The document presents an overview of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) as a clean and efficient energy source necessary due to the depletion of non-renewable energy resources. It discusses the functioning of fuel cells, their geometrical designs, materials used, and advancements for improving their applications. The conclusion emphasizes the potential of SOFCs as an alternative power source, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.

1. • PRESENTED BY:
1.SHASHANK REDDY- BT16MME044
2.RITAM GHOSH- BT16MME055
3.SANYAM TOTADE- BT16MME065
4.SUMANSHU SETHI- BT16MME075

2. Introduction
• The increasing population has led to consumption of fuel at an unimaginable rate in past few
decades.
• As a result, world is facing the problem of exhaustion of non renewable resources of energy.
• The scientists are thus compelled to develop some alternative energy resource for the future
generation.
• Fuel cells may serve this purpose .
• According to reports from Fuel Cell Today (FCT) Fuel Cell 2000 ,fuel cells can offer clean ,
reliable and efficient power to almost all electrical power device.
• The presentation mainly comprises of the development of fuel cells ,especially SOFC which can
serve as a source of clean ,efficient and reliable source of energy.

3. Contents
• Fossil Fuels and their alternatives.
• World Energy Needs.
• Development in Fuel cells over the
years.
• Description of Fuel Cells
• Geometric Designs of SOFCs.
• Types of SOFC designs
• SOFC materials
• Perovskite Structure.
• Trend in SOFCs.
• Nano- Structured SOFCs.
• Performance of SOFC
• Efficiency of SOFC.
• Applications of SOFCs.

4. Fossil Fuel and Alternate Energy Resources.
The consumption of energy in world.

5. Worlds Annual Energy Needs

6. Initial Achievements of Fuel Cells.

8. Working of Fuel Cells
• The working mainly depends on the
transportation process in electrochemical reaction.
• It converts the chemical energy of fuel and
oxidant into electrical energy .
• Hydrogen is fed to anode , oxygen is fed to
cathode.
• The electrochemical reactions are:
1. H2 2H+ +2e-
2. 1/2 O2 +2e- O-2
3. H2 + 1/2O2 H2O

9. SOFC
ANODE
CATHODE
INTERCONNECTS
ELECTRO
LYTE
MATERIAL
COMPONENTS

10. ANODE (Fuel Electrode)
• In contact with Fuel
• Negatively Charged
• Oxidation Reaction occurs – catalyses oxygen-fuel
reaction
• Anode layer must be porous – to allow fuel to reach
towards electrolyte
• It should be conductive in nature – to allow flow of
electrons
• Anode in SOFC - Thickest and strongest layer-
Provides mechanical support
• Most common anode material –> Cermet with Ni –>
Ex : Ni-YSZ(Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia)
CATHODE(Air Electrode)
• In contact with Air(Oxygen)
• Positively Charged
• Reduction Occurs
• Thin porous layer
• Most common cathode materials
– Ca or Sr-doped LaMnO3
– Lanthanum Strontium Manganite(LSM)

11. ELECTROLYTE
• Dense layer of ceramic that conducts oxygen
ions
• Has low electronic conductivity (– to minimise
leakage) but high protonic conductivity
• Thin layer – to reduce internal cell resistance
• Example- 8YSZ(8% Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia)
, 9ScSZ(Scandia-Stabilized Zirconia)
INTERCONNECT
• Metallic or Ceramic layer between each
cell
• Connects cells in series
• 95Cr-5Fe alloy is used as interconnect for
8YSZ

12. GEOMETRICAL DESIGN
Desired properties
Required performance
Effective cost
IMPORTANCE OF DESIGN
(Following things depend on design of SOFC)

13. Geometrical Design-Types
TYPES OF SOFCs
TUBULAR
PLANAR
MONOLITHIC
ROLL

14.  Anode and Cathode – Porous Layers
 Electrolyte – Dense Layer
 Interconnect - Prevents mixing of fuel and air
 Cell Stacking –
Planar SOFC

15.  Air Electrode – Cathode(Inside)
Fuel Electrode – Anode(Outside)
 Air(Oxidant) Flows – Inside of
the tube
Fuel Flows - Outside of the tube
CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW
TUBULAR SOFC

16. SOFCs Material Structures
• Ceramics materials have proven their great enhancement in application of
SOFCs for both electrodes and electrolyte.
• Out of the many ceramic structures, the structures which stand out as the
most applicable materials for SOFCs are:
1. Perovskite structure.
2. Fluorite structure.

17. Perovskite Structures
• A perovskite is any material with the same type of crystal structure as
calcium titanium oxide (CaTiO3), known as the perovskite structure, or
A2+B4+X2−
3 with the oxygen in the face centres.
• Perovskites used for SOFCs can be classified into two types:
1. Single Perovskites.
2. Double Perovskites.

18. Single Perovskites
• In single Perovskites, oxygen ions are
arranged in a closed packed structure with the
metal ions occupying the interstices.
• The A-sites are typically occupied by trivalent
or divalent cations such as the Lanthanides or
alkaline earth. The B-sites are occupied by
transition metals usually taking valence 3+ or
4+ to electronically balance the compounds.

20. Double Perovskites
• The double perovskite structure is
basically chemically manipulated by
replacing the ion B sites to be BB’
positions which can be explained by
the basic double perovskite structure-
formula A2BB’O6.
• Properties include half-metallicity, high
temperature ferrimagnetism, and a rich
variety of magnetic interactions.
Fig: Example of double Perovskite Structure-
Sr2NiIrO6

21. • Ordering schemes in perovskites, for B-
site ordering in A2BB’X6 perovskites
and for A-site ordering in AA’B2X6
perovskites

22. SOFCs Trend From Macro to Nano-Structured
Level
• Because of the necessity of renewable, efficient sources of energy, there have been development in the
SOFCs so that it can be applicable to various aspects ranging from conventional applications to Nano-scale
applications.
• Techniques have been developed to increase the efficiency of the SOFCS by imposing slight changes in the
composition of the electrodes or electrolyte.
• Some of these developments are:
1. Improve the catalytic activities of conventional SOFC anodes.
2. Stack design as a significant issue for handling the technology of fuel cell.
3. The micro-solid oxide fuel cell has shown a big potential in the application of portable electronic devices
with a noticeable good performance at temperature ranges from 700°C to 300°C.

23. Nano-structured SOFCs
• The infiltration of nanoscale
particles.
• Formation of connected networks,
into solid oxide fuel cell electrodes.

24. Examples of Micro- structured SOFCs

25. SOFC’s Performance
• Obtained by methods:
• Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS)
• DC conductivity measurements
• I-V curves and related power density
• Binding energy measurements using X-ray photo electronic spectroscopy
• Also obtained by calculating:
V=E(thermodynamic)- ŋ(activation)- ŋ(ohmic)-ŋ (concentration)

26. SOFC’s Efficiency
• Highly efficient service
• Excellent performance
• Lower temperature SOFC-increased
efficiency
• Efficiency α 1/Temperature

27. Applications of SOFC’s
• Large and small stationary power generation
• Cogeneration applications
e.g: Combined Heat and Power(CHP)
Gas turbine
• Military applications
• Industrial applications
• Transportation applications

28. Conclusion
• The main aim of this report was to develop different materials for fuel cells
which serves as an alternate source of power.
• The most essential observation here about SOFCs is their various
geometrical types which can be adaptable to the related applications.
• Advantages:
1. Efficient.
2. Scalable.
3. Friendly to Environment
Disadvantages:
1. High Cost.
2. Complex Manufacturing.
3. Fuel Handling and Utilisation.

29. References
• https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.07078
• http://www.cpfs.mpg.de/2486283/Double-perovskites
• https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl071007i
• US Department of Energy(DOE)
• osakagas.co.jp
• americanhistory.si.edu