Includes the first material ever discovered to become superconducting above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77 K) at about 90 K.Ceramic superconducting material Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide.
Corrosion of material - Engineering MetallurgyMechXplain
The PPT is on Corrosion and Degradation of Material specifically Metal and Reason Behind it. As well as the preventive measures to be taken to prevent it.
The sol-gel method involves creating an inorganic network through the formation and gelation of a colloidal suspension. Metal alkoxides and chlorides react with water through hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions to form this network. The sol-gel process is used to create protective coatings, thin films, fibers, and nano-scale powders for opto-mechanical applications and offers advantages over conventional glass production like low temperature operation and better control over material properties at the nano-scale.
This document summarizes structural characterization techniques for amorphous materials. It discusses how amorphous materials have short-range order dominated by atomic bonding but no long-range translational order. Common characterization methods measure pair distribution functions to determine local structure. Structure varies between classes of amorphous materials like metallic glasses, molecular glasses, and covalent network glasses.
This document summarizes a seminar on sputtering processes. Sputtering is a thin film deposition technique where atoms are ejected from a target material when bombarded by energetic particles in vacuum. The ejected atoms then deposit onto a substrate to form a thin film. Key aspects of sputtering discussed include sputtering yield, how various parameters like ion mass, energy and pressure affect the process, and applications in microelectronics, decorative coatings, and medical devices.
Structure and Energy of Stacking Faults - Nithin ThomasNithin Thomas
The document discusses stacking faults in materials. It defines stacking faults as deviations from the ideal crystal structure that result in a fault in the periodic stacking sequence. There are different types of stacking faults, such as growth faults and deformation faults, depending on how the fault plane is shifted. The stacking fault energy is an important property that is inversely related to the stacking fault width and affects properties like cross-slip and creep resistance. First-principles calculations can be used to determine stacking fault energies by modeling the structure and calculating the energy of configurations with and without intrinsic stacking faults.
Corrosion of material - Engineering MetallurgyMechXplain
The PPT is on Corrosion and Degradation of Material specifically Metal and Reason Behind it. As well as the preventive measures to be taken to prevent it.
The sol-gel method involves creating an inorganic network through the formation and gelation of a colloidal suspension. Metal alkoxides and chlorides react with water through hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions to form this network. The sol-gel process is used to create protective coatings, thin films, fibers, and nano-scale powders for opto-mechanical applications and offers advantages over conventional glass production like low temperature operation and better control over material properties at the nano-scale.
This document summarizes structural characterization techniques for amorphous materials. It discusses how amorphous materials have short-range order dominated by atomic bonding but no long-range translational order. Common characterization methods measure pair distribution functions to determine local structure. Structure varies between classes of amorphous materials like metallic glasses, molecular glasses, and covalent network glasses.
This document summarizes a seminar on sputtering processes. Sputtering is a thin film deposition technique where atoms are ejected from a target material when bombarded by energetic particles in vacuum. The ejected atoms then deposit onto a substrate to form a thin film. Key aspects of sputtering discussed include sputtering yield, how various parameters like ion mass, energy and pressure affect the process, and applications in microelectronics, decorative coatings, and medical devices.
Structure and Energy of Stacking Faults - Nithin ThomasNithin Thomas
The document discusses stacking faults in materials. It defines stacking faults as deviations from the ideal crystal structure that result in a fault in the periodic stacking sequence. There are different types of stacking faults, such as growth faults and deformation faults, depending on how the fault plane is shifted. The stacking fault energy is an important property that is inversely related to the stacking fault width and affects properties like cross-slip and creep resistance. First-principles calculations can be used to determine stacking fault energies by modeling the structure and calculating the energy of configurations with and without intrinsic stacking faults.
This document discusses the optical properties of solids. It begins by defining optical properties as light-matter interactions like reflection, absorption, transmission and refraction. Optical processes are classified into reflection, propagation and transmission. Key optical parameters discussed include refractive index, absorption coefficient, dielectric constant, and complex refractive index. Beer's law relating light intensity and absorption is explained. The properties of insulators, semiconductors, glasses and metals are then summarized. Insulators and semiconductors are highly transmitting in visible ranges with absorption in UV and IR. Glasses like fused silica are also highly transmitting but with shorter ranges. Metals are highly reflective across most frequencies.
Polymer processing involves converting plastic raw materials into finished products. There are primary, secondary, and tertiary processing methods. The selection of a processing method depends on factors like the product design, material properties, production quantity, and cost. Common primary methods include injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, and compression molding. The polymer properties like water absorption, physical form, thermal stability, and melt flow properties affect the suitable processing technique. Proper consideration of these factors ensures efficient processing and quality product manufacture.
This document summarizes a seminar on cast metal matrix composites presented by Vijit Gajbhiye. It discusses various processing techniques for metal matrix composites including stir casting, sand and permanent mold casting, centrifugal casting, compocasting, infiltration, squeeze casting, vacuum infiltration, electromagnetic infiltration, and centrifugal infiltration. It provides examples of applications of metal matrix composites in automotive and aerospace industries such as pistons, brake rotors, and aircraft components.
Muhammad Wajid and Muhammad Talha presented a report on sputtering process and its types to Dr. Shumaila Karmat. Sputtering is a process where atoms are ejected from a material's surface when struck by energetic particles, and it was first discovered in 1852. There are several types of sputtering including magnetron sputtering, ion-beam sputtering, and reactive sputtering. Magnetron sputtering traps electrons near the target using electric and magnetic fields to increase the deposition rate. Ion-beam sputtering uses a focused ion beam to sputter the target. Reactive sputtering introduces a reactive gas to deposit a film with a different composition than the target through a chemical reaction.
A brief introduction to superhydrophobicity. Superhydrophobicity is defined as well as explained in simple terms. Furthermore, demo videos are shown to showcase the differences between superhydrophobic surfaces and hydrophilic surfaces. Finally, potential applications for this technology are explored.
This document provides an overview of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of thiolates on metal surfaces as a form of nanotechnology. It discusses SAM preparation and characterization, as well as applications of SAMs on thin metal films and nanostructures. SAMs are formed when thiol molecules spontaneously adsorb onto metal surfaces like gold to form ordered, close-packed monolayers. SAMs allow the surface properties of materials to be modified and controlled at the nanoscale and have applications in fields like biochemistry, electronics, and materials science.
Properties of solids (solid state) by Rawat's JFCRawat DA Greatt
The document summarizes the key electrical, magnetic, and dielectric properties of solids. It discusses how solids can be classified as conductors, insulators, or semiconductors based on their electrical conductivity. Semiconductors are further classified as intrinsic or extrinsic, with n-type and p-type extrinsic semiconductors discussed. Magnetic properties are also summarized, classifying materials as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, or ferrimagnetic based on their behavior in magnetic fields. Finally, dielectric properties including piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, ferroelectricity, and antiferroelectricity are briefly defined.
Synthesis and characterization of nanocompositessowmya sankaran
This document defines and discusses different types of nanocomposites. It begins by defining nanotechnology and some unique properties at the nanoscale. It then discusses different types of nanomaterials that can be used in nanocomposites like nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanorods. The document outlines three main types of nanocomposites - metal matrix, ceramic matrix, and polymer matrix - and provides examples and processing methods for each type. It concludes by discussing several applications of nanocomposites in areas like food packaging, environmental protection, aerospace, automotive, and batteries.
This document discusses X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and their application to materials characterization. XRD works on Bragg's law to detect crystalline structures by measuring diffraction patterns from samples bombarded with X-rays. Key applications of XRD include phase identification, crystal structure determination, and measuring properties like crystal size and strain. The document outlines the components of an XRD system and how diffraction data is collected, indexed, and compared to standards to analyze materials. Limitations include issues with non-homogeneous samples and challenges in analyzing complex crystal structures.
The document discusses three microstructural transformations: recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth that occur during annealing of cold worked materials. Recovery involves a reduction in point defects and dislocation rearrangement into low energy configurations at low annealing temperatures. Recrystallization occurs at higher annealing temperatures and results in the formation of new strain-free grains. Grain growth follows recrystallization and leads to an increase in the average grain size as larger grains grow at the expense of smaller ones.
The document summarizes research on understanding charge transport in low dimensional semiconductor nanostructures embedded in an insulating matrix. Specifically, it examines current-voltage characteristics of germanium nanowire arrays in an alumina matrix as a function of temperature. Key findings include:
1) At room temperature, conduction follows Ohm's law at low voltages and Mott-Gurney's space charge limited current law at higher voltages.
2) With decreasing temperature, conduction transitions from a trap-free regime to an exponentially distributed trap regime.
3) Mobility decreases with decreasing temperature, and activation energy is extracted from an Arrhenius plot, found to be 85 meV at low temperatures and 301 meV
The document discusses the ball milling method for producing nano materials. It involves using a ball mill, which rotates around a horizontal axis partially filled with the material to be ground plus grinding media like balls. The balls crush the solid material into nano crystallites due to the gravity and kinetic forces as they rotate at high energy inside the container. Some examples given are using ball milling to produce carbon nanotubes, boron nitride nanotubes, metal oxide nano crystals like cerium oxide and zinc oxide. Ball milling of graphite can also produce nanostructured graphite for hydrogen storage applications.
This document summarizes different types of defects in crystals. It classifies defects as zero-dimensional point defects, one-dimensional line defects, two-dimensional surface defects, or three-dimensional bulk defects. Point defects include vacancies, interstitials, Frenkel defects, and Schottky defects. Line defects include edge and screw dislocations. Surface defects include grain boundaries and twin boundaries. Bulk defects include precipitates, dispersants, inclusions, and voids. Defects can impact material properties and are sometimes deliberately introduced to improve properties.
Ferromagnetic materials have three main characteristics:
1) They become spontaneously magnetized in the absence of an external magnetic field due to parallel alignment of magnetic moments.
2) They have a magnetic ordering temperature called the Curie temperature, above which they become paramagnetic.
3) They are used in many devices like transformers, electromagnets, and computer hard drives due to their magnetic properties.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND ITS TYPES-SOLID STATE PHYSICSharikrishnaprabu
The document discusses crystal structures of solids. It defines crystalline and amorphous solids, and describes the ordered arrangement of atoms or molecules in crystalline solids that extends over long ranges. Crystalline solids are further classified based on the type of bonding between their constituents into ionic solids, covalent solids, molecular solids, and metallic solids. The document also describes unit cells, crystal lattices, Bravais lattices, and packing arrangements in crystals. Common crystal structures like sodium chloride and cesium chloride are presented as examples.
This document discusses physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques for thin film deposition. It covers common PVD methods like thermal evaporation, sputtering, and molecular beam epitaxy. It also discusses CVD reaction mechanisms, step coverage, and overview. Key aspects include comparing evaporation and sputtering, deriving equations for mean free path and deposition rate, and factors affecting step coverage in CVD like temperature and pressure.
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a process used to produce high-purity solid materials through chemical reactions of vapor phase precursors on a substrate. Key steps include transport of reactants to the substrate surface, adsorption and decomposition reactions, and removal of byproducts. CVD processes are classified based on operating pressure and can be used to deposit a variety of materials through control of temperature, precursor gases, and other parameters.
Effect of polymer structural factors on the mechanical propertiesVishal K P
This document discusses how various structural factors affect the mechanical properties of polymers. It examines the effects of molecular weight, cross-linking, crystallinity, polarity, copolymerization, and steric factors. Higher molecular weight, cross-linking density, crystallinity, and polarity generally increase the glass transition temperature and modulus. Crystallinity has a more pronounced effect above the glass transition temperature. Copolymerization can result in properties between the homopolymers or phase separation depending on the type of copolymer. Long flexible side chains decrease properties while branched side chains increase them.
High-temperature superconducting technology offers high efficiency and low cost. Russian specialists have invented a new room-temperature superconductivity phenomenon using common metals like aluminum and copper. Conductors made with this technology have exceptional qualities and wide applications. Developing this technology will require research and development, obtaining international patents, optimizing the technology, searching for production partners, and building production and laboratory facilities. It could have dramatic economic impacts by enabling new areas of science, technology, and control over the energy sector.
This document discusses the optical properties of solids. It begins by defining optical properties as light-matter interactions like reflection, absorption, transmission and refraction. Optical processes are classified into reflection, propagation and transmission. Key optical parameters discussed include refractive index, absorption coefficient, dielectric constant, and complex refractive index. Beer's law relating light intensity and absorption is explained. The properties of insulators, semiconductors, glasses and metals are then summarized. Insulators and semiconductors are highly transmitting in visible ranges with absorption in UV and IR. Glasses like fused silica are also highly transmitting but with shorter ranges. Metals are highly reflective across most frequencies.
Polymer processing involves converting plastic raw materials into finished products. There are primary, secondary, and tertiary processing methods. The selection of a processing method depends on factors like the product design, material properties, production quantity, and cost. Common primary methods include injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, and compression molding. The polymer properties like water absorption, physical form, thermal stability, and melt flow properties affect the suitable processing technique. Proper consideration of these factors ensures efficient processing and quality product manufacture.
This document summarizes a seminar on cast metal matrix composites presented by Vijit Gajbhiye. It discusses various processing techniques for metal matrix composites including stir casting, sand and permanent mold casting, centrifugal casting, compocasting, infiltration, squeeze casting, vacuum infiltration, electromagnetic infiltration, and centrifugal infiltration. It provides examples of applications of metal matrix composites in automotive and aerospace industries such as pistons, brake rotors, and aircraft components.
Muhammad Wajid and Muhammad Talha presented a report on sputtering process and its types to Dr. Shumaila Karmat. Sputtering is a process where atoms are ejected from a material's surface when struck by energetic particles, and it was first discovered in 1852. There are several types of sputtering including magnetron sputtering, ion-beam sputtering, and reactive sputtering. Magnetron sputtering traps electrons near the target using electric and magnetic fields to increase the deposition rate. Ion-beam sputtering uses a focused ion beam to sputter the target. Reactive sputtering introduces a reactive gas to deposit a film with a different composition than the target through a chemical reaction.
A brief introduction to superhydrophobicity. Superhydrophobicity is defined as well as explained in simple terms. Furthermore, demo videos are shown to showcase the differences between superhydrophobic surfaces and hydrophilic surfaces. Finally, potential applications for this technology are explored.
This document provides an overview of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of thiolates on metal surfaces as a form of nanotechnology. It discusses SAM preparation and characterization, as well as applications of SAMs on thin metal films and nanostructures. SAMs are formed when thiol molecules spontaneously adsorb onto metal surfaces like gold to form ordered, close-packed monolayers. SAMs allow the surface properties of materials to be modified and controlled at the nanoscale and have applications in fields like biochemistry, electronics, and materials science.
Properties of solids (solid state) by Rawat's JFCRawat DA Greatt
The document summarizes the key electrical, magnetic, and dielectric properties of solids. It discusses how solids can be classified as conductors, insulators, or semiconductors based on their electrical conductivity. Semiconductors are further classified as intrinsic or extrinsic, with n-type and p-type extrinsic semiconductors discussed. Magnetic properties are also summarized, classifying materials as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, or ferrimagnetic based on their behavior in magnetic fields. Finally, dielectric properties including piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, ferroelectricity, and antiferroelectricity are briefly defined.
Synthesis and characterization of nanocompositessowmya sankaran
This document defines and discusses different types of nanocomposites. It begins by defining nanotechnology and some unique properties at the nanoscale. It then discusses different types of nanomaterials that can be used in nanocomposites like nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanorods. The document outlines three main types of nanocomposites - metal matrix, ceramic matrix, and polymer matrix - and provides examples and processing methods for each type. It concludes by discussing several applications of nanocomposites in areas like food packaging, environmental protection, aerospace, automotive, and batteries.
This document discusses X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and their application to materials characterization. XRD works on Bragg's law to detect crystalline structures by measuring diffraction patterns from samples bombarded with X-rays. Key applications of XRD include phase identification, crystal structure determination, and measuring properties like crystal size and strain. The document outlines the components of an XRD system and how diffraction data is collected, indexed, and compared to standards to analyze materials. Limitations include issues with non-homogeneous samples and challenges in analyzing complex crystal structures.
The document discusses three microstructural transformations: recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth that occur during annealing of cold worked materials. Recovery involves a reduction in point defects and dislocation rearrangement into low energy configurations at low annealing temperatures. Recrystallization occurs at higher annealing temperatures and results in the formation of new strain-free grains. Grain growth follows recrystallization and leads to an increase in the average grain size as larger grains grow at the expense of smaller ones.
The document summarizes research on understanding charge transport in low dimensional semiconductor nanostructures embedded in an insulating matrix. Specifically, it examines current-voltage characteristics of germanium nanowire arrays in an alumina matrix as a function of temperature. Key findings include:
1) At room temperature, conduction follows Ohm's law at low voltages and Mott-Gurney's space charge limited current law at higher voltages.
2) With decreasing temperature, conduction transitions from a trap-free regime to an exponentially distributed trap regime.
3) Mobility decreases with decreasing temperature, and activation energy is extracted from an Arrhenius plot, found to be 85 meV at low temperatures and 301 meV
The document discusses the ball milling method for producing nano materials. It involves using a ball mill, which rotates around a horizontal axis partially filled with the material to be ground plus grinding media like balls. The balls crush the solid material into nano crystallites due to the gravity and kinetic forces as they rotate at high energy inside the container. Some examples given are using ball milling to produce carbon nanotubes, boron nitride nanotubes, metal oxide nano crystals like cerium oxide and zinc oxide. Ball milling of graphite can also produce nanostructured graphite for hydrogen storage applications.
This document summarizes different types of defects in crystals. It classifies defects as zero-dimensional point defects, one-dimensional line defects, two-dimensional surface defects, or three-dimensional bulk defects. Point defects include vacancies, interstitials, Frenkel defects, and Schottky defects. Line defects include edge and screw dislocations. Surface defects include grain boundaries and twin boundaries. Bulk defects include precipitates, dispersants, inclusions, and voids. Defects can impact material properties and are sometimes deliberately introduced to improve properties.
Ferromagnetic materials have three main characteristics:
1) They become spontaneously magnetized in the absence of an external magnetic field due to parallel alignment of magnetic moments.
2) They have a magnetic ordering temperature called the Curie temperature, above which they become paramagnetic.
3) They are used in many devices like transformers, electromagnets, and computer hard drives due to their magnetic properties.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND ITS TYPES-SOLID STATE PHYSICSharikrishnaprabu
The document discusses crystal structures of solids. It defines crystalline and amorphous solids, and describes the ordered arrangement of atoms or molecules in crystalline solids that extends over long ranges. Crystalline solids are further classified based on the type of bonding between their constituents into ionic solids, covalent solids, molecular solids, and metallic solids. The document also describes unit cells, crystal lattices, Bravais lattices, and packing arrangements in crystals. Common crystal structures like sodium chloride and cesium chloride are presented as examples.
This document discusses physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques for thin film deposition. It covers common PVD methods like thermal evaporation, sputtering, and molecular beam epitaxy. It also discusses CVD reaction mechanisms, step coverage, and overview. Key aspects include comparing evaporation and sputtering, deriving equations for mean free path and deposition rate, and factors affecting step coverage in CVD like temperature and pressure.
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a process used to produce high-purity solid materials through chemical reactions of vapor phase precursors on a substrate. Key steps include transport of reactants to the substrate surface, adsorption and decomposition reactions, and removal of byproducts. CVD processes are classified based on operating pressure and can be used to deposit a variety of materials through control of temperature, precursor gases, and other parameters.
Effect of polymer structural factors on the mechanical propertiesVishal K P
This document discusses how various structural factors affect the mechanical properties of polymers. It examines the effects of molecular weight, cross-linking, crystallinity, polarity, copolymerization, and steric factors. Higher molecular weight, cross-linking density, crystallinity, and polarity generally increase the glass transition temperature and modulus. Crystallinity has a more pronounced effect above the glass transition temperature. Copolymerization can result in properties between the homopolymers or phase separation depending on the type of copolymer. Long flexible side chains decrease properties while branched side chains increase them.
High-temperature superconducting technology offers high efficiency and low cost. Russian specialists have invented a new room-temperature superconductivity phenomenon using common metals like aluminum and copper. Conductors made with this technology have exceptional qualities and wide applications. Developing this technology will require research and development, obtaining international patents, optimizing the technology, searching for production partners, and building production and laboratory facilities. It could have dramatic economic impacts by enabling new areas of science, technology, and control over the energy sector.
El documento describe los principales tipos de materiales conductores eléctricos como superconductores, semiconductores e intrínsecos y extrínsecos. Los superconductores pueden ser de tipo I o II dependiendo de su comportamiento magnético. Los semiconductores conducen mejor que un aislante pero peor que un conductor, y su conductividad puede regularse mediante dopaje. Los semiconductores intrínsecos conducen por electrones y huecos liberados térmicamente, mientras que los extrínsecos se dopan con impurezas donantes o aceptoras para aumentar
Este documento resume las propiedades y reacciones químicas de los elementos de transición y sus compuestos de coordinación. Explica que los elementos de transición tienen orbitales d parcialmente ocupados y múltiples estados de oxidación. También describe algunas de sus propiedades físicas como su alta conductividad térmica y eléctrica, y sus reacciones como la formación de óxidos y la capacidad de algunos para desplazar hidrógeno. Finalmente, introduce conceptos como la serie de actividad electroquímica para explicar reacc
El silicio es el segundo elemento más abundante en la Tierra después del oxígeno. Se presenta de forma amorfa y, a diferencia del carbono, no existe de forma libre en la naturaleza. Debido a su abundancia y propiedades semiconductoras, el silicio se utiliza ampliamente en la industria electrónica para crear chips, transistores, puertas lógicas y circuitos electrónicos.
Este documento describe los fundamentos, características y clasificación de los superconductores, así como sus aplicaciones principales. Los superconductores son materiales que pueden conducir electricidad sin resistencia a temperaturas extremadamente bajas y presiones altas. Se clasifican según sus propiedades físicas, temperatura crítica y tipo de material. Sus aplicaciones incluyen electroimanes, resonancia magnética, dispositivos SQUID, cables eléctricos, trenes de levitación magnética y bombas electromagnéticas.
1) In 1911, Kamerlingh-Onnes discovered that the electrical resistance of mercury disappeared entirely when cooled below 4.15K, an unexpected phenomenon now known as superconductivity.
2) Normally, electrical resistance in solids is caused by the flow of electrons. However, in a superconductor, the electrons appear to flow without resistance below the critical temperature.
3) Onnes initially thought of a superconductor as a vessel filled with an electron gas, where an electric field causes the electrons to flow without resistance like a "wind" through the gas.
Introduction to High temperature superconductorsdutt4190
This document provides an overview of high temperature superconductors. It defines superconductivity as zero electrical resistance below a critical temperature. High temperature superconductors have critical temperatures above that of liquid nitrogen. The two main types discussed are cuprates, which are copper-oxide based, and iron-based superconductors. Cuprates can achieve critical temperatures up to 133K, while iron-based conductors have reached 56K. Both exploit layered structures to achieve high critical temperatures. Applications of high temperature superconductors include magnetic levitation, power transmission, and superconducting magnets.
OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) is a light emitting diode that uses organic compounds that emit light when electric current is applied. OLEDs are used in digital displays of devices like TVs. An OLED is made up of a layer of organic semiconductor material situated between two electrodes, where applying a voltage causes electrons and electron holes to recombine and release energy in the form of light. OLEDs offer benefits over LCDs like thinner profiles, faster response times, and ability to produce true black levels. Current research is focused on improving OLED efficiency and lifespan for uses in lighting, displays, and transparent devices.
Presentation by Professor Tim Osswald, Director of SIMTEC Silicone Parts Technical Advisory Board for Silicone Elastomers US 2011.
ABSTRACT: Polymers are both solid and liquid at the same time, regardless of the temperature. However, during processing and usage they appear to be either in the liquid or solid state. This is due to the density and the mobility of the molecule chains of the polymer. Silicone rubber has particularly good properties for applications that require both absorption as well as transmission of vibrations. This paper presents the fundamental behavior of liquid silicone rubber, addressing the time-temperature dependence of storage and loss moduli, as well as their development during cure. The whole range between viscous and perfectly elastic behavior, and their interaction is demonstrated with measurements and simple models.
Hydroboration is the addition of a hydrogen-boron bond to double or triple carbon-carbon bonds. It is a useful reaction for organic synthesis. Various boranes can be used for hydroboration, including diborane and catecholborane. Hydroboration occurs by a concerted four-center transition state and adds to alkenes in a syn stereospecific manner. The organoboranes produced can then undergo further reactions like oxidation to form alcohols and ketones or amination to form amines.
Che 20032 chemistry of technology presentationRob Jackson
This document outlines the course CHE-20032: Sustainable Chemistry. It discusses the overall aims of investigating modern technological applications and their chemistry and environmental issues. Possible topics for student posters are listed, including lithium ion batteries, lithium air batteries, photovoltaic materials, smart screen materials, solid oxide fuel cells, graphene, and lightweight materials. Brief descriptions of the chemistry of some of these topics are also provided.
Time crystals are structures that appear to have perpetual motion even in their lowest energy ground state, breaking the symmetry of time translation. Theoretical predictions were experimentally proven using trapped ions or nitrogen vacancy centers in diamonds, which showed oscillations with a period twice the driving period, indicating symmetry breaking. Time crystals are open systems out of equilibrium that could enable applications like quantum computing and storage through their ability to constantly oscillate without additional energy input.
LCoS (Liquid Crystal on Silicon) is a micro-display technology that produces higher resolution images than LCD or DLP. It is a transmissive and reflective technology that uses liquid crystals applied to a reflective mirror substrate. Some key advantages of LCoS include no visible pixels due to the small gap between pixels, rich color quality without rainbow effects, and flicker-free images up to 120Hz. However, LCoS also has limitations such as lower contrast ratios compared to DLP and higher production costs.
Transition metal derivatives of polyhedral boranes and carboranes can form in different ways. Metallocarboranes often form "sandwich" structures where the metal is bonded between two closo-carborane ligands. These structures are more stable than metallocenes due to properties of the carborane ligands. Metal derivatives of polyhedral boranes can form direct bonds to boron atoms or ionic bonds to the cluster. One example is Cu2B10H10, which has a unique diagonal bonding structure unlike the typical "sandwich". These compounds have various applications including catalysis, organic synthesis, and medicine.
Chelation is a process where metals form stable, soluble complexes with organic acids called chelators. The strongest chelators are synthetic like EDTA, which form very stable complexes that are not affected by pH. EDTA is often the best chelator because it forms very stable complexes, works in a wide pH range, easily releases metals, and has other benefits. Chelated forms of nutrients are more effective than inorganic forms because they remain soluble and available in soil. Studies show chelated zinc is more effective than zinc sulfate, especially when applied earlier in plant growth. Chelated nutrients require lower application rates than inorganic forms to achieve the same results.
This document discusses heavy metals and their antagonists. It notes that heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that are at least 5 times denser than water. The metals of greatest environmental concern are lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium. Chelating agents can be used to treat heavy metal poisoning by binding to the metals and promoting their excretion. Common chelating agents include dimercaprol, penicillamine, DMSA, DMPS, and EDTA. Lead exposure remains a significant risk for children in the US and can cause neurological and behavioral issues that are sometimes misdiagnosed.
This presentation covers the basics of silicon photovoltaic cells, looking at the photovoltaic effect, the chemical properties of silicon, PN junctions, how photovoltaic cells are constructed, the factors affecting their performance and how they can be tested and evaluated.
This document discusses different types of electrolyte materials that can be used for pseudocapacitors, including silver-doped manganese oxide, ruthenium oxides, solid electrolytes, liquid electrolytes, and ionic liquid electrolytes. It provides details on the properties and advantages of each material, such as manganese oxide having high capacitance but poor conductivity, which can be improved by doping with silver. It also discusses characteristics of solid electrolytes like high ionic conductivity and prevention of dendrite growth.
This document discusses applications and devices using superconductors. It describes how superconducting magnetic levitation works using magnets that repel one another due to the Meissner effect. It also discusses superconducting wires used in magnets and transmission lines. The document details how high temperature superconductor nanowires can be grown through electrodeposition and sol-gel processes to take advantage of properties at the nanoscale. Applications such as MRI machines that use superconducting magnets to produce medical images are also covered.
This document describes the development of a cholesterol biosensor based on immobilizing cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) enzyme onto cobalt oxide (CoOx) nanoparticles. Cobalt nanoparticles were uniformly electrodeposited onto a glassy carbon electrode to form a porous nanostructure. ChOx was then immobilized via repetitive potential cycling. The biosensor detects cholesterol by measuring the hydrogen peroxide produced during the ChOx enzymatic reaction with cholesterol. Characterization with SEM, XRD, and AFM showed uniform CoOx distribution and enzyme immobilization. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrated the CoOx nanoparticles effectively mediate the electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen peroxide without needing an additional electron transfer mediator. The biosensor utilizes the Co
This document discusses carbon nanotubes. It provides a brief history and timeline of carbon nanotube discoveries. Carbon nanotubes can be single-walled or multi-walled and are composed entirely of sp2 bonds. They exhibit exceptional mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. Common synthesis methods include arc discharge, laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition.
This document summarizes research on using electrodeposited manganese dioxide (MnO2) coatings on porous carbon substrates for capacitive deionization (CDI) applications. Two carbon substrates with different surface areas and morphologies were coated with MnO2 using galvanostatic and cyclic voltammetric deposition. Characterization of the coated electrodes found mixed MnO2 phases present. Testing in half-cell configurations showed that maximum ion uptake per mass was not necessarily optimal for practical CDI applications, where performance per electrode area is more important. The results suggest the structure and deposition method can impact how effectively the electrode volume participates in ion removal reactions.
Few-layered MoSe2 nanosheets an an advanced...suresh kannan
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of few-layered molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) nanosheets as an electrode material for supercapacitors. The MoSe2 nanosheets were synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method. Characterization with Raman spectroscopy, TEM, and XRD confirmed the formation of few-layered nanosheets. Electrochemical testing of the MoSe2 electrode in a symmetric cell configuration showed a maximum specific capacitance of 198.9 F g−1 and capacitance retention of approximately 75% after 10,000 cycles, indicating potential for supercapacitor applications.
Modifying of li ni0.8co0.2o2 cathode material by chemical vapor deposition co...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes research on modifying the cathode material LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 by depositing thin ceramic oxide coatings via chemical vapor deposition to improve its thermal stability. Al2O3 and ZnO coatings were deposited. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the Al2O3 coating did not significantly change the material's structure, while the ZnO coating resulted in a new phase, likely a nickel-zinc compound. Electrochemical testing found the Al2O3-coated material had lower specific capacity in the first cycle but better capacity retention over subsequent cycles compared to the uncoated material. Differential scanning calorimetry also showed the Al2O3 coating reduced the exothermic reaction
Improving the properties of Ni-Based Alloys by Co AdditionIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses improving the properties of nickel-based alloys through the addition of cobalt.
2) Cobalt addition leads to grain refinement in the alloys, which influences both microstructure and corrosion resistance. Finer grain size improves hardness.
3) Samples of Ni-5Cr-5Al-xCo (where x is the cobalt content from 0-30%) were produced by vacuum arc melting and characterized through XRD, optical microscopy, and Vickers hardness testing.
4) Results showed that increasing the cobalt content refined grain size and improved hardness, while also enhancing corrosion resistance properties over the substrate material alone.
The document discusses using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to analyze the molecular structure of nickel oxide (NiO) films annealed under different conditions. XRD patterns showed that films annealed for 60 minutes developed crystalline peaks, while shorter annealing durations resulted in amorphous structures. For films annealed at different temperatures, all showed crystallinity with larger crystallite sizes at higher temperatures. XRD thus provides a way to study how annealing conditions impact the structural properties of metal oxide thin films like NiO.
Carbon-cuprous oxide composite nanoparticles
were chemically deposited on surface of thin glass tubes of spent
energy saving lamps for solar heat collection. Carbon was
obtained from fly ash of heavy oil incomplete combustion in
electric power stations. Impurities in the carbon were removed by
leaching with mineral acids. The mineral free-carbon was then
wet ground to have a submicron size. After filtration, it was
reacted with concentrated sulfuric/fuming nitric acid mixture on
cold for 3-4 days. Potassium chlorate was then added drop wise on
hot conditions to a carbon slurry followed by filtration.
Nanocarbon sample was mixed with 5% by weight PVA to help
adhesion to the glass surface. Carbon so deposited was doped with
copper nitrate solution. After dryness, the carbon/copper nitrate
film was dipped in hydrazine hydrate to form cuprous oxide -
carbon composite, It was then roasted at 380-400 °C A heat
collector testing assembly was constructed of 5 glass coils
connected in series with a total surface area of 1250 cm2
. Heat
collection was estimated by water flowing in the glass coils that
are coated with the carbon/copper film,. Parameters affecting the
solar collection efficiency such as time of exposure and mass flow
rate of the water were studied. Results revealed that the prepared
glass coil has proven successful energy collector for solar heat.
Enhanced charge separation in g-C3N4–BiOI heterostructures for visible light ...Pawan Kumar
Heterojunctions of the low bandgap semiconductor bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) with bulk multilayered
graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and few layered graphitic carbon nitride sheets (g-C3N4-S) are
synthesized and investigated as an active photoanode material for sunlight driven water splitting. HRTEM and elemental mapping reveals formation of a unique heterostructure between BiOI platelets and
the carbon nitride (g-C3N4 and g-C3N4-S) network that consisted of dendritic BiOI nanoplates
surrounded by g-C3N4 sheets. The presence of BiOI in g-C3N4-S/BiOI and g-C3N4-S/BiOI
nanocomposites extends the visible light absorption profile from 500 nm up to 650 nm. Due to excellent
charge separation in g-C3N4/BiOI and g-C3N4-S/BiOI, evident from quenching of the carbon nitride
photoluminescence (PL) and a decrease in the PL lifetime, a significant increase in photoelectrochemical
performance is observed for both types of g-C3N4–BiOI heterojunctions. In comparison to
heterojunctions of bulk g-C3N4 with BiOI, the nanocomposite consisting of few layered sheets of gC3N4 and BiOI exhibits higher photocurrent density due to lower recombination in few layered sheets. A
synergistic trap passivation and charge separation is found to occur in the g-C3N4-S/BiOI
nanocomposite heterostructure which results in a higher photocurrent and a lower charge transfer
resistance.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon that occurs in certain materials below a critical temperature where they show zero electrical resistance. It was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes who found that mercury's resistivity disappeared below 4K. Superconductors expel magnetic fields, known as the Meissner effect. An experiment is described where a ceramic disk made of yttrium-barium-copper oxide is cooled below its critical temperature using liquid nitrogen, causing it to become a superconductor and levitate a small magnet due to persistent electric currents. Theories like the BCS theory and London theory were developed to explain the microscopic mechanisms of superconductivity.
So far only a limited number of publications have been
concerned with the study of the mixed alkali effect in
glasses with the former TeO2. To our knowledge all were
focused on Li2O–Na2O–TeO2 glasses. The importance
of studying such a phenomenon in TeO2 glasses is due to
many industrial and technological applications concerning
this type. In the present work five different glass samples
of the system (20-x)K2O.xNa2O.80TeO2 were
selected for the present study, here x=0, 5, 10, 15 and 20
mol%. Bulk density and infrared absorption spectroscopy
were measured at room temperature. Quantitative
evaluation of the infrared absorption spectra showed that
the molecular groups were affected by changing the type
of the nearest neighbour alkali species. AC and dc isothermal
electrical conductivity were measured in the temperature
range 300–600 K and in the frequency range
0–100 kHz. Electrical parameters such as dielectric constant,
loss factor and conductivity were extracted from
these experiments and show mixed alkali effect. The glass
transition temperature was obtained from DTA as well
as from the dc electrical conductivity with a minimum
at Tg=485 K for x=10 mol%. The present results were
discussed in the light of ionic diffusion and interchange
transport mechanism of conduction along with structure
in TeO2 based glasses.
This document provides an overview of inorganic materials chemistry. It discusses various methods for synthesizing solid state compounds, including solid-solid reactions requiring high temperatures, liquid-solid methods using melts, and gas-solid reactions. Characterization techniques are outlined for analyzing composition, structure, morphology, and properties of solids. Common structures like rock salt, defects in ionic solids, and dimensionality effects are reviewed. Magnetism, dielectric properties, and superconductivity are topics to be covered in subsequent lectures.
Materials science is an interdisciplinary field that studies the structure and properties of various materials. It applies concepts from physics, chemistry, and engineering. The document discusses several classes of materials - ionic crystals, covalent materials, metals and alloys, semiconductors, superconductors, polymers, composites, ceramics, glasses, and catalysts. It provides examples and applications for each type of material, highlighting their importance across different industries like transportation, energy, electronics, and more.
Pertemuan 1-2 Crystal Structure of ceramics.pptxHusainUnm
Ceramics can be defined as inorganic, nonmetallic materials that are typically crystalline in nature and formed from compounds of metallic and nonmetallic elements. There are two main types of ceramic materials based on composition - silicate ceramics containing the (SiO4) anionic complex, and advanced ceramics including oxides, non-oxides, and other compounds. Ceramic materials have very high melting temperatures, are brittle, and exhibit properties including high strength at elevated temperatures, corrosion and wear resistance, and electrical insulation. Their crystal structures are based on close-packed oxygen arrays with cations fitting into interstitial sites.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Spray pyrolysis is a technique used to prepare oxide films, ceramic coatings, and nanoparticles. It involves atomizing a precursor solution containing metal salts, transporting the sprayed droplets to a heated substrate, and pyrolyzing the salts to form the desired material. Some key advantages of this technique are its simplicity, low cost, versatility for multi-layer deposition, and ability to produce materials for a variety of applications including solar cells, gas sensors, and solid oxide fuel cells. The morphology and properties of films produced can be controlled through parameters like substrate temperature, precursor solution composition, and flow rate.
Similar to Ceramic material Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (20)
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
2. Definition
Yttrium barium copper oxide YBCO, is a family
of crystalline chemical compounds, famous for
displaying "high-temperature
superconductivity". Many YBCO compounds
have the general formula YBa2Cu3O7-x (also
known as Y123), although materials with other
Y:Ba:Cu ratios exist, such as YBa2Cu4Oy (Y124)
or Y2Ba4Cu7Oy (Y247).
4. Description
• The boundary of each layer is
defined by planes of square planar
CuO4 units sharing 4 vertices.
•The yttrium atoms are found
between the CuO2 planes.
•The barium atoms are found
between the CuO4 ribbons and the
CuO2 planes.
Note - The structure of these materials
depends on the oxygen content.
YBa2Cu3O7-x
x = 1 tetragonal no super conduction
0 ≤ x ≤ 0.65 orthorhombic superconducting
5. What is Superconductivity?
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly
zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic
fields occurring in certain materials
when cooled below a characteristic critical
temperature.
Like ferromagnetism, superconductivity is a quantum
mechanical phenomenon.
It is characterized by the Meissner effect.
The complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the
interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the
superconducting state.
6. VIDEO MAY NOT PLAY HERE so link is provided
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5f17VLp9Co
7. Properties
IUPAC name Barium Copper Yttrium Oxide
Chemical formula YBa2Cu3O7
Molecular mass 666.19 g/mol
Appearance Black solid
Density 6.3 g/cm
Melting point >1000 °C
Solubility in water Insoluble
8. Synthesis
Pure YBCO was synthesized by heating a mixture of
the metal carbonates at temperatures between 1000
to 1300 K.
4 BaCO3 + Y2(CO3)3 + 6 CuCO3 + (1/2−x) O2 → 2 YBa2Cu3O7−x + 13
CO2
The superconducting properties of YBa2Cu3O7−x are
sensitive to the value of x, its oxygen content.
Only those materials with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.65 are
superconducting below Tc.
When x ~ 0.07 the material superconducts at the
highest temperature of 95 K.
9. The properties of YBCO are influenced by the
crystallization methods used.
Care must be taken to sinter YBCO.
YBCO is a crystalline material, and the best
superconductive properties are obtained when
crystal grain boundaries are aligned by careful
control of annealing and quenching temperature
rates.
11. Surface modification of YBCO
Surface modification of materials has often led to new and
improved properties.
Corrosion inhibition, polymer adhesion and nucleation, preparation
of organic superconductor/high-Tc superconductor trilayer
structures, and the fabrication of superconductor tunnel junctions
have been developed using surface-modified YBCO.
These molecular layered materials are synthesized using cyclic
voltammetry.
YBCO layered with alkylamines, arylamines, and thiols have been
produced with varying stability of the molecular layer.
It has been proposed that amines act as Lewis bases and bind to
Lewis acidic Cu surface sites in YBa2Cu3O7 to form stable
coordination bonds.
14. The most promising method developed to utilize
this material involves deposition of YBCO on
flexible metal tapes coated with buffering metal
oxides. This is known as coated conductor
16. Facts about Superconductor
1. Before Onnes created liquid helium, the lowest temperature available to
researchers was 14 K from solid hydrogen.
2. Five Nobel Prizes in Physics have been awarded for research in
superconductivity.
3. Transport vehicles such as trains can be made to "float" on strong
superconducting magnets, virtually eliminating friction between the train
and its tracks.