The document outlines the classification, properties, and processing stages of ceramics, which are materials formed primarily from clay and include various compounds. Key characteristics include high hardness, compressive strength, low ductility, and thermal resistance, making them suitable for applications such as cookware, cutlery, and structural components. The production process involves several stages, including milling, sizing, mixing, forming, drying, glazing, and firing to create a cohesive final product.

1. CERAMICS
Dapat, Ace Eduard
Jamora, Eisheriel Mhae
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

2. Ceramics
- from the Greek word keramos which means
‘potter’s clay’.
- compounds between metallic and nonmetallic
elements.
- Clay was one of the earliest materials used to
produce ceramics.
- they may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
- they are formed by the action of heat and
subsequent cooling.
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— those composed of clay
minerals, such as porcelain
— cement and glass.
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Traditional
Ceramics

4. Common Ceramic Materials
silicon dioxide (SiO2)
Silicon Carbide
(SiC)
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Alumina
aluminum oxide (Al2O3)
Silica

5. Ceramic
Bonding
Crystal structures in ceramic materials are thought
of as being composed of ions rather than atoms.
In ionic bonding, a metal atom donates electrons,
and a nonmetal atom accepts electrons.
IONIC BONDING
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6. HARDNESS
RIGIDITY
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
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TEMPERATURE STRENGTH
GRAIN SIZE

7. HARDNESS - Extremely hard. Nearly three times that of stainless steel.
They are hard because of their ordered structure.
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RIGIDITY possess high rigidity, which is measured by inspecting the
elasticity of a specimen after applying a load.

8. FRACTURE
TOUGHNESS
Advanced ceramics are engineered to enhance toughness, the ability of a material to
resist fracture. These materials are used for cookware, cutlery, and even automobile
engine parts. Whereas traditional ceramics are highly susceptible to fracture.
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COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
A measure of a material’s ability to resist compression. Ceramics are
typically hard and brittle. While their strength in compression is very
high, they are not suitable for loading in tension.

9. TEMPERATURE
STRENGTH
- Are typically insulative to the passage of heat and
electricity and are more resistant to high temperatures and
harsh environments than are metals and polymers
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GRAIN SIZE
the microstructure is made up of
small crystals called grains. In
general, the smaller the grain size,
the stronger and denser is the
ceramic material.

10. THERMAL
PROPERTIES
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THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
THERMAL EXPANSION
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
THERMAL SHOCK RESISTANCE

11. THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
Thermal conductivity measures how well a material spreads heat within itself.
Technical ceramics are extraordinarily versatile, exhibiting a wide range of
thermal conductivity.
It defines how much a material expands or contracts
based on external temperatures. Ceramics generally
have a low coefficient due to their strong interatomic
bonds, making them more stable across wide
temperature ranges.
THERMAL
EXPANSION

12. Specific heat measures how easy or difficult it is to raise the
temperature of a product. Most of the ceramic materials have low
specific heat capacities in comparison with concrete or molten salts.
Thermal shock resistance measures the ability to withstand
dramatic and sharp temperature changes. Many technical
ceramic formulations display high thermal shock resistance,
meaning they minimally expand or contract during extreme
or rapid temperature changes.
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SPECIFIC HEAT
CAPACITY
THERMAL SHOCK

13. CERAMIC
PROPERTIES
High hardness
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High melting point
Heat resistant
High compressive
strength
Good electrical
insulation
Low ductility
Brittleness
Non-magnetic
Low thermal
shock resistance
Low thermal
expansion

14. APPLICATIONS
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15. Spectrum of Ceramic Uses

16. CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS
CERAMIC MATERIAL
ABRASIVES
GLASSES
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CLAY
PRODUCTS
REFRACTORIES CEMENTS
ADVANCED
CERAMICS
- optical
- composite
reinforce
- Containers/
household
- Whiteware
- structural
bricks for high
temperature
- sandpaper
- cutting
- polishing
- composites
- structural
- engine,
rotor,
valves,
bearings
- sensors

17. GLASSES
Glass ceramic materials have the same
chemical compositions as glasses but
differ from them in that they are
typically 95-98% crystalline by volume.
Furthermore, due to their crystallinity
and network of grain boundaries, they
are no longer transparent.
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- Optical, composite reinforce, Containers/household

18. CLAY
PRODUCTS
Typical structural clay products are building brick,
terra-cotta facing tile, roofing tile, and drainage
pipe. They display such essential properties as
load-bearing strength, resistance to wear and
chemical attack.
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Any of a broad class of ceramic products that are
white in appearance and frequently contain a
significant vitreous, or glassy component.
- Whiteware, structural

19. REFRACTORIES
Firebrick for furnaces and ovens. They
have high sililcon or aluminum oxide
content.
They are used to provide thermal
protection of other materials in very
high temperature applications.
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- bricks for high temperature

20. ABRASIVES
Abrasive ceramics are used to wear, grind, or cut
away other materials, which necessarily are
softer.
Ceramic abrasives are some of the strongest and
sharpest abrasives currently on the market.
Ceramic sandpaper and other abrasives are
strong enough to cut and grind most metal
surfaces such as carbon steel, aerospace alloys,
titanium alloy, aluminum, ferrous metals, and
nonferrous metals.
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- - Sandpaper, cutting, polishing

21. CEMENT
Another class of ceramics that are produced
and consumed in large commercial volumes
are the inorganics cements.
Cements are materials that form a paste
when mixed with water, which then sets and
hardens due to hydration reactions.
Tying bricks into walls is typically done with
cement-based mortar, which is also
composed of ceramic material.
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- - Composites, structural

22. ADVANCED
CERAMICS
• Structural – applied as thermal barrier
coatings to protect metal structures, wear
parts, and integral components of engine.
• Electrical – capacitors, insulators,
integrated circuit packages, and
superconductors.
• Coatings – engine components, cutting
tools, and industrial wear parts.
• Chemical and environmental – filters,
membranes, and catalysts.
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- - engine, rotor, valves, bearings, sensors

23. PRODUCTION
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25. STAGES OF CERAMICS PROCESSING
The raw materials are prepared for ceramics processing
through a number of different techniques. This stage is
designed to separate the raw materials from any impurities
that may exist and to prepare them for better mixing and
forming.
1. MILLING
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2. SIZING
During this step, the materials that have undergone the milling
and procurement process must be sized to separate desirable
material from non-usable material. By controlling the particle
size, the result will give you proper bonding and a smooth
surface on the finished product.

26. STAGES OF CERAMICS PROCESSING
This process can also be known as “blending” which calculates
amounts, weighing, and initial blending of the raw materials. For
consistent material flow into a pub mill hopper, vibratory feeders
can be applied in the process.
3. BATCHING
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4. MIXING
To obtain a more chemically and physically homogeneous material
prior to forming, the constituents of the ceramic powder are
combined using the method of mixing or blunging.

27. STAGES OF CERAMICS PROCESSING
For this step, materials such as dry powders, pastes, or slurries are
consolidated and molded to produce a cohesive body for the desired
product. In the particular case of dry forming, vibratory compaction can be
used to achieve the desired shape.
5. FORMING
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Slip Casting Dry Pressing

28. STAGES OF CERAMICS PROCESSING
For this step, materials such as dry powders, pastes, or slurries are
consolidated and molded to produce a cohesive body for the desired
product. In the particular case of dry forming, vibratory compaction can be
used to achieve the desired shape.
5. FORMING
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6. DRYING
The formed materials hold water and binder in their mix that can cause
shrinkage, warping, or distortion of the product. Generally, convection drying
is the most commonly used method in which heated air is circulated around
the ceramic piece that alleviates the risk of such imperfections in the final
product.

29. STAGES OF CERAMICS PROCESSING
After being formed and left to dry, the ceramic materials are then glazed.
Each glaze has different properties that will help to determine the finish of
the final product. In ceramic manufacturing, glazing is usually done with
spray. I
7. GLAZING
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8. FIRING
Also known as sintering or densification, the ceramics pass through a
controlled heat process where the oxides are consolidated into a dense,
cohesive body made up of uniform grain.

30. THANK YOU!
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