The cervical spine anatomy is specialized to support the cranium while allowing a large range of motion. C1 (atlas) has no vertebral body and unique articular pillars. C2 (axis) has a dens that is embryologically derived from C1's body. The ligaments of the cervical spine, including the tectorial membrane and transverse ligament, allow for wide range of motion while maintaining stability. Common cervical spine injuries include flexion teardrop fractures from hyperflexion, wedge fractures from compression, hangman's fractures from hyperextension, and Jefferson fractures from axial loading. Odontoid fractures also occur from hyperextension or hyperflexion forces on the neck. Radiographic evaluation of
This document provides an overview of thoracolumbar fractures, including epidemiology, clinical evaluation, classification systems, radiographic evaluation, treatment approaches, and specific surgical techniques. It discusses the anatomy of the thoracolumbar region, mechanisms of injury, neurological assessment tools, radiographic indicators of instability, and non-operative and operative treatment options depending on the fracture classification.
1) There are several classifications for spine fractures based on the location and type of injury. Injuries to the cervical spine are divided into supra-axial injuries involving the occiput-C1-C2 complex and sub-axial injuries involving C3-C7.
2) Thoracolumbar spine fractures are classified based on the failure mode and stability. Compression fractures can be treated non-operatively if stable, but unstable fractures may require surgery.
3) Initial management of spine fractures involves immobilization, assessment for neurological deficits and imaging to evaluate fracture type and guide treatment, which could be non-operative or operative depending on stability.
Cervical spine trauma can range from minor ligament injuries to spinal cord injuries. The cervical spine is commonly injured, with the most common mechanisms being falls and motor vehicle accidents. Common fractures include odontoid fractures of C2, hangman's fractures involving the pars interarticularis of C2, and flexion-extension teardrop fractures of the lower cervical vertebrae. Computed tomography is useful for evaluation of cervical spine injuries. Magnetic resonance imaging can help identify ligamentous injuries when other studies are negative. Treatment depends on the stability of the injury, with unstable injuries requiring immobilization.
Cervical spine fractures, especially those involving C1 and C2, were discussed. Key points included that 10% of cervical fractures involve C1, with 56% being isolated fractures and 44% combined fractures. 20% involve C2. Types of C1 fractures described were Type 1 stable fractures at the posterior arch-lateral mass junction, Type 2 burst fractures, and Type 3 lateral mass fractures. Types of C2 fractures included odontoid fractures classified using Anderson and D'Alonzo's system, Hangman's fractures classified using Levine or Francis systems, and other miscellaneous fractures. Management depended on fracture type but often involved external immobilization though surgery may be indicated for unstable fractures or those with displacement,
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the thoracolumbar spine and classifies different types of thoracolumbar spine injuries. It describes the anatomy of the spinal cord, blood supply, and biomechanics of the thoracic and lumbar regions. Various injury mechanisms are outlined including compression fractures, burst fractures, and chance fractures. Imaging techniques like x-rays, CT, and MRI are discussed. The Denis three-column theory and TLICS classification system are introduced to classify injuries as stable or unstable. Non-operative and surgical treatment options are provided based on the injury classification.
This document discusses thoracolumbar fractures of the spine. It begins by describing the anatomy of the spine and functional spinal units. It then discusses the physiological anatomy of the thoracic and lumbar spine. It describes the etiology, classifications including the Denis three-column theory and AO/MAGREL classification, clinical presentations, investigations including x-rays, CT and MRI, and classifications of spinal instability for thoracolumbar fractures.
The document discusses cervical spine injuries, their causes, mechanisms, classifications, investigations, treatments, and specific injury types. The main causes are trauma such as road traffic accidents. Investigations include x-rays, CT scans, and MRIs to evaluate injury severity and guide treatment. Treatments involve initial immobilization followed by either conservative care with devices like halos or surgical stabilization/fusion. Common injuries described include odontoid fractures, hangman's fractures, burst fractures, and cervical dislocations. Prevention through road safety is emphasized over finding cures for injuries.
This document provides an overview of thoracolumbar fractures, including epidemiology, clinical evaluation, classification systems, radiographic evaluation, treatment approaches, and specific surgical techniques. It discusses the anatomy of the thoracolumbar region, mechanisms of injury, neurological assessment tools, radiographic indicators of instability, and non-operative and operative treatment options depending on the fracture classification.
1) There are several classifications for spine fractures based on the location and type of injury. Injuries to the cervical spine are divided into supra-axial injuries involving the occiput-C1-C2 complex and sub-axial injuries involving C3-C7.
2) Thoracolumbar spine fractures are classified based on the failure mode and stability. Compression fractures can be treated non-operatively if stable, but unstable fractures may require surgery.
3) Initial management of spine fractures involves immobilization, assessment for neurological deficits and imaging to evaluate fracture type and guide treatment, which could be non-operative or operative depending on stability.
Cervical spine trauma can range from minor ligament injuries to spinal cord injuries. The cervical spine is commonly injured, with the most common mechanisms being falls and motor vehicle accidents. Common fractures include odontoid fractures of C2, hangman's fractures involving the pars interarticularis of C2, and flexion-extension teardrop fractures of the lower cervical vertebrae. Computed tomography is useful for evaluation of cervical spine injuries. Magnetic resonance imaging can help identify ligamentous injuries when other studies are negative. Treatment depends on the stability of the injury, with unstable injuries requiring immobilization.
Cervical spine fractures, especially those involving C1 and C2, were discussed. Key points included that 10% of cervical fractures involve C1, with 56% being isolated fractures and 44% combined fractures. 20% involve C2. Types of C1 fractures described were Type 1 stable fractures at the posterior arch-lateral mass junction, Type 2 burst fractures, and Type 3 lateral mass fractures. Types of C2 fractures included odontoid fractures classified using Anderson and D'Alonzo's system, Hangman's fractures classified using Levine or Francis systems, and other miscellaneous fractures. Management depended on fracture type but often involved external immobilization though surgery may be indicated for unstable fractures or those with displacement,
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the thoracolumbar spine and classifies different types of thoracolumbar spine injuries. It describes the anatomy of the spinal cord, blood supply, and biomechanics of the thoracic and lumbar regions. Various injury mechanisms are outlined including compression fractures, burst fractures, and chance fractures. Imaging techniques like x-rays, CT, and MRI are discussed. The Denis three-column theory and TLICS classification system are introduced to classify injuries as stable or unstable. Non-operative and surgical treatment options are provided based on the injury classification.
This document discusses thoracolumbar fractures of the spine. It begins by describing the anatomy of the spine and functional spinal units. It then discusses the physiological anatomy of the thoracic and lumbar spine. It describes the etiology, classifications including the Denis three-column theory and AO/MAGREL classification, clinical presentations, investigations including x-rays, CT and MRI, and classifications of spinal instability for thoracolumbar fractures.
The document discusses cervical spine injuries, their causes, mechanisms, classifications, investigations, treatments, and specific injury types. The main causes are trauma such as road traffic accidents. Investigations include x-rays, CT scans, and MRIs to evaluate injury severity and guide treatment. Treatments involve initial immobilization followed by either conservative care with devices like halos or surgical stabilization/fusion. Common injuries described include odontoid fractures, hangman's fractures, burst fractures, and cervical dislocations. Prevention through road safety is emphasized over finding cures for injuries.
The document discusses cervical spine anatomy and imaging of cervical spine injuries. It describes the unique characteristics of C1 and C2 vertebrae including their articular surfaces and ligaments. Common cervical spine fractures are described such as flexion teardrop fractures, wedge fractures, hangman's fractures, and odontoid fractures. Imaging views useful for evaluating cervical spine injuries are outlined including lateral, AP, odontoid, and swimmer's views. Findings suggestive of injuries on these views are provided.
The document discusses the anatomy, biomechanics, classification systems, and management of injuries to the subaxial cervical spine (C3-C7). Key points include: the subaxial spine consists of 7 vertebrae joined by ligaments and disks; common injury mechanisms are flexion, extension, compression, and rotation; the Allen-Ferguson and AO classification systems describe injury patterns; clinical instability is defined as loss of ability to avoid neurologic injury or deformity; the SLIC score guides treatment; and initial management priorities are airway control, immobilization, and prevention of hypoxia.
This document discusses fractures of the axis vertebra (C2). It begins by describing the embryology and anatomy of C2. It then covers the different types of C2 fractures including odontoid fractures (Type I-III), Hangman's fractures (Levine classification Type I-III), and miscellaneous C2 fractures (Benzel classification). For each type of fracture, the mechanisms of injury, evaluation, management options (surgical vs nonsurgical), specific treatment approaches, complications, and considerations in elderly patients are described in detail.
Acetabular fractures are typically caused by high-energy trauma and require careful evaluation using CT scans and plain radiographs to classify the fracture pattern according to the Letournel classification system, which describes fractures of the anterior and posterior columns. Operative treatment is indicated for displaced fractures while non-operative treatment with skeletal traction can be used for non-displaced or minimally displaced fractures.
This document summarizes the epidemiology, anatomy, mechanisms of injury, classification, treatment approaches, and complications for radial head fractures. Some key points:
- Radial head fractures account for 4% of all fractures and 30% of elbow fractures. They are rare in children.
- The radial head provides stability to the elbow joint and transmits 50-60% of the load across the elbow.
- Fractures are typically classified using the Mason classification system based on displacement.
- Treatment depends on fracture type but may include non-operative management, open reduction and internal fixation, radial head replacement, or radial head excision.
- Complications can include nerve injuries, stiffness, hardware issues, and recurrent
Cervical spine fracture radiology, classification and management AshrafJamal12
This document discusses the radiology, classification, and management of cervical spine fractures. It begins by covering the common radiographic views used to evaluate the cervical spine - lateral, AP, and open mouth views. CT is discussed as the primary imaging modality for high-risk patients. Injuries are classified based on location, including occipital condyle fractures and odontoid fractures. Non-operative management includes provisional stabilization with a cervical collar or skull traction. Surgical treatment is considered for more severe injuries.
1) Pilon fractures involve injuries to the distal tibial articular surface and were first described in 1911.
2) They account for 5-7% of tibial fractures and result from high-energy impacts.
3) Treatment is challenging due to articular comminution, bone loss, and soft tissue injury. Surgical management aims to reconstruct the articular surface and metaphysis while treating soft tissues.
Posterior lumbar fusion vs Lumbar interbody fusion Evidence based.pptxsuresh Bishokarma
Lumbar degenerative disc diseases (LDDD): irreversible process in lumbar disk architecture.
Sparse literature to choose proper technique to address these pathology with or without fusion surgery.
A clear benefit of lumbar fusion surgery: lowered pain and disability scores.
Lumbar surgery rates have increased steadily over time, and hence related complications.
Evidence of the superiority of one technique over the other is sparse.
Surgery offers greater improvement compared with non-operative treatment in LDDD.
Surgery in disc herniation resulted in faster recovery, However no added benefit of fusion surgery.
There was no obvious disadvantage of posterolateral fusion without internal fixation in patient with spondylosis.
Among patients with lumbar spinal stenosis without spondylolisthesis, decompression plus fusion surgery may not result in better clinical outcomes.
In patient with spondylolisthesis with or without stenosis, fusion is more effective than laminectomy in achieving a satisfactory outcome. Decompression only had the least satisfactory outcome.
Patients who underwent interbody fusion may have significantly higher fusion rates compared to posterior lumbar fusion only.
TLIF has advantages over PLIF in the complication rate, blood loss, and operation duration. The clinical outcome is similar, with a slightly lower postoperative ODI score for TLIF.
In the end, The choice of technique is still greatly based on the surgeons’ preference and experience.
This document presents a classification system for spinal fractures developed by AOSpine. It includes:
- Classification of cervical spine fracture types A-C, including compression (A), distraction (B), and translation (C) injuries. It also covers facet injuries and neurological status.
- Descriptions and illustrations of each fracture type (A1-A4, B1-B3, etc.) along with case examples.
- The goal is to develop a standardized system that can be used for research and guide treatment of spinal fractures. The system is being scientifically validated before potential adoption as the official AOSpine classification.
This document provides an overview of acetabular fractures including:
- Anatomy of the acetabulum and its components
- Mechanisms and classifications of acetabular fractures
- Evaluation through radiographs and CT scans
- Management considerations including operative vs non-operative treatment and various surgical approaches
- Specifics on fracture types, indications for surgery, timing of surgery, and surgical approaches for different fractures
The document contains detailed information on evaluating and treating acetabular fractures.
The document discusses pedicle screw fixation of the thoracolumbar spine. It begins with learning objectives about spinal anatomy, pedicle screws, and techniques for fixation. It then describes the anatomy of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, with specifics on pedicle size and orientation. Entry points and techniques for screw placement are outlined for the thoracic and lumbar spine, including the intersection technique. Considerations for upper thoracic fixation and avoiding complications are also covered. The document concludes with pearls for achieving good fixation.
Lateral condyle fractures of the elbow are common in children between ages 6-10 years. They occur when a varus force is applied to an extended elbow. These fractures are prone to displacement and nonunion due to pull from forearm extensors and being bathed in synovial fluid. Treatment depends on the amount of displacement, with undisplaced fractures often treated non-operatively and displaced fractures requiring closed or open reduction and internal fixation. Complications can include ulnar nerve palsy, osteonecrosis, nonunion, and cubitus deformities.
- Thoracolumbar injuries can cause neurological injury and long-term pain. They require assessment of fracture classification and the integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex to determine appropriate management as surgical or nonsurgical.
- Surgical approaches include posterior, anterior, or combined based on the fracture type and neurological status. Proper classification guides treatment to decompress the spine and restore stability.
- Complications include problems from immobilization as well as implant failure and infection. Careful consideration of fracture morphology, neurological findings, and ligamentous integrity directs optimal treatment.
The document provides information on acetabulum fractures, including:
1) The anatomy of the acetabulum and the column concept for classifying fractures.
2) The Judet and Letournel classification system divides fractures into elementary and associated types based on the number and location of fracture fragments.
3) Surgical treatment aims to restore the articular surface and prevent post-traumatic arthritis, with factors like instability, incongruity and soft tissue injuries determining management.
The Kocher-Langenbeck approach provides exposure of the posterior column for fixation of posterior wall and column fractures.
The document discusses injuries to the acromioclavicular (AC) joint. It provides details on the anatomy and biomechanics of the AC joint and surrounding ligaments. Common mechanisms of injury include falling on an outstretched arm or direct force to the lateral shoulder. Injuries are classified using the Rockwood system from Type I to VI based on the degree of ligament disruption and bone displacement. Treatment options include nonoperative measures for lower grades and surgery for higher grades or failed nonoperative treatment. Surgical techniques and associated conditions are also reviewed.
Intertrochanteric & subtrochanteric fracture classificationNanda Perdana
This document discusses different classification systems used for intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric hip fractures. It describes the Evans classification system which categorizes fractures as stable or unstable based on the integrity of the posteromedial cortex. The Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification system uses alphanumeric codes to further describe fracture patterns. For subtrochanteric fractures, the document outlines the Fielding, Seinsheimer, Russell-Taylor, and AO classification systems which take into account factors like the position of fracture lines, stability, and degree of comminution.
The document summarizes thoracolumbar spine injuries, including:
- Anatomy of the thoracic and lumbar spine regions which predispose the thoracolumbar junction to injury.
- Epidemiology showing these injuries most commonly affect segments T11-L2 and have bimodal age distribution.
- Classification systems including Denis, McCormack, and TLICS which evaluate morphology, neurology, and ligamentous integrity to determine treatment.
- Treatment principles aim to preserve neurology, minimize compression, stabilize the spine, and rehabilitate the patient either via non-operative or operative means.
1. The document discusses acetabular fractures, which most commonly occur in the elderly due to falls and in younger patients due to motor vehicle accidents.
2. Open anatomic reduction and internal fixation is the mainstay treatment for displaced acetabular fractures. Minimally invasive techniques are used for elderly patients.
3. Associated injuries are also discussed, with lower extremity fractures being most common. Signs, symptoms, neurological examination and columns of the innominate bone are outlined.
Proximal humerus fractures are common fractures, especially in older osteoporotic women. They can be classified using systems like Neer or AO/OTA. Nondisplaced fractures are typically treated non-operatively while displaced fractures may require closed or open reduction with fixation or prosthetic replacement depending on the age and health of the patient. Surgical treatment aims to restore anatomy and blood supply to the humeral head to reduce risks of complications like avascular necrosis, nonunion, and stiffness. Close postoperative rehabilitation is important for recovery of shoulder function.
A spinal cord injury can result in permanent impairment if not properly diagnosed and managed. The document defines spinal cord injury and discusses epidemiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, and management. It describes the structure and blood supply of the spine, classification systems for fractures, and associated conditions like spinal and neurogenic shock. Key tracts and myotomes are also outlined.
The document discusses cervical spine anatomy and imaging of cervical spine injuries. It describes the unique characteristics of C1 and C2 vertebrae including their articular surfaces and ligaments. Common cervical spine fractures are described such as flexion teardrop fractures, wedge fractures, hangman's fractures, and odontoid fractures. Imaging views useful for evaluating cervical spine injuries are outlined including lateral, AP, odontoid, and swimmer's views. Findings suggestive of injuries on these views are provided.
The document discusses the anatomy, biomechanics, classification systems, and management of injuries to the subaxial cervical spine (C3-C7). Key points include: the subaxial spine consists of 7 vertebrae joined by ligaments and disks; common injury mechanisms are flexion, extension, compression, and rotation; the Allen-Ferguson and AO classification systems describe injury patterns; clinical instability is defined as loss of ability to avoid neurologic injury or deformity; the SLIC score guides treatment; and initial management priorities are airway control, immobilization, and prevention of hypoxia.
This document discusses fractures of the axis vertebra (C2). It begins by describing the embryology and anatomy of C2. It then covers the different types of C2 fractures including odontoid fractures (Type I-III), Hangman's fractures (Levine classification Type I-III), and miscellaneous C2 fractures (Benzel classification). For each type of fracture, the mechanisms of injury, evaluation, management options (surgical vs nonsurgical), specific treatment approaches, complications, and considerations in elderly patients are described in detail.
Acetabular fractures are typically caused by high-energy trauma and require careful evaluation using CT scans and plain radiographs to classify the fracture pattern according to the Letournel classification system, which describes fractures of the anterior and posterior columns. Operative treatment is indicated for displaced fractures while non-operative treatment with skeletal traction can be used for non-displaced or minimally displaced fractures.
This document summarizes the epidemiology, anatomy, mechanisms of injury, classification, treatment approaches, and complications for radial head fractures. Some key points:
- Radial head fractures account for 4% of all fractures and 30% of elbow fractures. They are rare in children.
- The radial head provides stability to the elbow joint and transmits 50-60% of the load across the elbow.
- Fractures are typically classified using the Mason classification system based on displacement.
- Treatment depends on fracture type but may include non-operative management, open reduction and internal fixation, radial head replacement, or radial head excision.
- Complications can include nerve injuries, stiffness, hardware issues, and recurrent
Cervical spine fracture radiology, classification and management AshrafJamal12
This document discusses the radiology, classification, and management of cervical spine fractures. It begins by covering the common radiographic views used to evaluate the cervical spine - lateral, AP, and open mouth views. CT is discussed as the primary imaging modality for high-risk patients. Injuries are classified based on location, including occipital condyle fractures and odontoid fractures. Non-operative management includes provisional stabilization with a cervical collar or skull traction. Surgical treatment is considered for more severe injuries.
1) Pilon fractures involve injuries to the distal tibial articular surface and were first described in 1911.
2) They account for 5-7% of tibial fractures and result from high-energy impacts.
3) Treatment is challenging due to articular comminution, bone loss, and soft tissue injury. Surgical management aims to reconstruct the articular surface and metaphysis while treating soft tissues.
Posterior lumbar fusion vs Lumbar interbody fusion Evidence based.pptxsuresh Bishokarma
Lumbar degenerative disc diseases (LDDD): irreversible process in lumbar disk architecture.
Sparse literature to choose proper technique to address these pathology with or without fusion surgery.
A clear benefit of lumbar fusion surgery: lowered pain and disability scores.
Lumbar surgery rates have increased steadily over time, and hence related complications.
Evidence of the superiority of one technique over the other is sparse.
Surgery offers greater improvement compared with non-operative treatment in LDDD.
Surgery in disc herniation resulted in faster recovery, However no added benefit of fusion surgery.
There was no obvious disadvantage of posterolateral fusion without internal fixation in patient with spondylosis.
Among patients with lumbar spinal stenosis without spondylolisthesis, decompression plus fusion surgery may not result in better clinical outcomes.
In patient with spondylolisthesis with or without stenosis, fusion is more effective than laminectomy in achieving a satisfactory outcome. Decompression only had the least satisfactory outcome.
Patients who underwent interbody fusion may have significantly higher fusion rates compared to posterior lumbar fusion only.
TLIF has advantages over PLIF in the complication rate, blood loss, and operation duration. The clinical outcome is similar, with a slightly lower postoperative ODI score for TLIF.
In the end, The choice of technique is still greatly based on the surgeons’ preference and experience.
This document presents a classification system for spinal fractures developed by AOSpine. It includes:
- Classification of cervical spine fracture types A-C, including compression (A), distraction (B), and translation (C) injuries. It also covers facet injuries and neurological status.
- Descriptions and illustrations of each fracture type (A1-A4, B1-B3, etc.) along with case examples.
- The goal is to develop a standardized system that can be used for research and guide treatment of spinal fractures. The system is being scientifically validated before potential adoption as the official AOSpine classification.
This document provides an overview of acetabular fractures including:
- Anatomy of the acetabulum and its components
- Mechanisms and classifications of acetabular fractures
- Evaluation through radiographs and CT scans
- Management considerations including operative vs non-operative treatment and various surgical approaches
- Specifics on fracture types, indications for surgery, timing of surgery, and surgical approaches for different fractures
The document contains detailed information on evaluating and treating acetabular fractures.
The document discusses pedicle screw fixation of the thoracolumbar spine. It begins with learning objectives about spinal anatomy, pedicle screws, and techniques for fixation. It then describes the anatomy of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, with specifics on pedicle size and orientation. Entry points and techniques for screw placement are outlined for the thoracic and lumbar spine, including the intersection technique. Considerations for upper thoracic fixation and avoiding complications are also covered. The document concludes with pearls for achieving good fixation.
Lateral condyle fractures of the elbow are common in children between ages 6-10 years. They occur when a varus force is applied to an extended elbow. These fractures are prone to displacement and nonunion due to pull from forearm extensors and being bathed in synovial fluid. Treatment depends on the amount of displacement, with undisplaced fractures often treated non-operatively and displaced fractures requiring closed or open reduction and internal fixation. Complications can include ulnar nerve palsy, osteonecrosis, nonunion, and cubitus deformities.
- Thoracolumbar injuries can cause neurological injury and long-term pain. They require assessment of fracture classification and the integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex to determine appropriate management as surgical or nonsurgical.
- Surgical approaches include posterior, anterior, or combined based on the fracture type and neurological status. Proper classification guides treatment to decompress the spine and restore stability.
- Complications include problems from immobilization as well as implant failure and infection. Careful consideration of fracture morphology, neurological findings, and ligamentous integrity directs optimal treatment.
The document provides information on acetabulum fractures, including:
1) The anatomy of the acetabulum and the column concept for classifying fractures.
2) The Judet and Letournel classification system divides fractures into elementary and associated types based on the number and location of fracture fragments.
3) Surgical treatment aims to restore the articular surface and prevent post-traumatic arthritis, with factors like instability, incongruity and soft tissue injuries determining management.
The Kocher-Langenbeck approach provides exposure of the posterior column for fixation of posterior wall and column fractures.
The document discusses injuries to the acromioclavicular (AC) joint. It provides details on the anatomy and biomechanics of the AC joint and surrounding ligaments. Common mechanisms of injury include falling on an outstretched arm or direct force to the lateral shoulder. Injuries are classified using the Rockwood system from Type I to VI based on the degree of ligament disruption and bone displacement. Treatment options include nonoperative measures for lower grades and surgery for higher grades or failed nonoperative treatment. Surgical techniques and associated conditions are also reviewed.
Intertrochanteric & subtrochanteric fracture classificationNanda Perdana
This document discusses different classification systems used for intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric hip fractures. It describes the Evans classification system which categorizes fractures as stable or unstable based on the integrity of the posteromedial cortex. The Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification system uses alphanumeric codes to further describe fracture patterns. For subtrochanteric fractures, the document outlines the Fielding, Seinsheimer, Russell-Taylor, and AO classification systems which take into account factors like the position of fracture lines, stability, and degree of comminution.
The document summarizes thoracolumbar spine injuries, including:
- Anatomy of the thoracic and lumbar spine regions which predispose the thoracolumbar junction to injury.
- Epidemiology showing these injuries most commonly affect segments T11-L2 and have bimodal age distribution.
- Classification systems including Denis, McCormack, and TLICS which evaluate morphology, neurology, and ligamentous integrity to determine treatment.
- Treatment principles aim to preserve neurology, minimize compression, stabilize the spine, and rehabilitate the patient either via non-operative or operative means.
1. The document discusses acetabular fractures, which most commonly occur in the elderly due to falls and in younger patients due to motor vehicle accidents.
2. Open anatomic reduction and internal fixation is the mainstay treatment for displaced acetabular fractures. Minimally invasive techniques are used for elderly patients.
3. Associated injuries are also discussed, with lower extremity fractures being most common. Signs, symptoms, neurological examination and columns of the innominate bone are outlined.
Proximal humerus fractures are common fractures, especially in older osteoporotic women. They can be classified using systems like Neer or AO/OTA. Nondisplaced fractures are typically treated non-operatively while displaced fractures may require closed or open reduction with fixation or prosthetic replacement depending on the age and health of the patient. Surgical treatment aims to restore anatomy and blood supply to the humeral head to reduce risks of complications like avascular necrosis, nonunion, and stiffness. Close postoperative rehabilitation is important for recovery of shoulder function.
A spinal cord injury can result in permanent impairment if not properly diagnosed and managed. The document defines spinal cord injury and discusses epidemiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, and management. It describes the structure and blood supply of the spine, classification systems for fractures, and associated conditions like spinal and neurogenic shock. Key tracts and myotomes are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of cervical trauma and cervical spine injuries. It discusses anatomy, mechanisms of injury, history and examination findings, imaging, classifications of injuries including fractures and spinal cord syndromes, and indications for surgical intervention. The key points are that cervical spine injury must be considered in polytrauma patients, manual stabilization is needed in addition to collars, and imaging such as CT and MRI can help classify fractures and rule out injuries when clinical suspicion remains.
The document discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of spinal injuries. It describes the normal anatomy of the spine and classifies spinal injuries as either stable or unstable. Stable injuries do not risk further displacement while unstable injuries carry a risk of worsening damage. The key columns of the spine - anterior, middle, and posterior - are identified and it is noted that injuries involving two or more columns are generally unstable. Various spinal fractures and dislocations are then described along with their mechanisms of injury and diagnostic signs.
This document provides an overview of cervical spine radiography and common cervical spine fractures. It begins with an anatomical description of the cervical vertebrae and positioning for standard anterior-posterior and lateral cervical spine views. Common fractures discussed include Jefferson fractures, hangman's fractures, clay shoveler's fractures, and odontoid fractures. Flexion teardrop fractures and anterior subluxations are also summarized. The document emphasizes radiographic features that help characterize each type of cervical spine injury.
1. Spinal cord injuries are commonly caused by motor vehicle accidents, falls, and sports. The cervical spine is most frequently injured.
2. Initial evaluation involves stabilizing the patient with a cervical collar and assessing for neurological deficits. Imaging such as X-rays and CT/MRI are used to classify fractures and guide treatment.
3. Treatment depends on the fracture type but may involve halo immobilization, surgery to stabilize fractures or decompress the spinal cord, or bracing for stable injuries. The goal is to restore spinal alignment and prevent further neurological injury.
The document discusses various types of cervical spine trauma and injuries that can occur. It describes fractures of the atlas including Jefferson's fracture and posterior arch fractures. Hangman's fractures and teardrop fractures of the axis are also summarized. Odontoid fractures are divided into Types I-III. Vertebral body compression fractures like wedge fractures and burst fractures are mentioned. The document also briefly summarizes clay shoveler's fractures and lamina and transverse process fractures of the cervical spine. Various imaging modalities for evaluating cervical spine injuries are also discussed.
This document provides information on cervical spine trauma. It discusses:
- Common levels of cervical spine injury being C2, C6, and C7.
- Classification systems for fractures of the atlas, dens fractures, and subaxial cervical fractures.
- Treatment approaches depending on the fracture type, including non-operative treatment with collars or halos and surgical stabilization with techniques like anterior or posterior fusion.
- Key anatomy and biomechanics relating to mechanisms of injury for various fracture patterns.
Spinal cord injuries are commonly caused by motor vehicle accidents, falls, and sports. The cervical spine is most commonly injured, especially between C5-C6. Plain films and advanced imaging can help evaluate injuries. Flexion injuries risk paralysis and require stabilization to prevent further injury. Compression fractures are generally stable with rest, while burst fractures may require surgery if unstable.
The document discusses injuries to the spine. It covers the epidemiology, anatomy, classification of injuries as stable or unstable, and mechanisms of injury. It then describes specific cervical and thoracolumbar spine injuries, including fractures, dislocations, and treatment approaches which may involve immobilization, traction, or surgery.
Fracture and dislocation of the shoulder girdleomar ababneh
The document discusses anatomy, mechanism of injury, classification, diagnosis, and management of anterior shoulder dislocations. Key points include:
- Anterior shoulder dislocations are caused by an anteriorly directed force on the arm when abducted and externally rotated, which can tear the anterior labrum and ligaments.
- Associated injuries may include bone fractures like bony Bankart lesions or Hill-Sachs defects. Labral injuries include Bankart lesions in 80-90% of cases.
- Treatment depends on any associated injuries and classification. Most cases are treated non-operatively with sling immobilization followed by physical therapy. Surgery is required for repair of labral tears or bone defects.
Cervical Spine Radiograph - MaxilloFacial TraumaHimanshu Soni
This document discusses cervical spine radiography for evaluating maxillofacial trauma. It outlines the indications for cervical spine x-rays, including neck pain, altered mental status, intoxication, focal neurological deficits or complaints, and distracting injuries. The recommended views are a three-view series including cross-table lateral, anteroposterior, and open-mouth odontoid views. Each view is described in detail, focusing on evaluating alignment, bones, cartilage, and soft tissues for abnormalities that could indicate injuries like fractures or dislocations. The document emphasizes that all three views are needed to thoroughly assess the cervical spine following trauma.
Spinal trauma can result from automobile accidents and sports activities. Approximately 20% of spinal fractures are associated with fractures elsewhere in the body. Spinal cord injuries occur in 10-14% of spinal fractures and dislocations, with higher rates of neurological damage when fractures affect both the vertebral body and neural arch. Flexion is the most common mechanism of spinal injury. Fractures are most common in the lower cervical and upper thoracic regions. Imaging plays a key role in evaluating spinal trauma and classifying fracture patterns.
The document discusses cervical spine injuries, including:
1. The cervical spine consists of 7 vertebrae that support the head and allow movement while protecting the spinal cord.
2. Cervical spine injuries commonly result from motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports, or assaults and can cause fractures, dislocations, or ligament damage in the upper or lower cervical spine.
3. Injuries are classified based on their location and mechanism, and treatment may involve immobilization, traction, surgery to stabilize and fuse vertebrae, or a combination depending on the severity and location of the injury. Precise imaging is important to diagnose injuries and guide appropriate treatment.
The document provides information on condylar fractures, including:
1. Condylar fractures account for 26-40% of all mandible fractures and can result in pain, dysfunction and deformity if not treated properly.
2. The condyle has a unique anatomy and is an important growth center for the mandible. Fractures can occur in the condylar head, neck or subcondylar region.
3. Various classification systems are described that categorize fractures by location, degree of displacement, and direction of forces involved. Accurate classification is important for determining appropriate treatment.
This document provides a detailed overview of cervical spine anatomy and common cervical spine injuries seen on CT imaging. It begins with a description of cervical spine anatomy including the typical vertebrae from C3-C6 and the atypical C1 and C2 vertebrae. It then discusses common cervical spine injuries such as fractures of C1-C2, hangman's fractures of C2, and odontoid fractures. Classification systems for these injuries are provided along with example CT images. The document concludes with a brief discussion of subaxial cervical spine injuries.
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Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
4. C2 Anatomy
Dens
Embriological C1 body
Base poorly vascularized
Osteoporotic
Flat C1-2 joints
Vertebral artery
foramena
Inferomedial to
superolateral
5. Anatomy – The Ligaments
Allow for the wide ROM of upper C-spine while
maintaining stability
Classified according to location with respect to
vertebral canal
Internal:
○ Tectorial membrane
○ Cruciate ligament – including transverse ligament
○ Alar and apical ligaments
External
○ Anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes
○ Anterior and posterior atlanto-axial membranes
○ Articular capsules and ligamentum nuchae
10. APPROACH TO C-SPINE
INJURIES
Following trauma or complaint of neck pain
Obtain lateral
AP, and
odontoid views
The lateral view is only adequate if T1 can be
visualized
If there is any doubt of fracture or prevertebral
swelling , obtain oblique views and consider CT
All patients with sign/symptoms of cord injury require
MRI
13. LATERAL VIEW
1. Anterior vertebral line (anterior
margin of vertebral bodies)
2. Posterior vertebral line
(posterior margin of vertebral
bodies)
3.Articular pillar (where superior
and inferior articular processes of
cervical vertebrae have fused on
either or both sides)
4. Spinolaminar line (posterior
margin of spinal canal)
5. Posterior spinous line (tips of
the spinous processes)
14. C1-C2
Predental space
(distance between posterior
aspect of anterior arch of C1
and anterior aspect of
odontoid process )
should be< 3mm In adult
and less <5mm in children
Or less
ring sign of C2
15. C3-C7
Anterior spinal, posterior spinal and
spinolaminar lines: should be
smooth lines
Disc Spaces should be approximately same
anterior narrowing = flexion injury.
Widening = extension injury
Facet joints should be parallel
Interspinous distance should
decrease from C3 to C7
Transverse process of C7 points downward and
T1 UPWARDS
INTERVERT
EBRAL
DISC
SPACE
S
16.
Prevertebral Soft
Tissue
Nasopharyngeal space (C1) - 10
mm (adult)
Retropharyngeal spaceC 2-C4 (
between posterior pharyngeal wall
and anterior border of vertebrae).
10m
m
5mm
Retro tracheal space C5-7 (space
between posterior tracheal wall and
anterior inferior body C6 )
c3-4 5mm from vertebral body is normal
C4-7 20mm from vertebral body is normal
22mm
17.
18. AP View
The height of the cervical
vertebral bodies should
be approximately equal
The height of each joint
space should be roughly
equal at all levels.
Spinous process should
be in midline and in good
alignment.
19. Odontoid View
An adequate film should include the
entire odontoid and the lateral
borders of C1-C2.
Occipital condyles should line up with
the lateral masses and superior
articular facet of C1.
The distance from the dens to the
lateral masses of C1 should be equal
bilaterally.
The tips of lateral mass of C1 should
line up with the lateral margins of the
superior articular facet of C2.
The odontoid should have
uninterrupted cortical margins
blending with the body of C2.
22. Compression
Result from axial
loading
Commonly from
diving, football,
MVA
Injury pattern
depends on initial
head position
May create burst,
wedge or
compression fx’s
23. Hyperextension
Impaction of posterior
arches and facet
compression causing many
types of fx’s
○ lamina
○ spinous processes
○ pedicles
With distraction get
disruption of ALL
Evaluate carefully for
stability
LOOK FOR CENTRAL
CORD SYNDROME
25. Flexion Teardrop Fracture C5-6
fracture is the result of a combination
of flexion and compression ,most commonly at C5-6
The teardrop fragment comes from the
anteroinferior aspect of the vertebral body. The
larger posterior part of the vertebral body
is displaced backward into the spinal canal.
Best seen on lateral view
It is an completely unstable fracture associated with
complete disruption of ligaments and anterior cord
syndrome and quadriplegia
70% of patients have neurologic deficit.
common in MOTOR VECHICLE ACCIDENT
26. Signs:
Prevertebral swelling
associated with anterior
longitudinal ligament tear.
Teardrop fragment from
anterior vertebral body
avulsion fracture.
Posterior vertebral body
subluxation into the spinal
canal.
Spinal cord compression
from vertebral body
displacement.
Fracture of the spinous
process.
27. Fracture of
the spinous
process of
C4
Fracture of the body
of c5 with a small
fragment
anteriorly
Acute angulation at the level of C5C6
with displacement of C5 in posterior
direction
28.
29.
30.
31.
32. Wedge fracture
Compression
fracture resulting from
flexion.
Flexion compression injury
Best seen on lateral view
Stable
Common in
Elderly patients
with osteoporosis or osteogenesis
imperfecta
35. Hangman’s Fracture C-2
Fx through the pars
interarticularis of C2
secondary to
hyperextension
Best seen on lateral
view
Hyperextention injury
Stable fracture ?
36.
37.
38.
The most common scenario
would be
frontal motor
vehicle(hitting dash
board)
Hanging
falls,
diving injuries
contact sports.
Neurological involvement is
rare
39.
40.
Classification of Hangman' s fractures
Type I (65%)
hair-line fracture
C2-3 disc normal
Type II (28%)
displaced C2
disrupted C2-3 disc
ligamentous rupture with
instability
C3 anterosuperior compression
fracture
Type III (7%)
displaced C2
C2-3 Bilateral interfacet dislocation
Severe instability
41. TYPE 1 HANGMAN FRACTURE
There is a hair-line fracture and there is no displacement.
C23 NORMAL
43.
The CT-images
confirm the
fracture-lines of
the hangman's
fracture.
They run
through the
pars
interarticularis
resulting in a
traumatic
spondylolysis.
In this case
there was no
neurologic
deficit, because
the spinal canal
is widened at
the level of the
fracture.
44.
45. Extention tear drop fracture
AVULSION FRACTURE of anterio inferior content
of the axis resulting from hyperextention
This injury is
stable in flexion
but highly unstable in extension.
common in diving accidents
It also may be associated with the central cord
syndrome .
46.
47.
48. bony
fragment.
This fragment
is a true
avulsion, in
contrast to the
flexion teardrop
fracture in
which the
fragment is
produced by
compression of
the anterior
vertebral
aspect due to
hyperflexion.
49. Jefferson Fracture C-1
Fracture is caused by a compressive
downward force that is transmitted evenly
through the occipital condyles to the superior
articular surfaces of the lateral masses of C1.
This process displaces the masses laterally and
causes fractures of the anterior and posterior
arches, along with possible disruption of the
transverse ligament.
•
•
•
•
Best seen on odontoid view
Unstable fracture
Fracture due to AXIAL LOADING
frequently associated with
•
diving into shallow water(axial
•
•
blow to the vertex of the head )
impact against the roof of a vehicle
fall from playground equipments
50. SIGNS ON XRAY:
Displacement of the
lateral masses of
vertebrae C1 beyond the
margins of the body of
vertebra C2.
<2mm bilateral is always
abnormal
<1-2 mm or unilateral
displacement can be due
to head rotation
51. CT is required to
1. define the extent of fracture
2. detecting fragment in spinal cord
52. BURST FRACTURE C3-7
Same mechanism as jefferson fracture i.e axial compression
but
Located at c3-7
Stable fracture
The intervertebral disc is driven into the vertebral body below.
Posterior fragments dislocation common
Require ct for fracture evaluation and bone fragment in spinal
cord
53.
54.
55. Odontoid Fracture C2
Fracture of the odontoid (dens) of C2
3 categories, I-III
Best seen on open-mouth odontoid view or lateral radiograph
result from blunt trauma to head leading to cervical hyperflexion or
hyperextension
Unstable fracture
Occur in both elderly and young patients
75% cases are children
56. Classification
Type I: Avulsion of the tip of
the dens where it is attached
to C1.
This is a rare fracture.
It is potentially stable.?
Type II: Through the base of
the dens.
Most common fracture.
Always unstable and poor
healing.
Type III: Fracture through the
body of the axis and
sometimes facets.
Can be unstable, but has a
better prognosis than type II
due to better healing of the
fracture which runs through
the metaphyseal body of C-2
62. The image through the lateral part of C2 nicely shows, that the fracture runs
through the body of C2, i.e. a type III odontoid fracture.
The posterior dura is in a normal position, but the anterior dura is displaced
(arrow).
64. Clay Shoveler’s Fracture
Oblique avulsion fracture of a spinous process C6-T1
C7>C6>T1
Best seen on lateral view
Powerful Hyperflexion injury(shoveling)
Stable fracture
Common in
motor vehicle accidents
sudden muscle contraction
direct blows to the spine
65.
66. Ap view show ghost sign with 2 spinous processes ???
67. Case 1
5 yo girl
Hit by car while
riding bike
VSA at scene
Vitals recovered
by EMS
Rose et al, Am J Surg 2003;185(4)
68. Atlanto-Occipital Dislocation
2.5 x more common in
children than adults
Due to small occipital
condyles and horizontal
atlanto-occipital joints
Suspect if distance
between occipital
condyles and C1 is
> 5mm at any point
Usually have ++ soft
tissue swelling
69. OccipitoAtlantal Dissociation (OAD)
Commonly Fatal
Present 6-20% of post mortem studies
– Alker et al, 1978
– Bucholz & Burkhead,1979
– Adams et al, 1992
50% missed injury rate
1/3 Neurological Worsening
– Davis et al, 1993
71. Radiographic Lines
Powers’ Ratio
BC/OA
>1 considered abnormal
Limited Usefulness
Positive only in Anterior
Translational injuries
False Negative with pure
distraction
Powers et al, Neurosurg, 1979
It also may be associated with the central cord syndrome due to buckling of the ligamenta flava into spinal canal during the hyperextension phase of injury
The CT confirms the displaced anteroinferior bony fragment. This fragment is a true avulsion, in contrast to the flexion teardrop fracture in which the fragment is produced by compression of the anterior vertebral aspect due to hyperflexion.
V can c the displacement of lateral masses of c1
Soft tissue swelling can be recognized by an increase in the prevertebral soft tissue of greater than ½ the AP diameter of the C3 vertebral body at C3 or greater than the full AP diameter of the cervical vertebral body at C6
Frequent in children due to the relatively large head-to-spine ratio.
Type 2 poor healing cuz fracture is above the accessory ligament and vascular supply
AVULSION OF TIP OF DENS
racture through the base of the dens.Prevertebral soft tissue swelling.Rupture of C1C2 interspinous ligamentNo visualisation of lower C-spine
Ap view show ghost sign with 2 spinous processes ???