The document discusses the significance of post-harvest management and processing technologies in Indian agriculture, highlighting that the sector contributes significantly to GDP and employs a large workforce. It emphasizes the necessity for modern machinery in food processing to minimize losses and improve the profitability of farmers, providing various examples of machinery and their capacities. Recommendations for enhancing processing standards and storage solutions are also presented to align with modern agricultural needs.

1. PPOOSSTT HHAARRVVEESSTT MMAACCHHIINNEERRYY AANNDD
SSTTOORRAAGGEE OOFF AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURRAALL PPRROODDUUCCEE
DDrr.. RR.. TT.. PPaattiill
FFoorrmmeerr DDiirreeccttoorr,, CCIIPPHHEETT,, LLuuddhhiiaannaa
CChhaaiirrmmaann && EEDD,, BBeenneevvoollee ffoorr PPHHTT,, BBhhooppaall

2. Primary PPrroocceessssiinngg ooff HHoorrttiiccuullttuurraall
PPrroodduuccee:: CCuurrrreenntt TTeecchhnnoollooggiieess
aanndd FFuuttuurree PPootteennttiiaall
DDrr.. RR..TT.. PPaattiill

3. PPrroodduuccttiioonn && PPoosstt HHaarrvveesstt SScceennaarriioo
•Agriculture contributes about 17.5% of GDP,
employees 57% workforce and sustains approx
over 70% of the population
•India produces about 255 million tons of food
grains and 268 million tons of fruits and
vegetables and ranks second in world however
losses are 3-18%
•Low level of processing of fruits and vegetables
at only 3.5% .
•Food processing is employment intensive,
creates 1.8 jobs directly and 6.4 indirectly for
every Rs. 10 lakh investment

4. AAggrroo PPrroocceessssiinngg
1. Can provide processed food of highest quality at
affordable cost to consumers
2. Help environment by processing food in production
catchment with least food miles
3. Ensure traceability of raw materials used for
processed product hence great for export and elite
urban market.
4. Help effective backward linkage with farmers for
processing their raw produce
5. Shorten the supply chain, increase the profitability of
farmers and ultimately increase in GDP from
agriculture and reduce poverty
6. Reduce post harvest losses and increased
availability of by products for animal feed.

5. AAggrroo EEnnttrreepprreenneeuurrsshhiipp

6. AAggrroo EEnnttrreepprreenneeuurrsshhiipp

7. PPrriiccee DDiiffffeerreennccee
Wheat - Rs 12/kg Wheat Flour Rs. 16-18/kg
Fortified Flour Rs. 20-25/kg
Oil seed – Rs 35/kg Oil Rs. 70/kg
Paddy – Rs 12/kg Rice – Rs. 25/kg
Mung- Rs. 20/kg Mung dal – Rs. 60/kg
Maize-Rs.13/kg Maize flour-Rs. 16/kg
Tomato-Rs. 5/kg Tomato ketchup-Rs 50-80/kg
Fruit- Rs. 15-20/kg Fruits Bar-Rs. 200/kg
Fruit Juice- Rs. 35/litre
Coriander -Rs. 80/kg Coriander Powder-Rs. 200/kg
Turmeric-Rs.65/kg Turmeric Powder –Rs. 200/kg
Chili- Rs. 200/kg Chili Powder-Rs. 300/kg
Black pepper-Rs. 100/kg B Pepper Powder- Rs.300/kg
Chana Dal- Rs. 28/kg Chana Dal-Rs. 35/kg
Besan- Rs. 40/kg

8. MMooddeerrnn RRiiccee MMiilllliinngg
The major operations performed by
modern rice mills are: storage,
cleaning, husking, separation,
whitening and grading. De-husking is
done in rubber roll shellers while
polishing is done in cone polishers or
horizontal abrasive polishers. The
rice mills can be of following
capacity.
(i) Composite rice milling machine-a
single unit (capacity 250 kg/hr).
(ii) Mini rice mills: Capacity of 250
kg/hr. However, husking and
polishing is done by separate
machines.
(iii) Modern rice mills of capacity 2-4
t/hr.

9. OOiill MMiilllliinngg
Common capacity of baby oil
expeller is 60 kg / hr of oil
seed.
Improved expellers are
equipped with a special
cooling system consisting
essentially of hollow worm
shafts or hollow barrel frame
through which cooling water
or oil is pumped.
A filtration system is coupled
with baby oil expeller
becomes an integral part of a
model agro industrial
complex.

10. DDaall MMiilllliinngg
Capacity 100-125 kg/h,
Power required 3 hp
Approx. Cost: Rs 60000
Efficiency-82-85%
Versatility of PKV dhal mill has
been enhanced
(i) for polishing mold-affected
sorghum and also
(ii) for cleaning wheat.

11. SSppiiccee MMiilllliinngg
It comprises of two functions:
grinding and grading such as in
hammer mills or in pin mill
which gives cool grinding in one
direct operation. No dressing is
needed to get fine grinding. The
degree of fineness required can
be achieved by changing
screen. The hammer and
hammer pins are hard heat-treated
steel, interchangeable
and reversible giving four times
the life of ordinary hammer

12. TTeecchhnnoollooggyy PPaacckkaaggeess
ffoorr HHoorrttiiccuullttuurraall CCrrooppss

13. MMiinniimmaall PPrroocceessssiinngg ooff VVeeggeettaabblleess

14. Shrink Packaging ooff FFrruuiittss aanndd VVeeggeettaabblleess
Storage life
Ambient Cold store
Commodity
Shrink wrapped Unwrapped Shrink wrapped Unwrapped
Kinnow 27 13 70 41
Tomato 19 10 39 23
Capsicum 25 4 46 21

15. GGaarrlliicc PPrroocceessssiinngg MMaacchhiinneess
Garlic Bulb Breaker Garlic Peeler Garlic Flaking Machine
Capacity-800 kg/h
Cost-US$300
Capacity-400 kg/h
Cost-US$300
Capacity-40-50 kg/h
Cost-US$1400

16. EEqquuiippmmeenntt ffoorr CCaassssaavvaa PPrroocceessssiinngg
In India cassava is mainly grown
in Kerela, Tamilnadu, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh
The CTCRI developed post
harvest management and value
addition technologies
•Tool for harvesting
•Method to prolong shelf life of fresh
cassava
•Production of Cassava rava
•Production of Cassava Porridge
•Starch based biodegradable plastic
•Mobile Starch extraction unit
Harvesting tool
Chipping machine
Chips dryer
Mobile starch extraction unit

17. Mango Processing MMaacchhiinneerryy--IIIIHHRR
Slices mango 4,6&8 pieces
Capacity – 1 tonne/h
Cost - US$4000
Cubes the mango
slices
Capacity – 500 kg / h
Cost – US$ 4000
Raw mango peeler
Peels raw mango
Capacity – 200 kg /h
Cost – US$4000
Raw mango slicer Raw mango
cube cutter

18. IImmpprroovveedd FFaarrmm LLeevveell TTuurrmmeerriicc BBooiilliinngg
UUnniitt--TTNNAAUU
•Capacity : About 200 kg
per batch /40 quintals per
day
•Fuel requirement : 25–30
kg per batch of 200 kg.
•Three persons are required
•No skilled labour is required
•The unit can be fabricated
to any capacity
•Cost of the unit: Appox.
Rs.15,000

19. Post harvest mechanization package for Banana central core
2012-14

20. RReeccoommmmeennddaattiioonnss
• Need to develop proper process protocols for primary
processing and also develop crop specific machines
• Processing of fruits and vegetables to the stage of
dehy, puree or pulp is a primary processing industry
and need to be established in production catchment.
• There should be flexibility in operations – a
combination of manual and mechanical systems but
following proper sanitary and hygienic standards.
• Need to develop standards for primary processed
products which in turn will increase value addition
and secondary agriculture activities

21. GGRRAAIINN SSTTOORRAAGGEE

22. GGrraaiinn QQuuaalliittyy iinn SSttoorraaggee
•Optimum storage conditions-moisture less than
12% and temperature less than 30°C will not
deteriorate quality during storage over a season.
Problems due to Higher temperatures:
1)Development of hot-spots,
2)Moisture migration from warmer to cooler grain
causing caking,
3)Mould development in over-moist grain
4)Decrease in seed germination
5)Decrease in malting quality of barley,
6)Decrease in baking and milling quality of wheat,
7)Colour deterioration of pulses and
8)Rancidity in oilseeds

23. CCoonnddiittiioonnss iinn SSttoorraaggee
•Grain entering a temporary storage structure should
be cool and dry.
•Temperatures of grain loads placed into storage
should be within 5 to 10°C of each other to prevent
moisture movement due to temperature gradients.
•The grain should be placed in the storage at less than
14% (w.b.) and preferably 13% for greater safety.
•The average moisture content of the pile should be
0.5 to 1% less than the safe storage moisture content.
•Grain of poor quality should be dried 1% more than
required for good quality grain.

24. GGrraaiinn SSttoorraaggee iinn IInnddiiaa
•FCI and state agencies stored 23.08 lakh
tonnes and 144.97 lakh tonnes, respectively
in 2010 and the damaged grain in CAP was
716 metric tonne in 2010
•Storage gap (deficit) to the tune of 12-14
MMT.
•The efficient alternative to CAP is necessary
to meet the growing demand for storage and
reduction of storage losses

25. GGrraaiinn AAeerraattiioonn
•Aeration is necessary, if more than 50 MT grain is
stored for longer than 2 months.
•Aeration rates of at least 0.04 m3 per minute per MT
should be provided.
•Provide two or three smaller fans and ducts to obtain
proper air distribution in flat storage structures.
•Aeration ducts of 30 cm or larger dia. corrugated drain
pipes are used in temporary structures.
•The drainpipe is covered with cloth to prevent grain
from plugging the openings.
•The number of fans and aeration ducts depends on the
grain type and dimensions of the grain pile.

26. PPUUSSAA BBiinn
For long duration storage a
LDPE sandwitched PUSA bin
has been found to be most
suitable. he performance of the
bin is similar to any other metal
or concrete structures. In fact
because of good insulation
properties of mud brick, the
problem of moisture migration is
also negligible. About 9.5 million
tonnes of food grains are stored
in such bins in India. The
capacity of such bins ranges
from 0.5 to 4 t.

27. Underground AAiirr TTiigghhtt RRCCCC SSttrruuccttuurreess
The structure is circular in shape
having 2 m diameter and 1 m
depth. Upper part of 600 mm is
kept above the ground level to
make it rat proof and prevent
entry of surface water. The
entire structure is made of RCC
except the floor. The floor
construction consists of two
layers of cement concrete. A
thick layer of bitumen is also
provided in between these
layers. It is suitably air tight and
as a result one fumigation
serves the purpose for 33
months storage of wheat.

28. GGooddoowwnnss ((BBaagg SSttoorraaggee SSttrruuccttuurreess))
These are primarily meant for providing warehousing facilities to
the farmers. The godowns, 100 t to 5000 t capacity, are owned
by Govt. agencies. Twin span warehouse with structural trusses
design was adopted in early sixties and constructed with brick
or stone masonary. Asbestos or corrugated GI sheets
supported by steel trusses are used for roofing. Due to provision
of valley gutters, there is perennial problem of leakage resulting
in damage of stored grain.

29. SSiillooss
Metal silos are cheaper than
concrete silos by 15-20%
depending on their size.
Generally Silo system is equipped
with other preparatory units like
cleaning and drying equipment.
Initially silos are 50% more
expensive but this additional cost
is recovered within 2-4 years. The
loss of grain in such system is
only 0.2% compared to 1% in
godown and warehousing
systems. The loss caused by
rodents, insects, fungi and
handling is about 0.2% compared
to 8% in godown system.

30. Storage SSttrruuccttuurreess uusseedd WWoorrllddwwiiddee
•The CAP storage
•Grain Storage Rings
•Flexible silos
•Prefabricated relocatable warehouses
•Cocoons
•Large Plastic Membrane Bags

31. CCoovveerr aanndd PPlliinntthh SSttoorraaggee
•In CAP 50 kg capacity jute bags
are used
•The most commonly
constructed size is for 1500
tonnes with 3000 bags of 50 kg
•CAP storage are with the length
and breadth of 8.55 and 6.30 m,
respectively.
•The sides and ridge heights are
4.50 and 6.00 m, respectively.
•Regular opening of covers is
necessary to allow some
aeration.
•The advantage of CAP is its low
establishment cost, which is only
25% the cost of godown storage

32. Effect ooff CCoolloorr ooff CCoovveerr oonn QQuuaalliittyy
• Thermal model has been developed based
on solar energy for predicting the wheat
grain temperature while stored in CAP.
• The model showed around 10 to 12°C rise in
grain temperature from the mean monthly
ambient temperature during the year with
black cover.
• A white colour plastic cover simulated result
showed reduction in the grain temperature
by 6-8oC compared to black sheet.

33. GGrraaiinn SSttoorraaggee RRiinnggss
•Corrugated galvanised
panels are rolled and
crimped on a line
•This deep corrugation
are made in 22 SWG.
•The industrial gasket is
also provided on the top
edge of the ring for the
entire diameter
protecting the tarp from
the sharp edges of the
steel panels.

34. FFlleexxiibbllee ssiillooss
•Early types employed butyl rubber
sheeting as the membrane and had
capacities of up to 1,000 tonnes.
• Currently available silos use PVC-coated
polyester fabric & have 500 tonne
capacity.
•The silos require little site preparation,
are easy to erect and are relocatable.
•The silos require no mechanical
equipment

35. PPrreeffaabbrriiccaatteedd RReellooccaattaabbllee
WWaarreehhoouusseess
•It has tubular steel frame
covered by PVC-coated
polyester fabric tensioned
over the frame.
•The capacity of structures
varies from 50 to 3000
tonnes.
•Stores require minimal
foundations, and the
integral base frame can be
effectively anchored to the
ground

36. CCooccoooonnss
•These are tough but flexible
UV-resistant PVC enclosures
sealed with zip fasteners.
•Light in weight when empty
and can be delivered easily to
site.
•Capacity ranges from 5–50
tonnes.
•They prevent insect, water
and water vapour penetration
into the contents.
•The cocoons are modular,
fabricated in 5, 10, 20 and 50
tonnes capacity.

37. LLaarrggee PPllaassttiicc MMeemmbbrraannee BBaaggss
•The system is very cost
competitive in
comparison to other
storage options.
•This system of storage
offers a low investment
storage system that can
be quite effective on farm
in several scenarios.
• The polymer bag is
described as a hermetic
type of storage system.

38. MMaajjoorr RReeccoommmmeennddaattiioonnss
•The color of the polyethylene used in
traditional CAP storage should be changed to
white.
•The prefabricated relocatable warehouses
may be installed on the railway platforms
where the grain need to kept for transit
•In grain mandies the harvest bags and rings
may be explored to avoid the damage to the
grain due to sudden rain during harvest
season.
•Investigations may be undertaken to test the
suitability of structures for Indian conditions

39. Modern Technologies for Food Processing and
Storage are essential for reducing the post
harvest losses and increasing the profitability of
farmers
The GDP growth in Agriculture is three times
more effective to reduce the poverty compared
to GDP growth from other sources