This document discusses the kinetics and kinematics of human gait. It defines kinetics as the study of forces acting on bodies, and kinematics as the study of motion without regard to forces. The document outlines the major forces involved in gait including externally generated forces like gravity and ground reaction forces, and internally generated forces from muscle contraction. It describes the motions and forces at the ankle, knee, and hip joints throughout the gait cycle. Measurement techniques for kinetics like force plates and for kinematics like motion capture are also summarized.
Posture - a perquisite for functional abilities in daily life. Posture is a combination of anatomy and physiology with inherent application of bio-mechanics and kinematics. Sitting, standing, walking are all functional activities depending on the ability of the body to support that posture to carry out each activity. Injuries and pathologies either postural or structural can massively change the bio-mechanics of posture and thus affect functional abilities.
this PPT contain detailed kinetics & kinematics of ankle joint & all joints of foot complex, muscles of ankle & foot complex, plantar arches & weight distribution during standing.
Brian Mulligan described novel concept of the simultaneous application of therapist applied accessory mobilizations and patient generated active movements
Posture - a perquisite for functional abilities in daily life. Posture is a combination of anatomy and physiology with inherent application of bio-mechanics and kinematics. Sitting, standing, walking are all functional activities depending on the ability of the body to support that posture to carry out each activity. Injuries and pathologies either postural or structural can massively change the bio-mechanics of posture and thus affect functional abilities.
this PPT contain detailed kinetics & kinematics of ankle joint & all joints of foot complex, muscles of ankle & foot complex, plantar arches & weight distribution during standing.
Brian Mulligan described novel concept of the simultaneous application of therapist applied accessory mobilizations and patient generated active movements
This presentation describes the biomechanical basis for the expression of muscular strength and power. In it you will learn to calculate force, work, and power. You will then learn how building strength improves power and performance in sport. Finally, we will take this information and apply it to training and sports.
SELF- MOBILIZATION ( AUTO MOBILIZATION)-
Self stretching techniques that specifically used joint traction and glides that directs the stretch force to the joint force.
MOBILIZATION WITH MOVEMENT (MWM)- Concurrent application of a sustained accessory mobilization applied by a clinician and an active physiological movement to end range applied by the patient.
Applied in a pain free direction
Web of science is discussing the importance of biomechanics beyond kinetics and kinematics. The application of 3D printing and orthopedic biomechanics are key to anthropology in the 21th Century for good health. Nothing is important to man rather than living healthy. SO, the knowledge of the sub division of science to study human body and her force application becomes important.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. METHODS OF STUDYING NORMAL
HUMAN LOCOMOTION
KINETICS KINEMATICS
DIVISION OF MECHANICS THAT
DEALS WITH THE MOTION OF
BODIES
IT DESCRIBES THE MOTIONS OF THE
BODY PARTS RELATIVE TO EACH
OTHER DURING THE DIFFERENT
PHASES OF GAIT
DIVISION OF MECHANICS THAT DEALS WITH
FORCES ACTING ON BODIES
3. kinetics
• Basic principles of kinetics are Sir Issac Newton’s 3 laws
of motion
Third law
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction’
Ground reaction force
-force transmitted from floor to the foot , passed on up
to all body segments
-reflection of body weight and acceleration
-vertical , anterior – posterior, and mediolateral
4. THE FORCES OF MAJOR IMPORTANCE IN ANALYSIS OF
HUMAN LOCOMOTION ARE;
• 1. EXTERNALLY
GENERATED FORCES-
• The forces exerted by
the pull of gravity
• 2. INTERNALLY
GENERATED FORCES-
• The forces exerted by
muscular contraction
5. Measurement of external forces
• Kinetic analysis makes it
possible to measure the
magnitude and direction of
external forces acting on limb
during the different phases of
gait
• Kinematic analysis makes it
possible to determine the
locomotion of joint in space
• The combination of above 2
methods makes it feasible the
calculation of the externally
generated moments of force
at various joints
6. Detailed analysis of human locomotion
• Derived from kinetic , kinematic and
electromyographic studies of normal subjects
walking at normal cadences
• For the purpose of sagittal plane analysis, the
pattern of walking has been considered in 3
intervals.
• 1. heel strike to mid-stance
• 2. mid stance to toe off
• 3. swing phase
10. Hip
joint
Heel
strike
Foot
flat
Mid
stance
Heel
off
Toe
off
swing
Kinematic
s
25* flexion 20* flexion Neutral
180*
10-15* ext
20*extn
(PUSHOFF)
10*extn Neutral
25*flexn
Kinetics
Int.forces
Glut.max,
hamstring,
erectorspin
ae (eccen)
Illiopsoas
eccen.(PO)
Inactive
Add.longs ,
add.magn
Glu.
med ,min
Kinetics
Ext forces
In front
Rotate
pelvis
forward
In front Behind
rotate back
30ft lb
Extn
momnt
140ft lb
(PUSHOFF
DOUBLE
SUPPORT)
11. MEASUREMENT OF INTERNAL FORCES
Not practical to quantitatively measure the
internally generated moments of force
exerted by individual muscles during each
instant of gait.
Electromyographic studies tell us when a
specific muscle is active during the gait and
when maximum electrical activity occurs and
the magnitude of these forces.
12. 0-15 % heel strike phase
15-30 % mid stance
30-45% push off
45-60% acceleration of the swing leg
13. MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING THE GAIT CYCLE
• 1. PRETIBIAL GROUP
• During the heel strike phase, lengthening contraction(eccentric ) of the
foot dorsiflexors lets the foot down from heel strike to foot flat position in
a slow and controlled manner. Rest of stance phase, the invertors and
evertors act to keep the foot stable in ML direction.
• Important for the stability of walking on rough ground or on a hillside
14. • CALF GROUP- GASTRONEMIUS AND SOLEUS
• - max activity during the push off phase to propel the COG
up and forward
• QUADRICEPS GROUP- Max activity after heel strike , acting as shock
absorbers to control knee flexion to 15 deg.
15. • HAMSTRINGS GROUP- double peak of activity just
before and after heel strike.first peak occurs during
swing , and it keep the knee from buckling.second
peak at the termination of stance phase working
toward hip and knee extension for push off.
16. • ABDUCTOR GROUP- GLUTEUS MEDIUS AND MAXIMUS
• - Active during heel strike and early stance phase to stabilise the pelvic tilt to 5
deg.
• ADDUCTOR GROUP-
1. after heel strike, they assist abductors to stabilise the pelvis
2. end of stance phase, they work together with other hip flexors to accelerate the
limb forward in preparation for swing
17. • GLUTEUS MAXIMUS- more active during heel strike
phase, when it acts as a shock absorber. Their extension
function keep both hip and knee from buckling.
• ERECTOR SPINAE- becomes active during heel strike and
its activity is necessary to keep the trunk from folding
forward from the force of inertia and gravity. Also
stabilises the trunk mediolaterally.
18. Kinetic analysis Recent advances….
• Discrete components of force acting over specific areas of
foot or the distribution of pressure also measured.
Methods
Ultra thin Mylar pressure – resistive sensors and specialized
software
Floor embedded pressure sensor mats
Uses
Assessment of the deformed , insensate or painful foot
Evaluation and fitting of customized, foot or ankle – foot
orthosis
19. Kinematic analysis recent advances….
• Techniques
• 1. ink and paper
• 2. foot switches
• 3.instrumented walkways
• 4.Electronic Gait Mat II- 3.8 m , 10,000 electronic
switches scanned at 100hz
‘electronic foot print’- provides data about walking
speed, cadence, stance, swing periods and lengths,
width of base of support, both sides can be compared,
comparisons with normal age, gender, speed done
20. • Motion analysis-
• - measured in 3 dimensions
Techniques 1. photographic and cinematographic
analysis
2. accelerometers and electrogoniometers
3. optoelectronic apparatus
Measurement of external forces. Using force plates the magnitude and direction of forces acting on limb is determined by force plate studies. The position of joint in space determined by photographic technique.
For detailed study of human locomotion, the gait cycle is divided into 3 phases heel strike to midstance ms to toe off and swing phase