Cerebral palsy (CP) is a well-recognized neurodevelopmental
condition beginning in early childhood and persisting throughout
the lifespan. Cerebral palsy describes a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture causing
activity limitation that is attributed to non-progressive the disturbance that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain. The motor disorders of cerebral palsy are often accompanied
by disturbances of sensation, perception, cognition, communication, and behavior, by epilepsy, and by secondary musculoskeletal problems. Sometimes we can identify by symptoms of children such as delayed milestones, spasticity, unable to neck control, muscle weakness. there are 4 types of CP that are dependent upon parts of brain damage.
As part of a class presentation, we attempted to make this to briefly explain what Torticollis meas, the Types of presentation of Torticollis, and Management strategies for a Physiotherapist for Congenital Torticollis especially.
I hope this helps. :)
The pictures and information had been taken from internet, complied to make a brief presentation for the purpose of class presentation.
I do not own any content.
As part of a class presentation, we attempted to make this to briefly explain what Torticollis meas, the Types of presentation of Torticollis, and Management strategies for a Physiotherapist for Congenital Torticollis especially.
I hope this helps. :)
The pictures and information had been taken from internet, complied to make a brief presentation for the purpose of class presentation.
I do not own any content.
Spina Bifida: Physiotherapy in the management of meningomyeloceleAyobami Ayodele
Spina bifida is a treatable spinal cord malformation that occurs in varying degrees of severity. Meningomyelocele is associated with abnormal development of the cranial neural tube, which results in several characteristic CNS anomalies. About 90% of babies born with Spina Bifida now live to be adults, about 80% have normal intelligence and about 75% play sports and do other fun activities. Most do well in school, and many play in sports.
Motor learning is the understanding of acquisition and/or modification of movement.
As applied to patients, motor learning involves the reacquisition of previously learned movement skills that are lost due to pathology or sensory, motor, or cognitive impairments. This process is often referred to as recovery of function.
Outline of presentation
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
INTRODUCTION
Cerebral palsy (CP) refers to a heterogeneous group of conditions involving permanent nonprogressive central motor dysfunction that affect muscle tone, posture, and movement.
These conditions are due to abnormalities of the developing fetal or infantile brain resulting from a variety of causes.
The motor impairment generally results in limitations in functional abilities and activity which can range in severity.
The motor disorders are often accompanied by disturbances of sensation , perception, cognition, communication, and behavior as well as by epilepsy and secondary musculoskeletal problems.
CP has historically been considered a static encephalopathy, but some of the neurologicfeatures of CP, such as movement disorders and orthopedic complications can change or progress over time.
Many children and adults with CP function at a high educational and vocational level,without any sign of cognitive dysfunction
Etiology
CP is caused by a broad group of
Developmental,
Genetic,
Metabolic,
Ischemic,
Infectious, and
Other acquired etiologies
Epidemiology
CP is the most common and costly form of chronic motor disability that begins in childhood
Incidence is 3.6 per 1,000 children with a male: female ratio of 1.4 : 1.
Most children with CP had been born at term with uncomplicated labors anddeliveries
Risk factors
Prematurity and VLBW
Heavy maternal alcohol consumption,
Maternal smoking,
Maternal obesity, and
Infections during pregnancy
In 80% of cases, features were identified pointing to antenatal factors causing abnormal brain development
Fewer than 10% of children with CP had evidence of intrapartum asphyxia
Intrauterine exposure to maternal infection (chorioamnionitis, urinary tract infection) was associated with a significant increase in the risk of CP in normal birthweight infants.
Multiple pregnancy was also associated with a higher incidence of CP
Death of a twin in utero carries an even greater risk of CP
Infertility treatments are also associated with a higher rate of CP
CP is more common and more severe in boys than girls, and this effect is enhanced at the extremes of body weight
Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines have been reported in heelstick blood collected at birth from children who later were identified with CP.
The prevalence of CP has increased somewhat as a result of the enhanced survival of very premature infants weighing < 1,000 g, who go on to develop CP at a rate of ~ 15 per 100.
However, the GA at birth adjusted prevalence of CP among 2 yr old former premature infants born at 20-27 wk of gestation has decreased over the past decade
The major lesions that contribute to CP in preterm infants are intracerebral hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL).
Spina Bifida: Physiotherapy in the management of meningomyeloceleAyobami Ayodele
Spina bifida is a treatable spinal cord malformation that occurs in varying degrees of severity. Meningomyelocele is associated with abnormal development of the cranial neural tube, which results in several characteristic CNS anomalies. About 90% of babies born with Spina Bifida now live to be adults, about 80% have normal intelligence and about 75% play sports and do other fun activities. Most do well in school, and many play in sports.
Motor learning is the understanding of acquisition and/or modification of movement.
As applied to patients, motor learning involves the reacquisition of previously learned movement skills that are lost due to pathology or sensory, motor, or cognitive impairments. This process is often referred to as recovery of function.
Outline of presentation
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
INTRODUCTION
Cerebral palsy (CP) refers to a heterogeneous group of conditions involving permanent nonprogressive central motor dysfunction that affect muscle tone, posture, and movement.
These conditions are due to abnormalities of the developing fetal or infantile brain resulting from a variety of causes.
The motor impairment generally results in limitations in functional abilities and activity which can range in severity.
The motor disorders are often accompanied by disturbances of sensation , perception, cognition, communication, and behavior as well as by epilepsy and secondary musculoskeletal problems.
CP has historically been considered a static encephalopathy, but some of the neurologicfeatures of CP, such as movement disorders and orthopedic complications can change or progress over time.
Many children and adults with CP function at a high educational and vocational level,without any sign of cognitive dysfunction
Etiology
CP is caused by a broad group of
Developmental,
Genetic,
Metabolic,
Ischemic,
Infectious, and
Other acquired etiologies
Epidemiology
CP is the most common and costly form of chronic motor disability that begins in childhood
Incidence is 3.6 per 1,000 children with a male: female ratio of 1.4 : 1.
Most children with CP had been born at term with uncomplicated labors anddeliveries
Risk factors
Prematurity and VLBW
Heavy maternal alcohol consumption,
Maternal smoking,
Maternal obesity, and
Infections during pregnancy
In 80% of cases, features were identified pointing to antenatal factors causing abnormal brain development
Fewer than 10% of children with CP had evidence of intrapartum asphyxia
Intrauterine exposure to maternal infection (chorioamnionitis, urinary tract infection) was associated with a significant increase in the risk of CP in normal birthweight infants.
Multiple pregnancy was also associated with a higher incidence of CP
Death of a twin in utero carries an even greater risk of CP
Infertility treatments are also associated with a higher rate of CP
CP is more common and more severe in boys than girls, and this effect is enhanced at the extremes of body weight
Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines have been reported in heelstick blood collected at birth from children who later were identified with CP.
The prevalence of CP has increased somewhat as a result of the enhanced survival of very premature infants weighing < 1,000 g, who go on to develop CP at a rate of ~ 15 per 100.
However, the GA at birth adjusted prevalence of CP among 2 yr old former premature infants born at 20-27 wk of gestation has decreased over the past decade
The major lesions that contribute to CP in preterm infants are intracerebral hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL).
cerebral palsy Rare disease. and Rural Good Health actionSejojoPhaaroe2
How do professionals prevent cerebral palsy?
Many professionals work diligently toward preventing Cerebral Palsy by identifying risks, developing prevention measures, and implementing educational campaigns. When it comes
Everyone has a role in preventing Cerebral Palsy
When it comes to preventing Cerebral Palsy, several entities and individuals play a role in lowering the rate of birth injuries.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. Introduction
• The term cerebral palsy was first used in 1843 by the
English orthopedic surgeon William Little
• It was known for many years as
“Little’s disease”
3. Cerebral Palsy (CP)
• CP describe a group of permanent disorders of the
development of movement and posture, causing
activity limitation, that are attributed to non-
progressive disturbance that occurred in the
developing fetal or infant brain
• The motor disorders of CP are often accompanied by
disturbance of sensation, cognition, perception,
communication, and secondary problem is
musculoskeletal disorders
A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006, Peter Rosenbaum et.al
4. Cerebral palsy
• Cerebral palsy (CP) is a broad spectrum of motor
disability which is non progressive and is caused by
damaged to brain at or around birth
• It is a disorder which develops due to damage to CNS
• This damage can happen before, during, or
immediately after the birth of child
5. Cerebral palsy
• Damaged brain is not able to cope up with the
physical demand of growing body and the increasing
demand of the environment surrounding the child
• CP are the most common cause of childhood
disability
6.
7. Motor disorder of CP
Musculoskeletal problem
Sensation
behavior
seizures
Perception
Cognition
Communi
cation
8. Incidence
• The prevalence of CP has consistently been reported
to be about 2-2.5 per 1000 live birth (1 in every 400
children) over the last 20 years in the western world
10. Prenatal cause
• Vascular events such as a middle cerebral artery infract
• Maternal infection during the first and second trimester
1. Rubella
2. Cytomegalovirus
3. Toxoplasmosis
• Metabolic disorders
• Genetic syndromes
• Hypoglycemia
11. Perinatal cause
• Problems during labor and delivery
a. Obstructed labor
b. Antepartun hemorrhage
c. Cord prolapsed
• Vascular causes: occlusion of the internal carotid and
midcerebral artery during birth can lead to
hemiplegia
12. • Prematurity: premature babies are more common to
brain damage either due to trauma during delivery
and later on due to immature respiratory and
cardiovascular system
• Develop hypoxia, low blood pressure, low blood
sugar, jaundice and hemorrhage because of liver
immaturity
• Low birth weight (<2500gm.)
13. • Trauma:
a. Disproportion
b. Breech delivery
c. Forceps delivery
d. Distortion of head
e. Tearing of tentorium
• Asphyxia: it can occur by accidents and burns, Multiple
deliveries can cause asphyxia of the second or third
infant
15. Postnatal cause
• Delayed cry: cause asphyxia to the brain causing CP
• Severe jaundice: Presence of high levels of bilirubin
cause basal ganglia damage leading to athetoid
cerebral palsy and high tone deafness
• Infections: meningitis, malaria and septicemia
16. Risk factors before pregnancy
• Maternal factors:
a. Delayed onset of menstruation
b. Irregular menstruation
c. Long intermenstrual intervals
d. Long intervals between pregnancies
e. Relationship with previous fetal death
19. Risk factor during labor
Cause of Perinatal Asphyxia
Prolapsed cord
Massive intrapartum hemorrhage
Prolonged or traumatic delivery due to cephalopelvic
or abnormal presentation
Large baby with shoulder dystocia
20. Event associated with causal factors
Prolonged second-stage labor
Premature separation of placenta
Abnormal fetal position
In preterm can include:
Meconium-stained fluid
Tight nuchal cord
28. Hemiplegia
• It is a subtype of spastic CP
• Involvement of one side of body (upper and lower limb)
• Periventricular white matter abnormalities cause
hemiplegic CP
• Upper extremity is more affected then lower extremity
• More distal involvement then proximal involvement
29. Hemiplegia
• Muscle spasticity on the affected side decreases
muscle and bone growth
• Decrease range of motion (ROM)
• contractures and limb-length discrepancies on the
involved side
30. Posture of children with hemiplegic CP
• Shoulder protraction
• Elbow flexion
• Wrist flexion and ulnar deviation
• Pelvic retraction
• Hip internal rotation and flexion
• Knee flexion and
• Forefoot contact only due to plantar flexed foot
31.
32. Quadriplegia
• Involvement of four limbs
• In this arms are more affected than leg
• It is also called double Hemiplegia
• Extensive lesions affecting the basal ganglia or
occipital area often lead to visual impairments and
seizures
33.
34.
35. Spastic CP
• Spasticity occurs in approximately 75% of all children
with CP
• “Hypertonia in which resistance to passive
movement increases with increasing velocity of
movement.”
37. Athetoid CP
• Athetoid cerebral palsy children exhibits slow,
purposeless, involuntary movements which flow into
each other.
• It occurs due to basal ganglia damage commonly
seen in children who suffers from an attack of
jaundice following birth.
• They may follow abnormal pattern
• The tone in these children generally fluctuates
39. Ataxic CP
• Ataxic CP is primarily a disorder of balance and
control in the timing of coordinated movements
along with weakness, incoordination a wide-based
gait, and tremor
• This type of CP results from deficits in the cerebellum
42. Gross motor function classification system
(GMFCS)
• GMFCS created by Palisano and colleagues in 1997
• It is a classification system based on gross motor
function of children with CP 12 to 18 year
• The GMFCS was develop to measure the “severity of
movement disability” in children with CP
• There are five levels in the test
44. • Level I Walks at home, school, outdoors, and in the
community
• Climbs stairs without using a railing
• Performs gross motor skills such as running and jumping
with limitations of speed, balance, and coordination
• Level II Walks in most settings; difficulties in walking
when carrying objects
• Uses physical assistance, hand‐held walking devices
when there are difficulties with long distances, inclines,
climbs stairs using a railing.
45. • Level III Walks with hand‐held mobility devices in most
indoor settings; limitations in walking outdoors.
• Climbs stairs using a railing with supervision or
• assistance. Use of wheeled mobility over long distances
and depending on arm function may self‐propel a manual
wheelchair for sports
• Level IV Walks short distances with physical assistance or
uses powered mobility.
• At school and in the community children are transported
in a manual wheelchair or use power mobility.
46. • Level V Transported in a manual wheelchair in all
settings. Some achieve self‐mobility using powered
mobility with extensive adaptation of seating.
Children have limited control of head, trunk, arms,
and legs.
47. References
• Pediatric physical therapy, Jan S. Tecklin, fifth edition page no.
187-194
• Physiotherapy in Neuro-conditions, Glady Samuel Raj page no.
233-249
• Treatment of cerebral palsy and motor delay, Sophie Levitt ,
Ann Addition, 6th edition page no. 1-24
• Physical therapy for children, Robert J. Palisano et al, fifth
edition, page 450
• Neurologic Intervention for Physical Therapist Assistants,
Martin Kessler, page 362-370