The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) is a crucial regulatory framework implemented by governments to ensure the quality, availability, and proper use of fertilizers. It serves as a mechanism to monitor and regulate the production, distribution, labeling, and sale of fertilizers, with the ultimate goal of promoting sustainable agriculture and safeguarding the interests of farmers and consumers.
The FCO encompasses a wide range of provisions and regulations that govern various aspects of the fertilizer industry. One of its primary objectives is to ensure the quality of fertilizers available in the market. The FCO sets specific standards for nutrient content, physical characteristics, impurities, and labeling requirements. By enforcing these standards, the FCO aims to prevent the sale of substandard or adulterated fertilizers that could have detrimental effects on crop productivity and soil health.
Another key aspect of the FCO is the regulation of fertilizer pricing. Governments often intervene to control the prices of fertilizers to make them affordable for farmers. The FCO may include provisions to monitor and control the pricing of fertilizers, ensuring that they remain accessible to farmers while preventing price manipulation and exploitation.
The FCO also addresses the licensing and registration of fertilizer manufacturers, importers, and distributors. Manufacturers and importers are required to obtain licenses or registrations from the designated regulatory authorities. This helps in maintaining a record of fertilizer producers and suppliers, ensuring accountability, and enabling traceability in case of any quality-related issues or non-compliance.
To ensure compliance with the FCO, regulatory bodies are empowered with inspection and monitoring mechanisms. They conduct regular inspections of fertilizer manufacturing facilities, storage sites, and distribution channels to verify compliance with quality standards, labeling requirements, and other provisions of the FCO. Non-compliance can lead to penalties, fines, or even suspension of licenses, acting as a deterrent for violations and promoting adherence to the regulations.
The FCO also addresses the issue of fertilizers' safe and efficient use. It may mandate the inclusion of information on fertilizer labels regarding dosage, application methods, and safety precautions. This helps farmers make informed decisions about fertilizer application, preventing excessive or improper use that can lead to environmental pollution, nutrient imbalances, and crop damage. The FCO may also encourage the promotion of organic and biofertilizers, providing incentives and support for their production and utilization.
Here, it is a brief presentation regarding nanofertilizer, in relation to its role in enhancing the use efficiency of concerned nutrient, along with some experimrntal findings. Thank you for ur kind consideration.
Definition and introduction of fertilizer use efficiency , Causes for Low and Declining Crop Response to Fertilizers and FUE.Methods to increase fertilizer use efficiency.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Recent techniques and Modern tools in weed managementAshokh Aravind S
weed science, emerging issues in weed science, new tools and improvements in weed management, future advancements in weed management, biological weed control, harvest weed seed control
Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) is a crucial regulatory framework implemented by governments to ensure the quality, availability, and proper use of fertilizers. It serves as a mechanism to monitor and regulate the production, distribution, labeling, and sale of fertilizers, with the ultimate goal of promoting sustainable agriculture and safeguarding the interests of farmers and consumers.
The FCO encompasses a wide range of provisions and regulations that govern various aspects of the fertilizer industry. One of its primary objectives is to ensure the quality of fertilizers available in the market. The FCO sets specific standards for nutrient content, physical characteristics, impurities, and labeling requirements. By enforcing these standards, the FCO aims to prevent the sale of substandard or adulterated fertilizers that could have detrimental effects on crop productivity and soil health.
Another key aspect of the FCO is the regulation of fertilizer pricing. Governments often intervene to control the prices of fertilizers to make them affordable for farmers. The FCO may include provisions to monitor and control the pricing of fertilizers, ensuring that they remain accessible to farmers while preventing price manipulation and exploitation.
The FCO also addresses the licensing and registration of fertilizer manufacturers, importers, and distributors. Manufacturers and importers are required to obtain licenses or registrations from the designated regulatory authorities. This helps in maintaining a record of fertilizer producers and suppliers, ensuring accountability, and enabling traceability in case of any quality-related issues or non-compliance.
To ensure compliance with the FCO, regulatory bodies are empowered with inspection and monitoring mechanisms. They conduct regular inspections of fertilizer manufacturing facilities, storage sites, and distribution channels to verify compliance with quality standards, labeling requirements, and other provisions of the FCO. Non-compliance can lead to penalties, fines, or even suspension of licenses, acting as a deterrent for violations and promoting adherence to the regulations.
The FCO also addresses the issue of fertilizers' safe and efficient use. It may mandate the inclusion of information on fertilizer labels regarding dosage, application methods, and safety precautions. This helps farmers make informed decisions about fertilizer application, preventing excessive or improper use that can lead to environmental pollution, nutrient imbalances, and crop damage. The FCO may also encourage the promotion of organic and biofertilizers, providing incentives and support for their production and utilization.
Here, it is a brief presentation regarding nanofertilizer, in relation to its role in enhancing the use efficiency of concerned nutrient, along with some experimrntal findings. Thank you for ur kind consideration.
Definition and introduction of fertilizer use efficiency , Causes for Low and Declining Crop Response to Fertilizers and FUE.Methods to increase fertilizer use efficiency.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Recent techniques and Modern tools in weed managementAshokh Aravind S
weed science, emerging issues in weed science, new tools and improvements in weed management, future advancements in weed management, biological weed control, harvest weed seed control
Effect of Crop Residue Management in Rice-Wheat Cropping System.pptxPRAVEEN KUMAR
The rice-wheat cropping system is India’s most widely adopted cropping system on an estimated area of around 12 m ha.
In India about 700 m tons of crop residue are being produced per year.
Approximately 250 m tons of residues are produced annually in rice-wheat cropping system in Indo-Gangetic plains.
Crop residue means anything which is leftover the harvested crop after the removal of economic produce from the crop plants.
Crop residue is defined as the vegetative crop material left on the field after a crop is harvested.
It is primary source of C and have significant effect physical, chemical and biological properties of soils.
Crop Residue Management, Smart Mechanization and Its Implications in Tropical...Kasa Kiran Kumar Reddy
Crop residue management through conservation agriculture can improve soil productivity and crop production by maintaining SOM levels. Two significant advantages of surface-residue management are increased OM near the soil surface and enhanced nutrient cycling and retention.
Effect of Algal Bio-fertilizer on the Vigna radiata: A Critical ReviewIJERA Editor
The continuous increasing demand of food crops and decrease in productivity due to continuous use of chemical
fertilizer has not only resulted in decline of crop yield, loss of fertility and degradation of soil but has also led us
one step back in achieving sustainable agriculture. The use of algal bio-fertilizer provides an effective, ecofriendly
and non-polluting approach in improving the productivity of crop by both nitrogen fixation and
photosynthesis. Algal bio-fertilizers improve soil structure and increase yield productivity even if applied in a
small area. The application of algal bio-fertilizers in plants has resulted in increase in root, shoot length with
number of leaves and hence overall growth of the plant has been increased. India being one of the largest
producer and consumer of pulses requires abundant amount of pulse production to fulfil the demands of ever
growing populations which can be achieved by using algal bio-fertilizers. This paper briefly underlines the usage
of algal bio-fertilizers as an important tool for sustainability and alternative usage against the chemical
fertilizers
Effect of Algal Bio-fertilizer on the Vigna radiata: A Critical ReviewIJERA Editor
The continuous increasing demand of food crops and decrease in productivity due to continuous use of chemical
fertilizer has not only resulted in decline of crop yield, loss of fertility and degradation of soil but has also led us
one step back in achieving sustainable agriculture. The use of algal bio-fertilizer provides an effective, ecofriendly
and non-polluting approach in improving the productivity of crop by both nitrogen fixation and
photosynthesis. Algal bio-fertilizers improve soil structure and increase yield productivity even if applied in a
small area. The application of algal bio-fertilizers in plants has resulted in increase in root, shoot length with
number of leaves and hence overall growth of the plant has been increased. India being one of the largest
producer and consumer of pulses requires abundant amount of pulse production to fulfil the demands of ever
growing populations which can be achieved by using algal bio-fertilizers. This paper briefly underlines the usage
of algal bio-fertilizers as an important tool for sustainability and alternative usage against the chemical
fertilizers.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Photosynthesis is a biological process used by many cellular organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy, which is stored in organic compounds that can later be metabolized through cellular respiration to fuel the organism's activities.
Polyembryony is the phenomenon of two or more embryos developing from a single fertilized egg. Due to the embryos resulting from the same egg, the embryos are identical to one another, but are genetically diverse from the parents.
Apomixis in flowering plants is defined as the asexual formation of a seed from the maternal tissues of the ovule, avoiding the processes of meiosis and fertilization, leading to embryo development.
Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates. This powerpoint Presentation includes all steps of glycolysis.
This ppt includes the brief introduction about class Insecta or Phylum Arthropoda. In this ppt families of Class Insecta and their suitable examples also have been discussed with pictures.
This ppt includes Brief introduction of Agricultural Entomology.
In this ppt classes of Phylum Arthropoda have been discussed in very simple way with suitable pictures.
A presentation on study of special classification created with the help of fundamentals of Agriculture Written By Arun Katyayan. Images Source : Google
Remote Sensing and its Applications in AgricultureVikas Kashyap
Here is a presentation prepared by me on Remote sensing and its Applications in agriculture. This presentation created after studying many regarding websites, articles and research papers. Thank You
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
My presentation on Integrated Pest Management. I had made a try from my side to create it knowledgeful and tried to include qualitative content after studying many articals, research papers and other online websites.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. Introduction
India has the total geographical area 329 million
hectares, which includes 195 Mha is gross cropped and 140 net
sown area. About 47.7% of total agricultural land in India was
reliably irrigated. The cultivation area is about 51% of total
geographical area of India than 11% of the world. India has the
cropping intensity 136 % which is increased 25 % since
independence. The cropping system of rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat
(Triticum aestivum) is grown on largest area of the world.
3. This system is practiced as most profitable system in
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Bihar and West Bengal.
It is also known as "Indian Green revolution region",
“food bowl” and includes about 15% of the total
geographical area of India.
The residue from the rice-wheat system
reported as 34% comes from rice and 22% from wheat
crops, most of which is burnt on-farm. In India, on an
average 500 million tons generated of crop residue per
year. The majority of crop residues from rice, wheat,
maize, jowar, ragi and bajra are used as cattle feed and
cotton, chilli, pulses and oilseeds are used as fuel for
household needs.
4. Crop Residue
There are two types of agricultural
crop residues:-
(1.) Field residues are non-economic
materials left in an agricultural field or
orchard after the crop has been harvested.
These residues include stalks and stubble
(stems), leaves, and seed pods. The residue
can be ploughed directly into the ground or
it can be used as mulch on field.
5. (2). Process residues are materials left after the
crop is processed for a usable resource. These
residues include husks, seeds, bagasse,
molasses and roots. It can be used as animal
fodder and soil amendment, fertilizers.
Here we will discuss only about Field Residue:-
6. Utilization of Crop
residues
(1). Crop residues as livestock
feed:- In India, crop residues are
traditionally used as animal's feed. Crop
residues are low-density fibrous
materials, low in nitrogen, soluble
carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. To
meet the nutritional requirements of
animals green leguminous straw is used
7. (2). Compost Making:- The crop
residues have been traditionally used
for preparing compost. For making
compost, firstly crop residues used as
animal bending, where animal shed
each kilogram straw absorb 2-3 kg
urine(Rich in N) and after that is
heaped in dung pits. The compost
prepared by this method contains
1.5% N, 2.5% P2O5 and 2.5 %
K2O(Sidhu and Beri 2005).
8. (3). Bio-energy Production:- Crop residues can
be utilized as a source of energy due to its sustainable
advantages. In recent years, there has been an increase
in the usage of crop residues for energy generation and
as substitute for fossils fuels. In comparison of other
energy sources(like- solar and wind), it is storable,
inexpensive and eco-friendly.
(4). Bio-Fuel and bio-oil Production:-
Conversion of ligno-cellulosic biomass into alcohol or
either with gasoline used as neat fuel in IC engines.
Bio-oil can be produced from crop residues by the
process of fast pyrolysis(biomass is raised to 400-500C
within few sec.)
9. (5).Bio-gas generation:-
Gasification is a thermo-chemical
process in which ids formed by the
partial combustion of crop residues.
The crop residues can be used in the
gasifires for producer gas generation.
The generated producer gas is used in
specially designed gas engines for
producing electricity.
10. (6). Biochar production:-
Biochar is a high carbon material
produced through slow
pyrolysis(heat in absence of Oxygen)
of biomass. It is a fine grained
charcoal and can play a major role in
the long term storage of carbon in
soil. However, in the current level of
technology, it is not economically
viable but it can be viable in future
with new technology.
11. Management methods of crop
residues with maintaining
Sustainable Agriculture
(1). Minimize mechanical soil
disturbances:- Including land levelling,
zero/minimum tillage, unpuddled rice
transplantation, avoid straw burning and sowing
crops directly into untilled soil to improve soil
organic material content and soil health.
12. (2). Enhancing organic matter cover on soil:-
Using crop residues. leaving crop residues on soil
surface is better option due to having quality to
protect moisture and evaporation losses. In situ
incorporation is the another option to improve soil
organic matter and balancing nutrient level in soil.
(3). Diversification of Crops:- Amgain et al.
(2013) assess the effect of crop residues management
practices in terms of productivity and profitability
with diversification of crop in dryland conditions of
North-Western India.
13. Problems Facing using crop
residues with Sustainable
Agriculture
Difficulties in sowing and in application of
fertilizer, pesticides.
Weed control is the major occurring
problem in Rice-wheat system.
Excessive use of chemical herbicides
makes soil unhealthy.
14. Special implements are required for fertilizer
application which causes high cost of cultivation.
Less use efficiency of basal application of
Nitrogen fertilizer at the time of sowing.
Nutrient management become difficult due to
higher levels of crop residues level.
Comparatively lower crop yield or economic
returns.
Requires management skilled person.
15. Reasons of on-farm burning of
crop residues
Farmers and policy makers are well
aware of the adverse consequences of on-farm
burning crop residues. Because of increasing in
mechanization, using of combine harvesters
about 80% of the residues are left in the field as
straw. Thus, it becomes a problem to
management of this crop residues.
16. On other hand, there arte some other reasons
also behind to burning the crop residues. On
farm burning, it is a fast way to clear the filed
from residues which helps timely sowing or
planting of crops. It is a fast method of control
weeds, insects and diseases. The time interval
between Rice harvesting and wheat sowing in
Northern India is only 15-20 days. In this short
duration, farmers prefers to burn crop residues
on farm.
17. Adverse effects of on-farm
burning of crop residues
Burning of crop residues promotes to
release the corbon particles in the
atmosphere and smoke causing human
and animals. It also promotes to
emission of greenhouse gases viz.
Carbon-di-oxide (CO2), Methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide, causing global
warming and loss of plant nutrients.
18. The burning of crop residues is
wastage of valuable resources which could
become a good source of carbon, bio-active
compounds, feed and energy for small
industries. Heat generated from the burning
of crop residues leads soil temperature
which is a main cause of death of active
beneficial microbes population.
19. Solutions for Crop residues burning
problem
A new study has found that farmers in North
India can't only help to reduce the air pollution even
they improve the productivity of soil and earn
profits if they stop burn their crop residues.
On the behalf of research it is found that
some ways could become a solution of crop
residues burning problem.
20. Here are some of them:-
(1). Waste decomposer:- Scientists
at National Centre for Organic farming
have developed a 'Waste decomposer'
solution including effective micro-
organisms that can do in-situ composting
of the crop residues.
This is done by spraying on the post
harvest stalks of the crop and leaving it for
about an month. The waste decomposer
comes in a small bottle at only rupees 20.
22. (2). Conversion of Crop
Residues:- In a recent tweet, The
legend Agricultural Scientist Dr. MS
Swaminathan also said, In South India ,
stubbles are not burning as there's
economic value as animals feed.
Farmers can recycle stubbles to make
products including paper , cardboard
and animal feed.
23. (3). Happy Seeder:- Instead
of burning the stubbles, a tractor-
mounted machine called Happy
Seeder (Developed by PAU,
Ludhiana) which cuts and lifts rice
straw, sows wheat into bare soil
and deposits the straw over the
sown area as mulch.
24. (4). Converting Crop residues
into cutlery:- Kriya Labs, an IIT
Delhi startup developed a machine
that can convert the leftover rice
straw into pulp, which can be
modified into biodegradable
cutlery. Kriya labs claims that they
can develop 4-5 tones pulp from
rice residues by 800 acres of land
in a single day.
25. Conclusion
India has the challenging task of
ensuring food security for the 2nd most
populated country. Besides, farming in future
has to be multi-functional and ecologically
sustainable so that it can deliver ecosystem
goods and services as well as livelihoods to
producers and society.
26. Crop residues are great sources of economic
values as livestock feed, fuel and industrial raw material,
and in Sustainable Agriculture. Crop residues, either partly
or entirely must be used for conservation agriculture for
ensuring the country's food security, making agriculture
sustainable and the soil resource base healthy.
I’m also a human, mistakes may be found in
my presentation, so your kindly suggestions are invited.
• References- Some of the topics have prepared with the help of some research
papers and news websites.