This document discusses evidence based recent research on play and children with cerebral palsy (CP). It provides information on CP, including that it is a motor function disorder caused by permanent brain damage. It describes the types and causes of CP and discusses associated problems. The document outlines assessments and treatments for CP, including physical, occupational and speech therapies. It defines play, discusses the benefits of play for children with CP, and describes different types of toys that can be used to facilitate play.
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy (CP), including its history, causes, risk factors, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and the potential role of kinesio taping in rehabilitation. CP is a non-progressive brain injury that causes movement disorders. It can be caused by problems before, during, or after birth. Treatment is non-curative and focuses on rehabilitation, physical therapy, medications, and surgery to improve function and prevent complications. Kinesio taping is a rehabilitation technique that may help improve motor skills in children with CP, but more research is needed on its effectiveness.
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affects movement and posture and is caused by injury to the developing brain. It causes muscle tightness and involuntary movements that can range from mild to severe. Common signs in infants include problems with sucking, swallowing, and unusual positions of the body. While there is no cure for cerebral palsy, treatments like physical therapy, medication, and surgery can help improve symptoms and quality of life. The most common types of cerebral palsy are spastic, which causes muscle tightness, and athetoid, which causes involuntary movements.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive brain injury that causes motor dysfunction. Rehabilitation aims to improve mobility and function through physiotherapy, occupational therapy, bracing, assistive devices and more. Therapies use neurofacilitation techniques like Vojta and Bobath to normalize muscle tone and facilitate normal movement. The goals are to prevent deformities and maximize a child's independence and quality of life.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive brain injury that causes motor dysfunction. Rehabilitation aims to improve mobility and function through physiotherapy, occupational therapy, bracing, assistive devices and more. Therapies use neurofacilitation techniques like Vojta and Bobath to normalize muscle tone and facilitate normal movement patterns. The goals are to prevent deformities and maximize a child's physical, social, and vocational abilities.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive brain injury that causes motor dysfunction. Rehabilitation aims to improve mobility and function through various therapies while preventing deformities. It involves physiotherapy, occupational therapy, bracing, assistive devices and surgery. The goals are to improve skills like walking and sitting, and maximize a child's independence through a multidisciplinary approach involving the family. Rehabilitation is successful if it enables the child to be happy and integrated into the community while supporting the well-being of parents.
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy, including its definition, causes, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, nursing considerations, complications, and educational options. Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders caused by damage to the developing brain that affects movement and posture. The main types are spastic, dyskinetic, and mixed. Treatment involves rehabilitation, physical/occupational therapy, medications, and assistive devices to improve function and independence. Nursing focuses on meeting physical, educational and psychosocial needs.
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy (CP), including its history, causes, risk factors, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and the potential role of kinesio taping in rehabilitation. CP is a non-progressive brain injury that causes movement disorders. It can be caused by problems before, during, or after birth. Treatment is non-curative and focuses on rehabilitation, physical therapy, medications, and surgery to improve function and prevent complications. Kinesio taping is a rehabilitation technique that may help improve motor skills in children with CP, but more research is needed on its effectiveness.
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affects movement and posture and is caused by injury to the developing brain. It causes muscle tightness and involuntary movements that can range from mild to severe. Common signs in infants include problems with sucking, swallowing, and unusual positions of the body. While there is no cure for cerebral palsy, treatments like physical therapy, medication, and surgery can help improve symptoms and quality of life. The most common types of cerebral palsy are spastic, which causes muscle tightness, and athetoid, which causes involuntary movements.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive brain injury that causes motor dysfunction. Rehabilitation aims to improve mobility and function through physiotherapy, occupational therapy, bracing, assistive devices and more. Therapies use neurofacilitation techniques like Vojta and Bobath to normalize muscle tone and facilitate normal movement. The goals are to prevent deformities and maximize a child's independence and quality of life.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive brain injury that causes motor dysfunction. Rehabilitation aims to improve mobility and function through physiotherapy, occupational therapy, bracing, assistive devices and more. Therapies use neurofacilitation techniques like Vojta and Bobath to normalize muscle tone and facilitate normal movement patterns. The goals are to prevent deformities and maximize a child's physical, social, and vocational abilities.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive brain injury that causes motor dysfunction. Rehabilitation aims to improve mobility and function through various therapies while preventing deformities. It involves physiotherapy, occupational therapy, bracing, assistive devices and surgery. The goals are to improve skills like walking and sitting, and maximize a child's independence through a multidisciplinary approach involving the family. Rehabilitation is successful if it enables the child to be happy and integrated into the community while supporting the well-being of parents.
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy, including its definition, causes, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, nursing considerations, complications, and educational options. Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders caused by damage to the developing brain that affects movement and posture. The main types are spastic, dyskinetic, and mixed. Treatment involves rehabilitation, physical/occupational therapy, medications, and assistive devices to improve function and independence. Nursing focuses on meeting physical, educational and psychosocial needs.
This document provides information about cerebral palsy (CP), including:
1. CP is a motor function disorder caused by permanent, non-progressive brain lesions present at birth or shortly after. It causes a lack of muscle control and balance issues.
2. CP has various causes like developmental malformations, neurological damage before/during/after birth from issues like lack of oxygen.
3. There are four main types of CP defined by affected movements: spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed. Spastic CP is the most common.
4. Treatment aims to improve motor skills and independence through therapies, surgeries, medications, assistive devices, and family support
This document discusses the management of cerebral palsy from a multidisciplinary approach. Cerebral palsy is a group of non-inherited disorders caused by damage to the motor region of the brain, impairing voluntary muscle control. Treatment requires a coordinated effort from specialists like pediatricians, surgeons, therapists and psychologists. While cerebral palsy cannot be cured, early and comprehensive treatment can improve capabilities and quality of life. The long-term prognosis depends on the severity of symptoms, but supportive care helps many improve motor skills and functioning over time.
Abby Jones is a 5-year-old girl diagnosed with severe quadriplegic spastic cerebral palsy with athetosis. She was born prematurely at 28 weeks and spent 5 months in the NICU. Her treatment plan focuses on range of motion, strength, balance, and standing exercises both in the pool and on land. In the pool, activities help challenge her respiratory system and facilitate movement. On land, exercises include stretching, joint mobilization, and adaptive cycling. Her progress is slow given her involvement, but maintaining flexibility and preventing worsening of impairments is considered progress for her condition.
This document provides information about counseling for children with cerebral palsy. It begins with defining cerebral palsy as a group of nonprogressive conditions that cause physical disability due to damage to the motor control centers of the developing brain. It then discusses the various causes of cerebral palsy, types including spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, and mixed, signs and symptoms, speech and language challenges, treatments such as medications, therapies and surgeries, and the importance of counseling for families dealing with the diagnosis. Counseling can help families cope with the challenges and adjust to caring for a child with cerebral palsy by providing information, support, and allowing them to express emotions about the diagnosis.
An overview of cerebral palsy = الشلل الدماغيRahma ShahBahai
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders caused by damage to the developing brain. The damage can occur before, during, or after birth from injury or illness. CP affects muscle tone, movement, and motor skills. There are several types of CP defined by the parts of the body affected and the brain areas damaged. Common signs include poor muscle control, feeding difficulties, and developmental delays. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes through exams and tests. Treatment is multidisciplinary and focuses on rehabilitation, physical therapy, medications, and surgery to improve function and independence over time. The earlier treatment begins, the more improvement can be made.
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture due to non-progressive damage to the developing brain. It is the most common motor disability in childhood. The document discusses the various types of cerebral palsy including spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic and mixed. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms through physical, occupational and speech therapy as well as bracing, medication and surgery. The goal is to improve functional ability and quality of life.
This document discusses physical handicap in children, specifically cerebral palsy. It defines cerebral palsy as a permanent condition resulting from brain lesions before, during, or after birth. Common symptoms include motor dysfunction and spasticity. Risk factors include prematurity and infections. Treatment involves physiotherapy, occupational therapy, bracing, and assistive devices to improve mobility and prevent deformities, with the overall goals of maximizing function and community integration. Rehabilitation requires a team approach and family education to help the child develop skills and parents adjust to the disability.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture due to abnormal brain development or brain damage. CP is the most common motor disability in childhood. The symptoms of CP can range from mild, such as walking awkwardly, to more severe, where special equipment is needed or the person cannot walk at all. While the symptoms may change over a person's lifetime, CP does not get worse. CP can be caused before, during, or after birth from issues like infection, lack of oxygen, or head injury. The type and severity of CP depends on which areas of the brain are affected.
Delayed gross motor development can be caused by several factors including neurological, endocrinal, skeletal, nutritional, environmental, and genetic factors. Signs of delayed gross motor development include inability to meet motor milestones such as sitting, standing, walking at the expected age. Physical examination may reveal signs of cerebral palsy, down syndrome, rickets, or protein malnutrition. Diagnostic evaluation includes physical exam, neurological assessment, genetic testing, metabolic screening, and imaging where indicated to identify the underlying cause.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability in childhood. It is caused by non-progressive brain damage early in development and results in impaired movement and posture. Common symptoms include stiff/floppy muscles, poor head/trunk control, and developmental delays in rolling, sitting, crawling, etc. Diagnosis involves assessing risk factors, medical history, neurological exam, and developmental tests. While there is no cure, treatment aims to improve function through physical, occupational, speech and other therapies, orthotics, surgery, and special education. Managing complications and providing support are also important aspects of care.
This document provides information about cerebral palsy, including:
(1) It is a motor function disorder caused by permanent brain damage present at birth or shortly after.
(2) The most common types are spastic cerebral palsy (stiff muscles) and athetoid cerebral palsy (uncontrolled movements).
(3) Treatment aims to improve symptoms through physical therapy, bracing, medication, botulinum toxin injections, and sometimes surgery. The goal is improving quality of life and function rather than curing the underlying brain damage.
1. Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders caused by non-progressive damage to the developing brain. It was first described by William Little in the 1860s. (2) CP can be caused by complications during pregnancy, childbirth, or early childhood. (3) It is characterized by impaired muscle coordination and abnormal muscle tone.
2. There is no cure for CP, but treatment aims to improve symptoms through physical, occupational, and speech therapy, braces or other assistive devices, medications, and sometimes surgery. Nursing care involves promoting optimal development, managing symptoms, educating families, and preventing complications.
This document defines cerebral palsy and discusses its symptoms, causes, types, diagnosis, and treatments. Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the developing brain that affects movement, posture and muscle tone. Symptoms vary but can include poor muscle control or coordination. Treatments focus on improving mobility and function through therapies like physical, occupational and speech therapy as well as medications and surgery. The goal is to help those with cerebral palsy maximize their potential and independence.
Cerebra palsy Management - Dr. Ramya -Pediatricspediatricsmgmcri
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy (CP), including its definition as a non-progressive disorder caused by brain lesions or abnormalities that causes impaired movement and posture. It discusses the history of CP and risk factors like prematurity. The most common type is spastic CP, which can affect limbs differently. Associated problems include intellectual impairment, seizures, feeding and respiratory issues. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and medical history. Treatment involves physical, occupational and speech therapy, orthotics, surgery and medications to manage symptoms, along with special education and supportive services.
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy, including its definition as a non-progressive disorder of movement and posture caused by brain lesions or abnormalities. It discusses the history and incidence of CP, noting it is the most common physical disability in childhood. Etiology includes a variety of prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors. Clinical manifestations involve delays in motor development and abnormal motor performance. Associated disabilities commonly include intellectual impairment, speech and feeding difficulties, seizures, orthopedic complications, and dental problems.
Monitor vital signs every 15
minutes during seizure activity
and every 30 minutes post ictal
phase.
Provides safety
measures to prevent
injury during seizure
activity.
Administer antiepileptic
medication as prescribed.
Educates patient and
family about seizure
management.
Provide emotional support to
patient and family.
Dependent:
Refer to neurologist for further
evaluation and management.
Patient and family
verbalized understanding
of seizure triggers and
management.
Document seizure activity,
duration, post ict
Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive disorder affecting movement and posture, often with associated epilepsy, vision, speech, and intellectual impairments, resulting from brain lesions or defects during development. It is the most common motor disability in childhood, affecting 2-2.5 per 1,000 children in the US. Causes include prematurity, genetic factors, infections, and brain injuries during prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal periods. Common types are spastic diplegia, hemiplegia, and quadriplegia. Diagnosis involves assessing abnormal movements, tone, reflexes and ruling out other causes through history and examination.
This document defines cerebral palsy as a group of disorders affecting movement and posture due to non-progressive disturbances in the developing fetal or infant brain. It can cause varying degrees of impairment ranging from minor to severe. The causes are often prenatal factors like infection or placental problems. Cerebral palsy is classified based on physiology (spastic or non-spastic types) and site of involvement (hemiplegia, diplegia, quadriplegia). Management is multidisciplinary and aims to improve function and quality of life through therapies, orthopedic interventions, medications and surgery. Prevention focuses on reducing maternal and neonatal insults that can cause brain damage.
This document provides information about cerebral palsy (CP), including:
1. CP is a motor function disorder caused by permanent, non-progressive brain lesions present at birth or shortly after. It causes a lack of muscle control and balance issues.
2. CP has various causes like developmental malformations, neurological damage before/during/after birth from issues like lack of oxygen.
3. There are four main types of CP defined by affected movements: spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed. Spastic CP is the most common.
4. Treatment aims to improve motor skills and independence through therapies, surgeries, medications, assistive devices, and family support
This document discusses the management of cerebral palsy from a multidisciplinary approach. Cerebral palsy is a group of non-inherited disorders caused by damage to the motor region of the brain, impairing voluntary muscle control. Treatment requires a coordinated effort from specialists like pediatricians, surgeons, therapists and psychologists. While cerebral palsy cannot be cured, early and comprehensive treatment can improve capabilities and quality of life. The long-term prognosis depends on the severity of symptoms, but supportive care helps many improve motor skills and functioning over time.
Abby Jones is a 5-year-old girl diagnosed with severe quadriplegic spastic cerebral palsy with athetosis. She was born prematurely at 28 weeks and spent 5 months in the NICU. Her treatment plan focuses on range of motion, strength, balance, and standing exercises both in the pool and on land. In the pool, activities help challenge her respiratory system and facilitate movement. On land, exercises include stretching, joint mobilization, and adaptive cycling. Her progress is slow given her involvement, but maintaining flexibility and preventing worsening of impairments is considered progress for her condition.
This document provides information about counseling for children with cerebral palsy. It begins with defining cerebral palsy as a group of nonprogressive conditions that cause physical disability due to damage to the motor control centers of the developing brain. It then discusses the various causes of cerebral palsy, types including spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, and mixed, signs and symptoms, speech and language challenges, treatments such as medications, therapies and surgeries, and the importance of counseling for families dealing with the diagnosis. Counseling can help families cope with the challenges and adjust to caring for a child with cerebral palsy by providing information, support, and allowing them to express emotions about the diagnosis.
An overview of cerebral palsy = الشلل الدماغيRahma ShahBahai
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders caused by damage to the developing brain. The damage can occur before, during, or after birth from injury or illness. CP affects muscle tone, movement, and motor skills. There are several types of CP defined by the parts of the body affected and the brain areas damaged. Common signs include poor muscle control, feeding difficulties, and developmental delays. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes through exams and tests. Treatment is multidisciplinary and focuses on rehabilitation, physical therapy, medications, and surgery to improve function and independence over time. The earlier treatment begins, the more improvement can be made.
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture due to non-progressive damage to the developing brain. It is the most common motor disability in childhood. The document discusses the various types of cerebral palsy including spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic and mixed. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms through physical, occupational and speech therapy as well as bracing, medication and surgery. The goal is to improve functional ability and quality of life.
This document discusses physical handicap in children, specifically cerebral palsy. It defines cerebral palsy as a permanent condition resulting from brain lesions before, during, or after birth. Common symptoms include motor dysfunction and spasticity. Risk factors include prematurity and infections. Treatment involves physiotherapy, occupational therapy, bracing, and assistive devices to improve mobility and prevent deformities, with the overall goals of maximizing function and community integration. Rehabilitation requires a team approach and family education to help the child develop skills and parents adjust to the disability.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture due to abnormal brain development or brain damage. CP is the most common motor disability in childhood. The symptoms of CP can range from mild, such as walking awkwardly, to more severe, where special equipment is needed or the person cannot walk at all. While the symptoms may change over a person's lifetime, CP does not get worse. CP can be caused before, during, or after birth from issues like infection, lack of oxygen, or head injury. The type and severity of CP depends on which areas of the brain are affected.
Delayed gross motor development can be caused by several factors including neurological, endocrinal, skeletal, nutritional, environmental, and genetic factors. Signs of delayed gross motor development include inability to meet motor milestones such as sitting, standing, walking at the expected age. Physical examination may reveal signs of cerebral palsy, down syndrome, rickets, or protein malnutrition. Diagnostic evaluation includes physical exam, neurological assessment, genetic testing, metabolic screening, and imaging where indicated to identify the underlying cause.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability in childhood. It is caused by non-progressive brain damage early in development and results in impaired movement and posture. Common symptoms include stiff/floppy muscles, poor head/trunk control, and developmental delays in rolling, sitting, crawling, etc. Diagnosis involves assessing risk factors, medical history, neurological exam, and developmental tests. While there is no cure, treatment aims to improve function through physical, occupational, speech and other therapies, orthotics, surgery, and special education. Managing complications and providing support are also important aspects of care.
This document provides information about cerebral palsy, including:
(1) It is a motor function disorder caused by permanent brain damage present at birth or shortly after.
(2) The most common types are spastic cerebral palsy (stiff muscles) and athetoid cerebral palsy (uncontrolled movements).
(3) Treatment aims to improve symptoms through physical therapy, bracing, medication, botulinum toxin injections, and sometimes surgery. The goal is improving quality of life and function rather than curing the underlying brain damage.
1. Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders caused by non-progressive damage to the developing brain. It was first described by William Little in the 1860s. (2) CP can be caused by complications during pregnancy, childbirth, or early childhood. (3) It is characterized by impaired muscle coordination and abnormal muscle tone.
2. There is no cure for CP, but treatment aims to improve symptoms through physical, occupational, and speech therapy, braces or other assistive devices, medications, and sometimes surgery. Nursing care involves promoting optimal development, managing symptoms, educating families, and preventing complications.
This document defines cerebral palsy and discusses its symptoms, causes, types, diagnosis, and treatments. Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the developing brain that affects movement, posture and muscle tone. Symptoms vary but can include poor muscle control or coordination. Treatments focus on improving mobility and function through therapies like physical, occupational and speech therapy as well as medications and surgery. The goal is to help those with cerebral palsy maximize their potential and independence.
Cerebra palsy Management - Dr. Ramya -Pediatricspediatricsmgmcri
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy (CP), including its definition as a non-progressive disorder caused by brain lesions or abnormalities that causes impaired movement and posture. It discusses the history of CP and risk factors like prematurity. The most common type is spastic CP, which can affect limbs differently. Associated problems include intellectual impairment, seizures, feeding and respiratory issues. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and medical history. Treatment involves physical, occupational and speech therapy, orthotics, surgery and medications to manage symptoms, along with special education and supportive services.
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy, including its definition as a non-progressive disorder of movement and posture caused by brain lesions or abnormalities. It discusses the history and incidence of CP, noting it is the most common physical disability in childhood. Etiology includes a variety of prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors. Clinical manifestations involve delays in motor development and abnormal motor performance. Associated disabilities commonly include intellectual impairment, speech and feeding difficulties, seizures, orthopedic complications, and dental problems.
Monitor vital signs every 15
minutes during seizure activity
and every 30 minutes post ictal
phase.
Provides safety
measures to prevent
injury during seizure
activity.
Administer antiepileptic
medication as prescribed.
Educates patient and
family about seizure
management.
Provide emotional support to
patient and family.
Dependent:
Refer to neurologist for further
evaluation and management.
Patient and family
verbalized understanding
of seizure triggers and
management.
Document seizure activity,
duration, post ict
Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive disorder affecting movement and posture, often with associated epilepsy, vision, speech, and intellectual impairments, resulting from brain lesions or defects during development. It is the most common motor disability in childhood, affecting 2-2.5 per 1,000 children in the US. Causes include prematurity, genetic factors, infections, and brain injuries during prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal periods. Common types are spastic diplegia, hemiplegia, and quadriplegia. Diagnosis involves assessing abnormal movements, tone, reflexes and ruling out other causes through history and examination.
This document defines cerebral palsy as a group of disorders affecting movement and posture due to non-progressive disturbances in the developing fetal or infant brain. It can cause varying degrees of impairment ranging from minor to severe. The causes are often prenatal factors like infection or placental problems. Cerebral palsy is classified based on physiology (spastic or non-spastic types) and site of involvement (hemiplegia, diplegia, quadriplegia). Management is multidisciplinary and aims to improve function and quality of life through therapies, orthopedic interventions, medications and surgery. Prevention focuses on reducing maternal and neonatal insults that can cause brain damage.
Sidhu Writing Services offers research and academic writing assistance including research article writing and editing, review article writing and editing, thesis and dissertation writing, PhD research assistance, research proposal writing, and plagiarism free writing. Services are provided for a variety of academic needs with a contact number of 9877168233 for more information.
Sidhu Coaching Centre provides coaching for +1 and +2 medical courses as well as BSc and MSc paramedical courses covering subjects like biochemistry, microbiology, pathology, physiology and anatomy. The coaching centre is located on Green Avenue in Tarn Taran and can be contacted at 9877168233. It is run by Dr. Jagroop Sidhu who has a PhD in Medical Biochemistry.
The document discusses various quality control procedures that are important for ensuring accurate and reliable laboratory test results. It covers topics like calibration checks, control charts, quality control rules, corrective actions, and external quality assessment. The key aspects emphasized are the need for documented quality control protocols, monitoring control results for errors, and taking actions to correct any issues identified.
This document discusses quality management concepts in healthcare laboratories. It defines key terms like quality, quality assurance, quality control, total quality management. It explains approaches like continuous quality improvement, quality assessment and sigma metrics that are used to monitor performance and ensure reliable test results. The goal of quality management is to deliver accurate and timely reports to healthcare providers and continuously improve laboratory processes.
Urea is produced from the breakdown of proteins in the liver and is the main waste product removed from the body in urine. The urea cycle occurs in the liver, where ammonia released during amino acid breakdown is converted to urea and excreted. Blood urea levels can be estimated using enzymatic or non-enzymatic methods, with enzymatic methods using the urease enzyme to convert urea to ammonia. The most common enzymatic methods are the Nessler's method and Berthelot reaction, while the non-enzymatic diacetyl monoxime method directly reacts urea with reagents. Normal blood urea levels are 20-40 mg/dL and are influenced by protein intake and
This document discusses glucose levels in the blood and methods for measuring glucose. It begins with an introduction that describes glucose, its storage in the body, and normal glucose levels. It then discusses glucose tests and diabetes. The aims and objectives are listed as estimating capillary and venous blood glucose levels using a glucometer and comparing them to venous glucose levels measured in a laboratory. The methods section describes the study design, inclusion/exclusion criteria, sample collection and processing, and the tools that will be used to measure glucose levels.
This document discusses the functions of the liver and various liver function tests. It begins by outlining the key roles of the liver in metabolism, secretion, excretion, blood coagulation, and detoxification. It then categorizes and describes various types of liver function tests, including those based on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, plasma proteins, excretory function, bile pigment abnormalities, and drug metabolism. Specific tests discussed in detail include glucose tolerance, galactose tolerance, serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, bromosulphthalein retention, and antipyrine breath tests.
Creatine and creatinine are related compounds, with creatinine being a breakdown product of creatine in muscles. Creatine is synthesized in the kidneys and liver from amino acids and is stored primarily in muscles. Creatinine is produced from creatine and excreted by the kidneys. Serum creatinine levels are used to assess kidney function, with increased levels indicating impaired function. The Jaffe method is commonly used to measure creatinine levels in serum or urine and involves a reaction with picric acid to form a colored complex that is measured. Creatinine clearance is also used to estimate glomerular filtration rate as a measure of kidney function.
This document discusses establishing surveillance programs in healthcare facilities to monitor infection risks. It recommends developing a written surveillance plan with clear goals and objectives. The plan should focus surveillance on high-risk patient groups, procedures, or pathogens. Data collection methods like active surveillance are most sensitive but also most resource-intensive. Targeted surveillance of specific infections or units allows resources to focus on the highest risks. Regular analysis and reporting of infection rates helps evaluate the surveillance program and direct prevention efforts.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document outlines the Five Moments for Hand Hygiene in healthcare settings. It defines each of the Five Moments and provides examples of when they should be performed:
Moment 1 is before touching a patient. Moment 2 is before performing a procedure on a patient. Moment 3 is after body fluid exposure risks. Moment 4 is after touching a patient. Moment 5 is after touching the patient's surroundings. Performing hand hygiene at these five moments protects patients and healthcare workers from transmitting harmful germs.
Research in assistive devices technology in self care.pptxDr. Jagroop Singh
Dr. Jagroop Singh from the Government Medical College in Amritsar, Punjab researches assistive devices and technologies to help with activities of daily living. Assistive technology can aid with both basic activities like bathing, toileting, and mobility, as well as instrumental activities like communication, transportation, and financial tasks. The goal is to compensate for disabilities and improve functional abilities. Examples given include electric toothbrushes, wheelchairs, and augmentative communication devices. Assistive technology supports self-maintenance through personal care, mobility, and communication, as well as self-advancement through education, work, and volunteering. It also enables self-enhancement through recreation, play, and leisure activities.
The document discusses educational technology and its applications. It defines educational technology as using computer hardware, software, and educational theory to facilitate learning. Educational technology helps provide personalized learning, prepares students for modern careers, and gives teachers tools to assess student learning. The document also discusses barriers to educational technology implementation in classrooms and how universal design for learning principles can help address the needs of diverse learners through representation, engagement, and flexible ways of interaction. Technologies discussed include assistive tools for students with disabilities and communication disorders as well as instructional software and distance learning applications.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
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Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
1. Composite regional center for skill Development, Rehabilitation & empowerment of
persons with disabilities (CRC) Gorakhpur
Evidence based recent research on play and children with CP
Dr. Jagroop Singh
Research Associate
Govt. Medical College Amritsar
2. Evidence Based Recent Research on Play and children with CP
CEREBRAL PALSY (CP)
In 1860, known as Cerebral Paralysis or Little s Disease
After an English surgeon wrote the 1st medical descriptions
William john little
3. CEREBRAL PALSY (CP)
Cerebral; latin Cerebrum
Affected part of brain
Palsy; Gr. Para – beyond,
lysis – loosening
Lack of muscle control
4. CEREBRAL PALSY (CP)
A motor function disorder
- Caused by permanent, non – progressive brain lesion
- Present at birth or shortly thereafter
Non – curable , life long condition
Damage doesn’t worsen
May be congenital or acquired
5. CEREBRAL PALSY (CP)
A Heterogenous group of movement disorder.
-An umbrella term
-Not a single diagnosis
7. IN CP
Muscles are unaffected
Brain is unable to send the appropriate signals necessary to instruct muscles when to contract
and relax.
8. CAUSES
An insult or injury to the brain
- fixed, static lesions
- In single or multiple areas of the motor centers of the brain
- early in CNS deviation
Development malformations
-The brain fails to develop correctly
Neurological damage
9. Neurological damage
- Can occur before, during or after delivery
- Rh incompatibility, illness, severe lack of oxygen
-Unknown in many instances
Severe deprivation of oxygen or blood flow to the brain
- Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy or intraportal asphyxia
10. RISK FACTORS
Prenatal factor
- Before birth
- Maternal characteristics
Perinatal factors
-At the time of birth to 1 month
Postnatal factors
- In the first 5 mos of life
11. Prenatal factors
Hemorrhage/bleeding
- Abruptic placenta
Infections
- Rubella, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis
Environment factors
Maternal characteristics
- Age
- Difficulty in conceiving or holding a baby to term
12. Multiple births
History of fetal deaths/miscarriages
Cigrarette smoking more than 30 sticks per day
Alcoholism and drug addiction
Social status; mother with MR
Mother s medical condition
13. Perinatal factors
High or low BP
Umbilical cord coil
Breech delivary
Over sedation of drugs
Trauma ie. Forcepts or vaccum delivary
Complication of birth
16. TYPES OF CP
According to;
Neurologic deficits
Type of movements involved
Area of affected limbs
Acc. To neurologic deficits;
Based on the
- Extent of the damage
- Area of brain damage
17. Each type involves the way a person moves
3 main types;
PYRAMIDAL
- Originates from the motor areas of the cerebral cortex
EXTRAPYRAMIDAL
- Basal ganglia and cerebellum
MIXED
18. 4 Main types
PYRAMIDAL 1. Spastic CP
EXTRAPYRAMIDAL 2. Athethoid CP
3. Ataxic CP
MIXED 4.Spastic & Athethoid CP
Spastic CP;
Increased muscle tone, tense and contracted muscles
Have stiff and jerky or awkward movements
19. -Limbs are usually underdeveloped
-Increased deep tendon reflexes
-Most common form 70 – 80% of all affected
20. Types of Spastic CP
According to affected limbs
@ Plegia or paresis – meaning paralyzed or weak;
-Paraplegia
-Diplegia
-Hemiplegia
-Quadriplegia
-Monoplegia – one limb (extremely rare)
-Triplegia – three limbs (extremely rare)
22. Diplegia
May also have contractures of hips and knees and talipes equinovarus (clubfoot)
Hemiplegia
Limbs on only one side
Hemiplegia on right side
Hip and knee contractures
Talipes equnius (tip toeing – sole permanently flexed)
Asteriognosis may be present (inability to identify objects by touch)
25. DYSKINESIA
Dyskinetic movement of mouth
Grimacing, drooling
Adductor spasm
Movement may become choreoid (rapid, irregular, jerky) and dystonic (disordered muscle tone,
sustained muscle contractions)
Especially when stressed and during the adolescent years.
26. ATAXIC CP
Poor balance and lack of coordination
Wide based gait
Depth perception usually affected
Tendency to fall and stumble
Inability to walk straight line
Least common 5 – 10% of cases
27. MIXED CP
A common combination is spastic
Spastic muscle tone and involuntary movements
25% of CP cases, fairly common
28. DEGREE OF SEVERITY
Mild CP 20% of cases
- Not require self help for assisting their impaired ambulation capacity
Moderate CP 50%
- Reqiure self help for assisting their impaired ambulation capacity
Severe CP 30%
- Totally incapacited and bedridden and they always need care from others
32. Late infancy
Inability to perform motor skills as indicated;
- Control hand grasp by 3 months
- Rolling over by 5 months
- Independent sitting by 7 months
Abnormal developmental patterns;
- Hand preference by 12 months
- Excessive arching of back
-Log rolling
-Abnormal or prolonged parachute response
33. Abnormal developmental patterns after 1 year of age;
- ‘w sitting – knees flexed, legs extremely rotated
- Bottom shuffling – scoots along the floor
- Walking on tip toe or happing
Behavioral symptoms;
- Poor ability to concentrate
- Unusual tenseness
- Irritability
34. CEREBRAL PALSY
Main problems;
Mentation and thought processes are not always affected
Trapped in their bodies with their disabilities
Ability to express their intelligence may be limited by difficulties in communicating
35. ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS
Hearing and visual problems
Sensory integration problems
Failure to thrive, feeding problem
Behavioral/ emotional difficulties
Communication disorders
Bladder and bowel control problem, digestive problem
Skeletal deformities, dental problem
Mental retardation and learning disabilibities in some
36. DIAGNOSIS
A useful diagnosis is when the specific type, affected limb, severity and cause, if known are
identified.
Physical evalution, interview
MRI, CT scan EEG
Laboratory and radiologic work up
Assessment tools
i.e. Peabody development motor skills, Denver test II
37. DENVER TEST II
Developmental screening test
Cover 4 general functions;
- Personal social i.e. smiling
- Fine motor adaptive i.e. grasping & drawing
- Language i.e. combining words
- Gross motor i.e. walking
- Ages covered; from birth to 6 years
38. ASSESSMENT
Subjective – interview
a. history taking
Include all that may predispose an infant to brain damage or CP
Risk factors
Psychosocial factors
Family adaptation
39. b, child s health history
Often admitted to hospitals for corrective surgeries and other complications.
Respiratory status
Motor function
Presence of fever
Feeding and weight loss
Any changes in physical state
40. 2. OBJECTIVE – Physical examination
CRITERIA
P osturing/poor muscle control and strength
O ropharyngeal problems
S trabismus/squint
T one
E volutional maldevelopment
R eflexes
41. Posturing/poor muscle control and
strength
Test hand strength by lifting the child off the ground while the child holds the nurses hands
Observe for presence of limb deformity, as decreased use of extremity leads to shortening
Upon extension of extremities on vertical suspension of the infant,
If infant backbend backwards like and arch may indicate CP is severe
43. EVOLUTIONAL MAL DEVELOPMENT
Delay in motor skills
Such as rolling over, sitting, crawling, and walking
Size for age
Persistence of primitive reflexes or parachute reflex fail to develop
44. Treatment
No treatment to cure cerebral palsy
Brain damage cannot be corrected
Crucial for children with CP;
Early identification
Multidisciplinary care ; and
Support
46. A. General management
Proper nutrition and personal care
B.Pharmacologic
Intrathecal, baclofen
Control muscle spasms and seizures
Delivered directly to the spinal fluid
Using a pump to avoid brain effects
GLYCOPYRROLATE – Control drooling
47. Pamidronate – may help with osteoporosis
C. surgery
To loosen joints
Relieve muscle tightness
Straightening of different of leg muscles
Improve the ability to sit, stand and walk
48. Selective posterior rhizotomy
Is used to improve spasticity ( muscle stiffness) in cerebral palsy. In some cases nerves need to be
severed to decrease muscle tension of inappropriate contractions.
49. Procedure
A major operation, takes approximately four hours to complete
The sensory nerve fibers in the spinal cord, usually between the bottom of the rib cage and the
top of the hips are divided
The nerve fibers are then stimulated and the responses of the leg muscles are observed
Those that have an abnormal or excessive response are severed
Those with a normal response are left intact
Intensive rehabilitation is required after the surgery, usually up to six weeks, followed by
physical therapy on an ongoing basis
50. D. Physical aids
Orthosis, braces and splints
- Keep limbs in correct alignment
- Prevent deformities
Positioning devices
Enable better posture
Walkers, special scooters, wheelchairs
- Make it easier to move about
51. E. Special education
To meet the child s special needs
Improve learning
Vocational training can help prepare young adults for jobs
52. F. Rehabilitation Services
Speech and occupational therapies may improve the ability to speak, and perform activities of
daily living and to do some suitable works to have their own income.
53. G. Family Services
Professional support helps a patient and family cope with cerebral palsy
Counselors help parents learn how to modify behaviors
Caring for a child with cerebral palsy can be very stressful
Some families find support groups helpful
55. II. Physical therapy
The ultimate long term goal is realistic independence
To get there we have to have some short term goals
Those being a working communication skills and above all friends
56. A. sitting
- Vertical head control and control of head and trunk
B. standing and walking
- Establish an equal distribution of weight on each foot, train to use steps or inclines
C. prone development
D. supine development
- Head control on supine and positions
57. PLAY
Range of voluntary intrinsically motivated activities normally associated with pleasure and
enjoyment
Also known as work of the children/daily work of a child
Act as a tool assessing stress
59. CONTENT OF PLAY
This involves physical, mental, emotional and spiritual aspects of the play along with the social
relationships
It follows a directional trend of simple to complex
60. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PLAY
Play is child chosen
Play is child invented
Play is pretend but done as if the activites were real
Play focuses on the doing (process, not product
Play requires active involvement
Play is pleasurable
Play is marked by flexibility
61. VALUES OF PLAY
Physical value
Intellectual value
Moral value
Creative value
Therapeutic value
Socialization
62. TYPES OF PLAY
Social affective play
Play with objects
Play with language
Skill play
Play with motion and interaction
Play with nature
Play with social material explore, relation between objects, actions, and people
Play with child s interest and skills
63. Play with rules
Play with animals
Play with technology
Cooperative play
Medical play
64. TOY
Definition;
The word toy comes from an old English term that means tool
Toys are tools for a child
Toys are valuable teaching tools
65. TYPES OF TOYS
Soft and cuddling toys
Manipulation/small motor skill toys
Large motor skill toys
Dramtic play
66. The most important things that parents
can provide are;
Time
Space
Materials
Caring adults