The following research is about ceramic tiles, its composition, properties, manufacturing process, parameters. Ceramic tiles are a mixture of clays and other natural materials, such as sand, quartz, and water. Primarily used in houses, restaurants, shops, and so on, as bathroom wall and the kitchen floor surface.

1. Submitted to : PROF. DR. ANDANASTUTI MUCHTAR
DR. NASHRAH HANI BINTI JAMADON
DR. NABILAH AFIQAH BINTI MOHD RADZUAN
Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
GROUP 18 IDEAL INDUSTRY
TITLE: CERAMIC TILES
Prepared by : ASYRAF BIN AZHAR
LAI YU HUNG
NGOI HUI LIN
ABDUL RAZAK BIN ADRI

2. Contents
 Introduction
 Material that make ceramic tiles
 Ceramic tiles application
 Chemical composition of tiles
 Material properties
 Physical properties
 Chemical properties
 Manufacturing process
 Process parameter
 Future development
 Common defects
 Local company
 Reference

3. Introduction
 The following research is about ceramic tiles, its
composition, properties, manufacturing process,
parameters.
 Ceramic tiles are a mixture of clays and other natural
materials, such as sand, quartz and water.
 Primarily used in houses, restaurants, shops, and so
on, as bathroom wall and kitchen floor surface.
 The history of ceramic tiles begin with the Egyptians,
Babylon.
Blue tile bricks Ishtar Door of Babylon

4. Materials
that made
ceramic tiles
Feldspar
Feldspar provides the ceramic bodies with a glassy
stage and they are used to reduce the firing
temperature and thereby minimize costs
Typical raw materials widely
used in ceramic tiles are:
Clay
Clay is a term for naturally occurring mineral
aggregates which consist mainly of hydrous silicate
of alumina
silica sand
A large quantity of silica occurs as free silica, which
is mostly in quartz form, although most of it is
combined with other elements in the minerals of
silicates.

5. patios
Kitchen counters
wallsflooring
walkaways
C e r a m i c s t i l e s
A p p l i c a t i o n s
Ceramic tiles are used mostly in floors
and most residential buildings prefer to
use ceramic tiles in apartments. The
low cost, ease of use and great variety
of shapes and sizes available make
them ideal for this purpose.
Ceramic tiles can also be used on walls. They can be
used on internal walls to make patterns or swiftly change
the color of a room; while they can be used on external
walls to provide a cooling effect, as they do not absorb
heat. This is particularly advantageous in summer
months.
Ceramic tiles are also a good choice for counter tops, as the
glaze usually makes them water- and stain-resistant, and
they can be easily cleaned. Those tiles are prone to
chipping, however, so care needs to be taken.
Compared to the stone tiles, relative cheapness
makes ceramic tiles a popular choice. In
addition, their water-resistant properties enable
them to be more durable and long-lasting in
humid climates, care should be taken to avoid
water build-up
Due to the multitude of patterns available on the
market, paths through gardens and parks are
generally made of ceramic tiles, allowing the
pathways to be refreshing and non-repetitive.

6. Chemical Composition of Tiles
Components Weight %
65
31
1
3
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
Alkalis
The use of silica ( SiO2) in the
manufacture of ceramics helps
modify thermal expansion,
regulate drying and shrinking,
and enhance the structural
integrity and appearance.

7. Chemical Composition of Tiles
Components Weight %
65
31
1
3
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
Alkalis
Applications for aluminum
oxide Al2O3 advanced
ceramics are heavy-duty
forming tools, substrates and
resistor cores in the electronics
industry, tiles for wear
protection and ballistics,

8. Chemical Composition of Tiles
Components Weight %
65
31
1
3
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
Alkalis
Fe2O3 is highly affected by
a reduced atmosphere
where it can act as a flux at
high temperatures in both
the bodies and glazes. Its
fluxing effect in reduction is
quite remarkable and can
be demonstrated in a clear
glaze using a line blend.
Higher quantities of iron
exhibit considerably
increased fluidity

9. Chemical Composition of Tiles
Components Weight %
65
31
1
3
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
Alkalis
Alkaline activation for
ceramics waste material

10. Thermal resistance is high which fit for
high & low temperature countries.
High Melting Points
Hard to deform and can reduce wear
due to friction
Extreme Hardness
Tougher to scratch and more prone to
cracking (high elastic modulus)
compared to metal.
Durable
Low electrical and thermal conductivity
Ceramics
Material Properties
Lack of mobile electrons.

11. Thermal resistance is high which fit for
high & low temperature countries.
High Melting Points
Tougher to scratch and more prone to
cracking (high elastic modulus)
compared to metal.
Durable
Low electrical and thermal conductivity
Ceramics
Material Properties
Lack of mobile electrons.

12. Thermal resistance is high which fit for
high & low temperature countries.
High Melting Points
Hard to deform and can reduce wear
due to friction
Extreme Hardness
Tougher to scratch and more prone to
cracking (high elastic modulus)
compared to metal.
Durable
Low electrical and thermal conductivity
Ceramics
Material Properties
Lack of mobile electrons.

13. Thermal resistance is high which fit for
high & low temperature countries.
High Melting Points
Hard to deform and can reduce wear
due to friction
Extreme Hardness
Tougher to scratch and more prone to
cracking (high elastic modulus)
compared to metal.
Durable
Low electrical and thermal conductivity
Ceramics
Material Properties
Lack of mobile electrons.

14. Can withstand acid or alkaline
within specific pH value.
Chemically inert
Thermal resistance is high which fit for
high & low temperature countries.
High Melting Points
Hard to deform and can reduce wear
due to friction
Extreme Hardness
Tougher to scratch and more prone to
cracking (high elastic modulus)
compared to metal.
Durable
Low electrical and thermal conductivity
Ceramics
Material Properties
Lack of mobile electrons.

15. Can withstand acid or alkaline
within specific pH value.
Chemically inert
Thermal resistance is high which fit for
high & low temperature countries.
High Melting Points
Hard to deform and can reduce wear
due to friction
Extreme Hardness
Tougher to scratch and more prone to
cracking (high elastic modulus)
compared to metal.
Durable
Low electrical and thermal conductivity
Ceramics
Material Properties
Lack of mobile electrons.
Amorphous structure

16. Can withstand acid or alkaline
within specific pH value.
Chemically inert
Ability to withstand sharp changes
under vary temperature.
Low Thermal Shock Resistance
Thermal resistance is high which fit for
high & low temperature countries.
High Melting Points
Hard to deform and can reduce wear
due to friction
Extreme Hardness
Tougher to scratch and more prone to
cracking (high elastic modulus)
compared to metal.
Durable
Low electrical and thermal conductivity
Ceramics
Material Properties
Lack of mobile electrons.

17. Can withstand acid or alkaline
within specific pH value.
Chemically inert
Ability to withstand sharp changes
under vary temperature.
Low Thermal Shock Resistance
Thermal resistance is high which fit for
high & low temperature countries.
High Melting Points
Hard to deform and can reduce wear
due to friction
Extreme Hardness
Tougher to scratch and more prone to
cracking (high elastic modulus)
compared to metal.
Durable
Low electrical and thermal conductivity
Ceramics
Material Properties
Lack of mobile electrons.
Flexure test/
Hasselman Method

18. Can withstand acid or alkaline
within specific pH value.
Chemically inert
Ability to withstand sharp changes
under vary temperature.
Low Thermal Shock Resistance
Loaded with irregularly distributed
pores.
High Compressive strength but
Brittle
Thermal resistance is high which fit for
high & low temperature countries.
High Melting Points
Hard to deform and can reduce wear
due to friction
Extreme Hardness
Tougher to scratch and more prone to
cracking (high elastic modulus)
compared to metal.
Durable
Low electrical and thermal conductivity
Ceramics
Material Properties
Lack of mobile electrons.

19. Can withstand acid or alkaline
within specific pH value.
Chemically inert
Ability to withstand sharp changes
under vary temperature.
Low Thermal Shock Resistance
Loaded with irregularly distributed
pores.
High Compressive strength but
Brittle
Thermal resistance is high which fit for
high & low temperature countries.
High Melting Points
Hard to deform and can reduce wear
due to friction
Extreme Hardness
Tougher to scratch and more prone to
cracking (high elastic modulus)
compared to metal.
Durable
Low electrical and thermal conductivity
Ceramics
Material Properties
Lack of mobile electrons.

20. Can withstand acid or alkaline
within specific pH value.
Chemically inert
Ability to withstand sharp changes
under vary temperature.
Low Thermal Shock Resistance
Loaded with irregularly distributed
pores.
High Compressive strength but
Brittle
Lead to a better microstructure with higher
density and to produce catastrophic failure
due to crack or flaw
Porosity and low fracture toughness
Thermal resistance is high which fit for
high & low temperature countries.
High Melting Points
Hard to deform and can reduce wear
due to friction
Extreme Hardness
Tougher to scratch and more prone to
cracking (high elastic modulus)
compared to metal.
Durable
Low electrical and thermal conductivity
Ceramics
Material Properties
Lack of mobile electrons.

21. Can withstand acid or alkaline
within specific pH value.
Chemically inert
Ability to withstand sharp changes
under vary temperature.
Low Thermal Shock Resistance
Loaded with irregularly distributed
pores.
High Compressive strength but
Brittle
Lead to a better microstructure with higher
density and to produce catastrophic failure
due to crack or flaw
Porosity and low fracture toughness
Thermal resistance is high which fit for
high & low temperature countries.
High Melting Points
Hard to deform and can reduce wear
due to friction
Extreme Hardness
Tougher to scratch and more prone to
cracking (high elastic modulus)
compared to metal.
Durable
Low electrical and thermal conductivity
Ceramics
Material Properties
Lack of mobile electrons.

22. Physical Properties
01 02 03 04 05
Tiles with low water
absorption
basically have a
high breaking
strength. This is
due to the tiles
undergo firing at
high temperature.
Thus, making it
less porous and
less water
absorbent.
Water Absorption

23. Physical Properties
01 02
Low water
absorption tiles
have a less porous
structure. The less
porous structure
make the tile be
higher in density
and more compact.
This lead to a
higher breaking
strength (MOR).
03 04 05
Tiles with low water
absorption
basically have a
high breaking
strength. This is
due to the tiles
undergo firing at
high temperature.
Thus, making it
less porous and
less water
absorbent.
Water Absorption

24. Physical Properties
01 02
Low water
absorption tiles
have a less porous
structure. The less
porous structure
make the tile be
higher in density
and more compact.
This lead to a
higher breaking
strength (MOR).
03
MOR apply a three-
point load on tile to
measure the
bending strength of
tile before rupture.
04 05
Tiles with low water
absorption
basically have a
high breaking
strength. This is
due to the tiles
undergo firing at
high temperature.
Thus, making it
less porous and
less water
absorbent.
Water Absorption

25. Physical Properties
01 02
Low water
absorption tiles
have a less porous
structure. The less
porous structure
make the tile be
higher in density
and more compact.
This lead to a
higher breaking
strength (MOR).
03
MOR apply a three-
point load on tile to
measure the
bending strength of
tile before rupture.
04 05
Tiles with low water
absorption
basically have a
high breaking
strength. This is
due to the tiles
undergo firing at
high temperature.
Thus, making it
less porous and
less water
absorbent.
Water Absorption

26. Physical Properties
01 02
Low water
absorption tiles
have a less porous
structure. The less
porous structure
make the tile be
higher in density
and more compact.
This lead to a
higher breaking
strength (MOR).
03
MOR apply a three-
point load on tile to
measure the
bending strength of
tile before rupture.
04
Abrasive resistance
specifies the tile
resistance to
mechanical damage
which due to
abrasive impact
factor. The harder
the tile, the lower the
susceptibility to
scratching, wear,
and tear during
walking and
abrasion.
Surface Abrasive
Resistance for
Glazed Tiles
05
Tiles with low water
absorption
basically have a
high breaking
strength. This is
due to the tiles
undergo firing at
high temperature.
Thus, making it
less porous and
less water
absorbent.
Water Absorption

27. Physical Properties
01 02
Low water
absorption tiles
have a less porous
structure. The less
porous structure
make the tile be
higher in density
and more compact.
This lead to a
higher breaking
strength (MOR).
03
MOR apply a three-
point load on tile to
measure the
bending strength of
tile before rupture.
04
Abrasive resistance
specifies the tile
resistance to
mechanical damage
which due to
abrasive impact
factor. The harder
the tile, the lower the
susceptibility to
scratching, wear,
and tear during
walking and
abrasion.
Surface Abrasive
Resistance for
Glazed Tiles
05
Crazing resistance
is the tendency of
ceramic to resist
crazing due to too
much tension.
When the glaze
contract more than
the clay body
during cooling,
crazing happens.
Tiles with low water
absorption
basically have a
high breaking
strength. This is
due to the tiles
undergo firing at
high temperature.
Thus, making it
less porous and
less water
absorbent.
Water Absorption

28. Physical Properties
01 02
Low water
absorption tiles
have a less porous
structure. The less
porous structure
make the tile be
higher in density
and more compact.
This lead to a
higher breaking
strength (MOR).
03
MOR apply a three-
point load on tile to
measure the
bending strength of
tile before rupture.
04
Abrasive resistance
specifies the tile
resistance to
mechanical damage
which due to
abrasive impact
factor. The harder
the tile, the lower the
susceptibility to
scratching, wear,
and tear during
walking and
abrasion.
Surface Abrasive
Resistance for
Glazed Tiles
05
Crazing resistance
is the tendency of
ceramic to resist
crazing due to too
much tension.
When the glaze
contract more than
the clay body
during cooling,
crazing happens.
Tiles with low water
absorption
basically have a
high breaking
strength. This is
due to the tiles
undergo firing at
high temperature.
Thus, making it
less porous and
less water
absorbent.
Water Absorption

29. Physical Properties
01 02
Low water
absorption tiles
have a less porous
structure. The less
porous structure
make the tile be
higher in density
and more compact.
This lead to a
higher breaking
strength (MOR).
03
MOR apply a three-
point load on tile to
measure the
bending strength of
tile before rupture.
04
Abrasive resistance
specifies the tile
resistance to
mechanical damage
which due to
abrasive impact
factor. The harder
the tile, the lower the
susceptibility to
scratching, wear,
and tear during
walking and
abrasion.
Surface Abrasive
Resistance for
Glazed Tiles
05
Crazing resistance
is the tendency of
ceramic to resist
crazing due to too
much tension.
When the glaze
contract more than
the clay body
during cooling,
crazing happens.
Tiles with low water
absorption
basically have a
high breaking
strength. This is
due to the tiles
undergo firing at
high temperature.
Thus, making it
less porous and
less water
absorbent.
Water Absorption

30. MALAYSIA STANDARD SPECIFICATION ISO 13006
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Group BIIa Group BIII
Water absorption 3< E ≤ 6% Min 10%
Breaking Strength Min 1000N Min 600N
Modulus of Rupture Min 22N/mm² Min 12N/mm²
Surface Abrasive Resistance for
Glazed Tiles Min PEI 3
Crazing Resistance No crazing observed
Suitable use as Floor Tiles Suitable use as Wall Tiles

31. Chemical Properties
Household chemical, swimming pool slats,
HCl, Citric acid, Potassium hydroxide
Resistance to stain on tiles with
using suitable solvent.
Chemical resistance
Staining resistance

32. Chemical Properties
Household chemical, swimming pool slats,
HCl, Citric acid, Potassium hydroxide
Resistance to stain on tiles with
using suitable solvent.
Chemical resistance
Staining resistance

33. Chemical Properties
Household chemical, swimming pool slats,
HCl, Citric acid, Potassium hydroxide
Resistance to stain on tiles with
using suitable solvent.
Chemical resistance
Staining resistance

34. Chemical Properties
Household chemical, swimming pool slats,
HCl, Citric acid, Potassium hydroxide
Resistance to stain on tiles with
using suitable solvent.
Chemical resistance
Staining resistance

35. MALAYSIA STANDARD SPECIFICATION ISO 13006
Resistance to household chemical and
additives to swimming pool water
Group B
01
Stains removed with a strong cleaner with a
pH of between 9 and 10, with a rotary brush
with diameter 8cm with hand bristles for 2
minutes at 500RPM
Class 3
02
Chemical Properties Group BIIa Group BIII
Chemical Resistance Min Group B Min Group B
Stain Resistance Min Class 3 Min Class 3
Suitable use as Floor
Tiles
Suitable use as Wall
Tiles

36. CERAMIC TILES
MANUFACTURING PROCESS

37. Diagram of
ceramic tile
manufacturing
process
Dry method
Extrusion
(Plastic forming)
Firing
Second firing
Glazing
and
decorating
Raw materials treatment
Wet method
Forming
Slip casting
(in aqueous
dispersion)
Pressing
(dry
forming)
Drying
Firing Glazing
and
decorating
Firing
Storage
Sorting and packing

38. Raw materials treatment
The grain size of the raw materials is reduced
to the desired size by this process.
Water is evaporates and produces a raw
material in the form of hollow spherical
granules with a controlled moisture content.
Different ceramic tiles have its unique
amount and type of raw materials. Batch
calculation is done by consider both physical
properties and chemical compositions of the
raw materials.
Figure : Stock Yard
Figure : Ball Mill
Figure : Spray Dryer

39. Forming or shaping
Flow chart of the dry manufacturing process (pressing)
The atomized powder is
pressed in hydraulic
presses with appropriate
dies to obtain the desired
dimensions, formats and
effects.
Dry Pressing

40. Forming or shaping
Water is added during
milling to ensure the
correct plasticity; the
resulting mixture is
extruded in extruders so
it has the desired
dimensions.
Extrusion
(Semi-wet)
Flow chart of the semi-wet manufacturing process (extrusion)

41. Forming or shaping
The raw materials are
milled dry, in pendulum
or ring mills. The powder
is kneaded and
dampened, and the
resulting mixture is
passed through extruders
to obtain the desired
dimensions.
Extrusion
(Dry)
Flow chart of the dry manufacturing process (extrusion)

42. Post Processing
Preparation of Raw
Materials
Forming/ shaping
Drying
Glazing
Firing
• Crushing
• Grinding
• Dry pressing
• Extrusion
• Wet
• Dry
After the green tile
formed, it undergo
preheating at 10-400
degrees Celsius to
remove remaining
moisture. This
process is to ensure
green tile stable and
not experience
thermal shock. Free
of defects.
Glazes are primarily
for decorative
purpose which also
covers up pores.
Glaze also contribute
hardness and
durability of tile
The last step where
glazed tile undergo
continuous firing kiln
with ceramic rollers
which transport
ceramic tiles at
various temperature
with uniform
temperature
distribution.
Inlet preheating
Roller glazing
Roller Hearth Kiln, RHK

43. Process Parameter
Particle Size01
Milling Time02
Drying Temperature And
Time03
Compaction Pressure04
05 Dimensions After Pressing
Density06
07 Firing Temperature And
Time
08 Powder Moisture

44. New tile products, including modular or
cladding tile, larger-sized tile, slip- and
abrasion-resistant tile, and tile with a
polished, granite or marble finish will keep
promoting by manufacturers
The future
 Development of different body
formulations, new glazes, and glaze
application.
 Invention and improvement of
processing equipment and techniques.
 Automation to increase production,
lower cost, and improve quality.
 Moreover, changes in production
technology due to environmental and
energy resource issues have to
continue.
Future
Development
Cladding tile Granite tile Glazing (Water fall) Different tile formulation
Automation of ceramic process

45. Common Defects
Ceramic tiles
Chipping
Buckling
Fading
Cracking

46. Local Company
: White Horse
White Horse Ceramic Industries
Sdn Bhd is a company formed by
tiles manufacturers from
Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan.
Products
Ceramic
Tiles
Porcelain
Tiles

47. 1. Al-Naib, U. M. (2018). Introductory Chapter: A Brief Introduction to Porous
Ceramic. Recent Advances in Porous Ceramics.
doi:10.5772/intechopen.74747
2. Almeida, J. V. (2014). Ceramics. Materials for Construction and Civil
Engineering, 303-334. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08236-3_7
3. Ceramic floor and wall tiles. (n.d.). doi:10.3403/bs6431
4. Ceramics - their properties, manufacture, and everyday uses. (2019,
September 01). Retrieved July 16, 2020, from
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/ceramics.html
5. Crazing Resistance. (n.d.). Retrieved July 12, 2020, from
http://www3.ipc.org.es/guia_colocacion/info_tec_colocacion/los_materiales/bal
dosas/caract_fis_qui/cuarteo.html
6. Fragassa, C., Camargo, F. V., Pavlovic, A., Silveira, A. D., Minak, G., &
Bergmann, C. P. (2018). Mechanical Characterization of Gres Porcelain and
Low-Velocity Impact Numerical Modeling. Materials, 11(7), 1082.
doi:10.3390/ma11071082
7. Handbook of Ceramic Tiles: European Tiles & Timber Flooring: 419 Tuam St,
Christchurch. (n.d.). Retrieved July 16, 2020, from
https://www.livehouse.nz/handbook-of-ceramic-tiles
8. Interactive Chart. (n.d.). Retrieved July 16, 2020, from http://www-
materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/mpsite/interactive_charts/strength-density/basic.html
9. Strength Testing. (n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2020, from
https://ejpayne.com/strength-testing/
10.Thomas, O. (n.d.). Ceramic composition and properties.
11.Tiles Characteristics. (n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2020, from
http://seacera.com.my/v1/services/characteristic-tiles/
12.De Almeida, J. V. (2014). Ceramics. Materials for Construction and Civil
Engineering, 303–334. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08236-3_7
13.White horse. (n.d.). Retrieved July 17, 2020, from
http://www.whitehorse.my/our-factory
14.Santos-Barbosa, D., Hotza, D., Boix, J., & Mallol, G. (2013). Modelling the
Influence of Manufacturing Process Variables on Dimensional Changes of
Porcelain Tiles. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2013, 1-12.
doi:10.1155/2013/142343
15.Framinan, J. M., Leisten, R., & García, R. R. (2014). A Case Study: Ceramic
Tile Production. Manufacturing Scheduling Systems, 371-395.
doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-6272-8_15
16.Stawiski, B., & Kania, T. (2016). Testing Quality of Ceramic Tiles in Order to
Evaluate Condition of the Manufacturing Process. Procedia Engineering, 161,
937-943. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.662
References

48. THANK YOU
Name Task Description
ASYRAF BIN AZHAR • Group leader
• Clarify task for members
• Task- Local company, reference
LAI YU HUNG • Group member
• Compile and edit slide
• Keeping our task complete on time
• Task- cover page, content, introduction, manufacturing process,
process parameter, future development, common defects, reference,
task description table
NGOI HUI LIN • Group member
• Compile and edit video
• Make sure our work in path with criteria
• Task- material properties (physical and chemical), data from Malaysia
iso 13006 standard, reference
ABDUL RAZAK BIN ADRI • Group member
• Task- raw material, application, chemical composition.
TASK DESCRIPTION