum Deltoid Pectoralis major T12 Anterior view Ribs (cut) Subscapularis Coracobrachialis Teres major Biceps brachii, short head Biceps brachii, long head
- 10. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.6b Muscles That Move the Arm SUPERFICIAL DEEP Posterior view Vertebra T1 Supraspinatus Deltoid Latissimus dorsi Thoraco- lumbar fascia Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Triceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, lateral head
- 11. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.7b Action Lines for Muscles That Move the Arm Action lines of the biceps brachii muscle, triceps brachii muscle, and the three parts of the deltoid muscle Triceps brachii: extension and adduction at the shoulder Scapular deltoid: extension (shoulder) and lateral rotation (humerus) Entire deltoid: abduction at the shoulder Acromion Clavicle Clavicular deltoid: flexion (shoulder) and medial rotation (humerus) Biceps brachii: flexion at the shoulder Humerus
- 12. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.8b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part I Superficial muscles of the right upper limb, anterior view Palmar carpal ligament Flexor retinaculum Pronator quadratus Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus Flexor carpi radialis Brachioradialis Pronator teres Medial epicondyle of humerus Brachialis Triceps brachii, medial head Triceps brachii, long head Biceps brachii, long head Biceps brachii, short head Coracobrachialis Humerus Coracoid process of scapula
- 13. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.9b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part II Triceps brachii, lateral head Triceps brachii, long head Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula Brachioradialis Olecranon of ulna Anconeus Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis brevis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Extensor retinaculum Ulna Radius A diagrammatic view of a dissection of the superficial muscles
- 14. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.8f Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part I Anterior view of the deep muscles of the supinated forearm. See also Figures 7.6, 7.7, and 7.8. Pronator quadratus Ulna Radius Pronator teres Supinator
- 15. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.8b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part I Superficial muscles of the right upper limb, anterior view Palmar carpal ligament Flexor retinaculum Pronator quadratus Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus Flexor carpi radialis Brachioradialis Pronator teres Medial epicondyle of humerus Brachialis Triceps brachii, medial head Triceps brachii, long head Biceps brachii, long head Biceps brachii, short head Coracobrachialis Humerus Coracoid process of scapula
- 16. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.9b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part II Triceps brachii, lateral head Triceps brachii, long head Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula Brachioradialis Olecranon of ulna Anconeus Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis brevis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Extensor retinaculum Ulna Radius A diagrammatic view of a dissection of the superficial muscles
- 17. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.10a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Pronator quadratus Flexor retinaculum Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus Flexor carpi radialis Pronator teres Medial epicondyle Triceps brachii, medial headBiceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Palmar carpal ligament LATERAL MEDIAL Anterior view showing superficial muscles of the right forearm
- 18. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.10b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Tendon of biceps brachii Brachioradialis (retracted) Median nerve Pronator teres (cut) Brachial artery Radius Ulna Flexor carpi ulnaris (retracted) Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus Anterior view of the middle layer of muscles. The flexor carpi radialis muscle and palmaris longus muscle have been removed. LATERAL MEDIAL
- 19. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.10c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Supinator Brachialis Cut tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus Pronator quadratus (see Figure 11.8f) Anterior view of the deep layer of muscles LATERAL MEDIAL
- 20. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.10d Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Posterior view showing superficial muscles of the right forearm MEDIAL LATERAL Tendon of triceps Olecranon of ulna Anconeus Flexor carpi ulnaris Ulna Extensor retinaculum Biceps brachii Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis
- 21. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.10e Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers MEDIAL LATERAL Tendon of extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor digiti minimi Extensor digitorum Anconeus Posterior view of the middle layer of muscles
- 22. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.10f Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Posterior view of the deep layer of muscles. See also Figures 7.7, 7.8, and 11.9. Anconeus Supinator Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Extensor pollicis brevis Ulna Tendon of extensor digiti minimi (cut) Tendon of extensor digitorum (cut) MEDIAL LATERAL Radius
- 23. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.11d Intrinsic Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments of the Hand Anterior (palmar) view Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor retinaculum Abductor digiti minimi Palmaris brevis (cut) Flexor digiti minimi brevis Opponens digiti minimi Tendons of flexor digitorum (both profundus and superficialis) Palmar interosseus Lumbricals Synovial sheaths Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus Tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis First dorsal interosseus Tendon of flexor pollicis longus Adductor pollicis Flexor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis Abductor pollicis brevis Tendon of palmaris longus Tendon of flexor carpi radialis
- 24. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.11a Intrinsic Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments of the Hand Posterior (dorsal) view Tendon of extensor digiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi Tendon of extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor retinaculum Tendon of extensor indicis First dorsal interosseus muscle Tendon of extensor pollicis longus Tendon of extensor pollicis brevis Tendon of extensor carpi radialis longus Tendon of extensor carpi radialis brevis
- 25. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs The muscles of the lower limbs are larger and more powerful than those of the upper limbs. These muscles can be divided into three groups: Muscles that move the thigh Adductors of thigh: adductor magnus, adductor lonus, adductor brevis, gracilis. They are innervated by obturator nerve. Muscles that move the leg Knee extensors (Quadriceps Femoris): Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius. They are innervated by Femoral nerve. Knee flexors (Hamstrings): Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus and sartorius. They are innervated by Sciatic nerve. Muscles that move the foot and toes
- 26. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.12a Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part I Posterior view of pelvis showing deep dissections of the gluteal muscles and lateral rotators. For a superficial view of the gluteal muscles, see Figures 11.2, 11.16, and 11.17a. Gluteus maximus (cut) Sacrum Piriformis Superior gemellus Obturator internus Inferior gemellus Ischial tuberosity Gracilis Adductor magnus Biceps femoris (long head) Semitendinosus Iliac crest Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus minimus Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus medius (cut) Greater trochanter of femur Gluteus maximus (cut) Quadratus femoris Iliotibial tract Adductor magnus
- 27. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.13a Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part II Anterior view of the iliopsoas muscle and the adductor group Iliopsoas Psoas major Iliacus Obturator internus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis Sartorius (see Table 11.7) Pectineus Obturator externus Inguinal ligament Piriformis L5
- 28. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.14a The Relationships between the Action Lines and the Axis of the Hip Joint Iliopsoas: flexion Gluteus medius and minimus: abduction Obturator externus: lateral rotation Tensor fasciae latae: medial rotation Adductor longus: adduction and medial rotation Hamstring group: extension Examples of several muscles that have more than one action line crossing the axis of the hip
- 29. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.14b The Relationships between the Action Lines and the Axis of the Hip Joint Action lines of the adductor magnus Adductor magnus
- 30. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.15b Muscles That Move the Leg, Part I Diagrammatic anterior view of the superficial muscles of the right thigh Patellar ligament Tibial tuberosity Patella Quadriceps tendon Vastus medialis Iliotibial tract Vastus lateralis Sartorius Rectus femoris Gracilis Adductor longus Femoral artery Femoral vein Pubic tubercle Inguinal ligament Femoral nerve Anterior superior iliac spine Gluteus medius Iliacus Pectineus Tensor fasciae latae
- 31. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.17a Muscles That Move the Leg, Part III Iliac crest Gluteal aponeurosis over gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Biceps femoris, long head Gracilis Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Iliotibial tract Biceps femoris, short head Semimembranosus Sartorius Popliteal artery (red) and vein (blue) Tibial nerve Medial head of gastrocnemius Lateral head of gastrocnemius Posterior view of superficial muscles of the right thigh
- 32. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.20a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Part III Anterior views showing superficial and deep muscles of the right leg Inferior extensor retinaculum Lateral malleolus Superior extensor retinaculum Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Tibia Tibialis anterior Fibularis longus Fibula Tibial tuberosity Patellar ligament Iliotibial tract Patella SUPERFICIAL DEEP
- 33. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.18a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Part I Superficial muscles of the posterior surface of the legs; these large muscles are primarily responsible for plantar flexion. Calcaneal tendon Calcaneus Gastrocnemius (cut and removed) Soleus Gastrocnemius, lateral head Soleus Gastrocnemius, medial head Popliteus Plantaris
- 34. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.21a Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Dorsal views of the right foot Extensor expansion Tendon of extensor hallucis brevis Abductor hallucis Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Extensor hallucis brevis Tendon of tibialis anterior Medial malleolus of tibia Dorsal interossei Tendon of fibularis brevis Superior extensor retinaculum Lateral malleolus of fibula Inferior extensor retinaculum Tendons of extensor digitorum longus Tendons of extensor digitorum brevis Fibularis brevis Superior extensor retinaculum Lateral malleolus of fibula Inferior extensor retinaculum Tendons of extensor digitorum longus Dorsal interossei Tendons of extensor digitorum brevis Medial malleolus of tibia Tendon of tibialis anterior Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Abductor hallucis Tendon of extensor hallucis brevis Extensor expansion
- 35. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.21d Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Lumbricals Tendons of flexor digitorum brevis overlying tendons of flexor digitorum longus Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor digiti minimi Plantar aponeurosis (cut) Calcaneus Fibrous tendon sheaths Flexor hallucis brevis Abductor hallucis Flexor digitorum brevis Plantar (inferior) view, superficial layer of the right foot
- 36. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Fascia, Muscle Layers, and Compartments •Dense connective tissue layers provide a structural framework for the soft tissues of the body. •The connective tissue fibers of the deep fasciae support and interconnect adjacent skeletal muscles but permit independent movement. •The deep fascia extends between the bones and the superficial fascia and separates the soft tissues of the limb into separate compartments.
- 37. © 2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 11.23c Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb Lateral Compartment Anterior Compartment Deep Posterior Compartment Superficial Posterior Compartment Horizontal section through proximal right leg Fibularis longus Tibialis anterior Anterior tibial artery and vein Gastrocnemius Soleus Tibialis posterior Posterior tibial artery and vein