This document provides a summary of lectures on cellular networks given at the Department of Electrical Engineering at University of Qatar. It discusses the basics of cellular networks including frequency bands used, multiple access techniques like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It describes the evolution of cellular technologies from 1G to 4G including GSM, 3G UMTS, HSPA 3.5G, and LTE 4G. Key aspects of these technologies like their network architecture, protocols, and frequency spectrums are summarized. The document concludes with a case study on the impact of user mobility on bandwidth sharing in HSPA networks for mobile users on public transportation.
Mobile phones connect to a cellular network by communicating with nearby base stations using radio frequencies, with each base station serving an area called a cell, and cellular networks have evolved through generations from analog 1G networks to current digital 4G networks that provide high-speed wireless internet access.
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals within assigned frequency bands to serve mobile terminals in a given coverage area. As terminals move between areas covered by different base stations, the network performs handoffs to transfer service to the closest base station. A study measured the impact of mobility on HSPA networks, finding that mobility reduced available bandwidth for users on public transportation due to increased handoffs and interference between cells.
The document discusses cellular network basics and the evolution of cellular network generations from 0G to 4G. It covers key aspects of 2G cellular networks including GSM standards, channels, frequencies, architecture involving mobile stations, base station subsystems, switching subsystems, and location and handoff procedures. It also provides an overview of 3G networks and the transition from 2G technologies like GSM to 3G standards like UMTS, discussing services and performance improvements with each generation.
The document discusses cellular network basics and the evolution of cellular network generations from 0G to 4G. It covers key aspects of 2G cellular networks including GSM standards, channels, frequencies, architecture involving mobile stations, base station subsystems, switching subsystems, and location and handoff procedures. It also provides an overview of 3G networks and the transition from 2G technologies like GSM to 3G standards like UMTS, discussing services and performance improvements with each generation.
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals within assigned frequency bands to serve mobile terminals in a given coverage area. As terminals move between areas covered by different base stations, the network performs handoffs to transfer service to the closest base station. This study examines how mobility on public transportation impacts the performance of HSPA cellular networks in delivering bandwidth-intensive applications to mobile users.
This presentation is all about GSM (Global System for mobile Communication). All components, entities ,architecture ,advantages of GSM, future of GSM was the main focus.
Call routing for incoming and outgoing call is also included in the presentation.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) digital cellular network. It describes that GSM networks use digital technology and operate across international boundaries in a consistent manner. It then discusses key aspects of GSM including its frequencies, features, network components, and how frequency reuse allows for increased call capacity.
This document provides an introduction to GSM networks and their history. It discusses [1] the origins and evolution of cellular networks prior to GSM, [2] the formation of GSM in 1982 to develop a pan-European cellular standard, and [3] the key phases and advances of GSM technology over time, including digital voice services, SMS, and mobile data. The document also outlines some of the main advantages of GSM networks, including international roaming, security, voice quality, and their use of a single global standard.
Mobile phones connect to a cellular network by communicating with nearby base stations using radio frequencies, with each base station serving an area called a cell, and cellular networks have evolved through generations from analog 1G networks to current digital 4G networks that provide high-speed wireless internet access.
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals within assigned frequency bands to serve mobile terminals in a given coverage area. As terminals move between areas covered by different base stations, the network performs handoffs to transfer service to the closest base station. A study measured the impact of mobility on HSPA networks, finding that mobility reduced available bandwidth for users on public transportation due to increased handoffs and interference between cells.
The document discusses cellular network basics and the evolution of cellular network generations from 0G to 4G. It covers key aspects of 2G cellular networks including GSM standards, channels, frequencies, architecture involving mobile stations, base station subsystems, switching subsystems, and location and handoff procedures. It also provides an overview of 3G networks and the transition from 2G technologies like GSM to 3G standards like UMTS, discussing services and performance improvements with each generation.
The document discusses cellular network basics and the evolution of cellular network generations from 0G to 4G. It covers key aspects of 2G cellular networks including GSM standards, channels, frequencies, architecture involving mobile stations, base station subsystems, switching subsystems, and location and handoff procedures. It also provides an overview of 3G networks and the transition from 2G technologies like GSM to 3G standards like UMTS, discussing services and performance improvements with each generation.
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals within assigned frequency bands to serve mobile terminals in a given coverage area. As terminals move between areas covered by different base stations, the network performs handoffs to transfer service to the closest base station. This study examines how mobility on public transportation impacts the performance of HSPA cellular networks in delivering bandwidth-intensive applications to mobile users.
This presentation is all about GSM (Global System for mobile Communication). All components, entities ,architecture ,advantages of GSM, future of GSM was the main focus.
Call routing for incoming and outgoing call is also included in the presentation.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) digital cellular network. It describes that GSM networks use digital technology and operate across international boundaries in a consistent manner. It then discusses key aspects of GSM including its frequencies, features, network components, and how frequency reuse allows for increased call capacity.
This document provides an introduction to GSM networks and their history. It discusses [1] the origins and evolution of cellular networks prior to GSM, [2] the formation of GSM in 1982 to develop a pan-European cellular standard, and [3] the key phases and advances of GSM technology over time, including digital voice services, SMS, and mobile data. The document also outlines some of the main advantages of GSM networks, including international roaming, security, voice quality, and their use of a single global standard.
Mobile networks have evolved through generations from 0G to 4G. 2G networks like GSM used frequency division multiple access and provided basic voice and SMS services. 3G networks such as UMTS enabled higher speed digital services using WCDMA technology. Between 2G and 3G, networks added technologies like GPRS, EDGE, and HSDPA (3.5G) to improve speeds. 4G networks like LTE provide broadband access using OFDM and MIMO with speeds over 100 Mbps for voice, data and multimedia services on all-IP networks.
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a digital cellular network developed to provide digital wireless voice and data services. It was designed to be a digital (wide area) wireless network driven by European Telecom manufacturers, operators, and standardization committees. GSM uses a combination of time division multiple access and frequency division multiple access and has become widely used around the world.
This document provides an overview of the GSM architecture, which includes the mobile station, base station subsystem, and network switching subsystem. The mobile station contains the mobile equipment and subscriber identity module. The base station subsystem consists of the base transceiver station and base station controller. The network switching subsystem contains the mobile switching center, home location register, visitor location register, authentication center, and equipment identity register. The interfaces between these subsystems enable communication and functionality across the different elements of the GSM network.
This document provides an overview of digital switching systems and digital transmission systems. It discusses how telecommunication networks have transitioned from analog to digital technologies. Key topics covered include digital switching systems, components of transmission networks like digital distribution frames, synchronous digital hierarchy for digital transmission, and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) technologies using dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) to transmit multiple signals over fiber. The document is intended as an educational reference on modern digital telecommunication systems and technologies.
The GSM radio interface uses FDMA to divide the frequency band into channels and TDMA to divide each frequency channel into time slots to allow multiple users, with each user assigned a single time slot. The normal GSM burst carries digitized voice data or other information in a 57-bit data field, and includes guard periods and training sequences to help with timing synchronization and equalization between the mobile station and base transceiver station. GSM networks operate at different frequencies around the world, with GSM-900 being most common in Europe and other parts of the world.
GSM is a 2G mobile communication system that provides voice and data services. It uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. The key components of a GSM network are the radio subsystem including the BTS, BSC and MS; the network and switching subsystem including the MSC, HLR, VLR; and the operation subsystem including the OMC, AuC and EIR. GSM provides services like telephony, SMS, and data transmission using bearer channels while ensuring security, anonymity and authentication of users.
The GSM network architecture consists of three major subsystems: the network and switching subsystem (NSS), the base station subsystem (BSS), and the operation and support subsystem (OSS). The BSS is composed of the base transceiver station (BTS), base station controller (BSC), and transcoder (TCU/TRAU). The BTS handles radio transmission/reception, the BSC manages radio resources and handles radio call processing, and the TCU converts between GSM and PSTN/ISDN formats. The NSS contains the mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and equipment identity register (EIR), which manage subscriber
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals within assigned frequency bands to serve mobile terminals in a given coverage area. As terminals move between areas covered by different base stations, the network performs handoffs to transfer service to the closest base station. A study measured the impact of mobility on HSPA networks, finding that mobility reduced available bandwidth for users on public transportation due to increased handoffs and interference between cells.
This document provides an overview of a project on wireless sensor networks. The aims of the project are to design, build, and test a wireless sensor network circuit using an embedded system and microcontroller programming. The objectives are to study wireless sensor networks using transmitter and receiver modules and design a circuit using an 8051 or AVR microcontroller. The document outlines the modules to be used including RF, GSM, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and GPS. It provides details on the RF module, encoder/decoder circuits, and amplitude shift keying. It also includes sections on GSM technology, its history and standards, services, and architecture including frequency division multiple access, time division multiple access, and code division multiple access access mechanisms.
Mobile technology refers to devices that allow access to information from any location. This document discusses two mobile technologies: GSM and CDMA.
GSM uses FDMA and TDMA to allow multiple users to share the available frequency band. It provides international roaming and good call quality. CDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum to allow multiple users to use the entire available spectrum simultaneously. It provides higher capacity than GSM and other technologies. Both have advantages and disadvantages depending on users' needs.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) was developed to address the inefficiencies of existing cellular data services by applying a packet radio principle to transfer user data packets in an efficient way. It allows users to be "online" for long periods of time while only being billed based on the volume of data transmitted. The GPRS architecture introduces new network nodes called SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) and GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) to route packet-switched data between mobile stations and external packet data networks. This results in faster data speeds and more efficient use of network resources compared to traditional circuit-switched cellular data services.
Mobile wireless systems have progressed from 1G to 2G to 3G systems. 1G systems were the earliest analog mobile networks that suffered from low capacity and security issues. 2G systems were digital and provided higher capacity to address the problems of 1G. Both 1G and 2G focused on voice services and were not well-suited for data. 3G systems aimed to improve support for data services.
AMPS was the first-generation analog cellular system developed in the 1970s and 1980s. It used analog FM modulation with 30 kHz channel bandwidths. AMPS was deployed across North America in the early 1980s and introduced cellular communications. However, it had limitations like low capacity and lack of privacy. Successor 2G digital standards like NAMPS and D-AMPS improved capacity but have now been replaced by newer 3G and 4G technologies.
The document provides an overview of the GSM network including its history, architecture, technical specifications, and applications. It discusses the key components of GSM including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, logical and physical channels, and security features. The architecture consists of the mobile station, base station subsystem with BTS and BSC, and the network switching subsystem including the MSC, HLR, VLR, and AUC. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA and operates in the 900/1800MHz spectrum. It provides voice and data services and allows international roaming.
This document provides an overview of wireless communications and mobile technologies. It discusses early wireless technologies from the 1860s through the development of 1G analog cellular networks in the 1980s using technologies like AMPS. 2G digital cellular networks from the 1990s are described that used standards like GSM, CDMA, and TDMA. 2.5G technologies from the early 2000s like GPRS that added packet data capabilities to GSM networks are also summarized. The document covers wireless characteristics, degrees of mobility, wireless network architectures, and comparisons of standards and their data rates.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network. It discusses key aspects of GSM including that it is a digital cellular network using radio frequencies between 890-960 MHz and 1710-1880 MHz. It also describes the basic components of a GSM network including mobile stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers, databases, and their functions.
CDMA networks allow multiple users to share the same frequency band by differentiating users with codes. The document discusses the components of CDMA networks including cell sites, switching centers, and standards. It describes how CDMA handles call processing, power control, and soft handoffs to maintain quality of service as users move between different areas of coverage. The evolution of CDMA technology for voice and data services is also summarized.
The document provides an overview of mobile cellular networks from 1G to 4G technologies. It discusses the basics of cellular networks including frequency bands, cells, and handoffs. It then describes the multiple access schemes used in different generations including FDMA in 1G, TDMA in 2G, and CDMA in 3G. It provides details on 2G GSM network standards, protocols, and architecture. It also summarizes the evolution from 2G to 3G UMTS and 3.5G HSPA networks as well as the 4G LTE technology including its advantages over previous standards.
• There are many types of cellular services; before delving into details, focus on basics (helps navigate the “acronym soup”)
• Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology; radio waves are electromagnetic waves that antennas propagate
• Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz frequency bands
Mobile networks have evolved through generations from 0G to 4G. 2G networks like GSM used frequency division multiple access and provided basic voice and SMS services. 3G networks such as UMTS enabled higher speed digital services using WCDMA technology. Between 2G and 3G, networks added technologies like GPRS, EDGE, and HSDPA (3.5G) to improve speeds. 4G networks like LTE provide broadband access using OFDM and MIMO with speeds over 100 Mbps for voice, data and multimedia services on all-IP networks.
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a digital cellular network developed to provide digital wireless voice and data services. It was designed to be a digital (wide area) wireless network driven by European Telecom manufacturers, operators, and standardization committees. GSM uses a combination of time division multiple access and frequency division multiple access and has become widely used around the world.
This document provides an overview of the GSM architecture, which includes the mobile station, base station subsystem, and network switching subsystem. The mobile station contains the mobile equipment and subscriber identity module. The base station subsystem consists of the base transceiver station and base station controller. The network switching subsystem contains the mobile switching center, home location register, visitor location register, authentication center, and equipment identity register. The interfaces between these subsystems enable communication and functionality across the different elements of the GSM network.
This document provides an overview of digital switching systems and digital transmission systems. It discusses how telecommunication networks have transitioned from analog to digital technologies. Key topics covered include digital switching systems, components of transmission networks like digital distribution frames, synchronous digital hierarchy for digital transmission, and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) technologies using dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) to transmit multiple signals over fiber. The document is intended as an educational reference on modern digital telecommunication systems and technologies.
The GSM radio interface uses FDMA to divide the frequency band into channels and TDMA to divide each frequency channel into time slots to allow multiple users, with each user assigned a single time slot. The normal GSM burst carries digitized voice data or other information in a 57-bit data field, and includes guard periods and training sequences to help with timing synchronization and equalization between the mobile station and base transceiver station. GSM networks operate at different frequencies around the world, with GSM-900 being most common in Europe and other parts of the world.
GSM is a 2G mobile communication system that provides voice and data services. It uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. The key components of a GSM network are the radio subsystem including the BTS, BSC and MS; the network and switching subsystem including the MSC, HLR, VLR; and the operation subsystem including the OMC, AuC and EIR. GSM provides services like telephony, SMS, and data transmission using bearer channels while ensuring security, anonymity and authentication of users.
The GSM network architecture consists of three major subsystems: the network and switching subsystem (NSS), the base station subsystem (BSS), and the operation and support subsystem (OSS). The BSS is composed of the base transceiver station (BTS), base station controller (BSC), and transcoder (TCU/TRAU). The BTS handles radio transmission/reception, the BSC manages radio resources and handles radio call processing, and the TCU converts between GSM and PSTN/ISDN formats. The NSS contains the mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and equipment identity register (EIR), which manage subscriber
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals within assigned frequency bands to serve mobile terminals in a given coverage area. As terminals move between areas covered by different base stations, the network performs handoffs to transfer service to the closest base station. A study measured the impact of mobility on HSPA networks, finding that mobility reduced available bandwidth for users on public transportation due to increased handoffs and interference between cells.
This document provides an overview of a project on wireless sensor networks. The aims of the project are to design, build, and test a wireless sensor network circuit using an embedded system and microcontroller programming. The objectives are to study wireless sensor networks using transmitter and receiver modules and design a circuit using an 8051 or AVR microcontroller. The document outlines the modules to be used including RF, GSM, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and GPS. It provides details on the RF module, encoder/decoder circuits, and amplitude shift keying. It also includes sections on GSM technology, its history and standards, services, and architecture including frequency division multiple access, time division multiple access, and code division multiple access access mechanisms.
Mobile technology refers to devices that allow access to information from any location. This document discusses two mobile technologies: GSM and CDMA.
GSM uses FDMA and TDMA to allow multiple users to share the available frequency band. It provides international roaming and good call quality. CDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum to allow multiple users to use the entire available spectrum simultaneously. It provides higher capacity than GSM and other technologies. Both have advantages and disadvantages depending on users' needs.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) was developed to address the inefficiencies of existing cellular data services by applying a packet radio principle to transfer user data packets in an efficient way. It allows users to be "online" for long periods of time while only being billed based on the volume of data transmitted. The GPRS architecture introduces new network nodes called SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) and GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) to route packet-switched data between mobile stations and external packet data networks. This results in faster data speeds and more efficient use of network resources compared to traditional circuit-switched cellular data services.
Mobile wireless systems have progressed from 1G to 2G to 3G systems. 1G systems were the earliest analog mobile networks that suffered from low capacity and security issues. 2G systems were digital and provided higher capacity to address the problems of 1G. Both 1G and 2G focused on voice services and were not well-suited for data. 3G systems aimed to improve support for data services.
AMPS was the first-generation analog cellular system developed in the 1970s and 1980s. It used analog FM modulation with 30 kHz channel bandwidths. AMPS was deployed across North America in the early 1980s and introduced cellular communications. However, it had limitations like low capacity and lack of privacy. Successor 2G digital standards like NAMPS and D-AMPS improved capacity but have now been replaced by newer 3G and 4G technologies.
The document provides an overview of the GSM network including its history, architecture, technical specifications, and applications. It discusses the key components of GSM including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, logical and physical channels, and security features. The architecture consists of the mobile station, base station subsystem with BTS and BSC, and the network switching subsystem including the MSC, HLR, VLR, and AUC. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA and operates in the 900/1800MHz spectrum. It provides voice and data services and allows international roaming.
This document provides an overview of wireless communications and mobile technologies. It discusses early wireless technologies from the 1860s through the development of 1G analog cellular networks in the 1980s using technologies like AMPS. 2G digital cellular networks from the 1990s are described that used standards like GSM, CDMA, and TDMA. 2.5G technologies from the early 2000s like GPRS that added packet data capabilities to GSM networks are also summarized. The document covers wireless characteristics, degrees of mobility, wireless network architectures, and comparisons of standards and their data rates.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network. It discusses key aspects of GSM including that it is a digital cellular network using radio frequencies between 890-960 MHz and 1710-1880 MHz. It also describes the basic components of a GSM network including mobile stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers, databases, and their functions.
CDMA networks allow multiple users to share the same frequency band by differentiating users with codes. The document discusses the components of CDMA networks including cell sites, switching centers, and standards. It describes how CDMA handles call processing, power control, and soft handoffs to maintain quality of service as users move between different areas of coverage. The evolution of CDMA technology for voice and data services is also summarized.
The document provides an overview of mobile cellular networks from 1G to 4G technologies. It discusses the basics of cellular networks including frequency bands, cells, and handoffs. It then describes the multiple access schemes used in different generations including FDMA in 1G, TDMA in 2G, and CDMA in 3G. It provides details on 2G GSM network standards, protocols, and architecture. It also summarizes the evolution from 2G to 3G UMTS and 3.5G HSPA networks as well as the 4G LTE technology including its advantages over previous standards.
• There are many types of cellular services; before delving into details, focus on basics (helps navigate the “acronym soup”)
• Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology; radio waves are electromagnetic waves that antennas propagate
• Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz frequency bands
Mobile phones operate using cellular networks that transmit radio signals in frequency bands between 850-1900 MHz. A cellular network consists of base stations that transmit to and receive from mobile devices. Each base station covers a geographic cell area. As devices move between cells, handoffs of the connection occur. Cellular networks have evolved through generations starting with analog 1G networks to current digital 4G networks that provide high-speed internet access. Multiple access schemes like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA are used to allow multiple devices to access the network simultaneously. Popular cellular standards include GSM, CDMA, and LTE which define network architecture, protocols, and services.
Mobile phones operate using cellular networks that transmit radio signals in frequency bands between 850-1900 MHz. A cellular network consists of base stations that transmit to and receive from mobile devices. Each base station covers a geographic cell area. As devices move between cells, handoffs of the connection occur. Cellular networks have evolved through generations starting with analog 1G networks to current digital 4G networks that provide high-speed internet access. Key technologies enabling multiple devices to access the network simultaneously include FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. Popular cellular standards include GSM, a 2G standard, and 3G/4G standards that support higher data rates for applications like video calling.
This document provides an overview of mobile handset cellular networks. It discusses cellular network basics including the frequency bands used and how base stations transmit to and receive from mobile devices. It describes cellular network generations from 0G to 4G and the evolution of cellular networks over time. It also covers multiple access schemes including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. Specific cellular technologies are discussed like GSM, UMTS, HSPA, LTE and their network architectures.
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals in frequency bands between 850-1900 MHz. As devices move between base station coverage areas, the network performs handoffs to transfer the connection seamlessly. Higher generations of cellular networks like 3G and 4G provide improved data speeds but still must handle user mobility effectively.
1. Cellular networks use multiple base stations that transmit and receive from mobile devices using assigned frequencies to allow frequency reuse and increase both coverage and capacity.
2. Multiple access schemes like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously by dividing the available bandwidth.
3. Generations of cellular networks have increased capabilities with 2G supporting digital signals and data, 3G allowing faster data rates including video calls, and 4G providing high-speed multimedia access.
GSM is a second generation cellular technology developed to provide digital voice and data services using TDMA and FDMA. It initially provided circuit switched services but later added packet switched capabilities with GPRS. The key components of GSM are the mobile station, base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the network switching subsystem centered around mobile switching centers and databases like HLR, VLR, EIR and AUC. GSM supports various voice and data services as well as supplementary services and saw continual upgrades over time to improve data capabilities.
The document provides an overview of mobile handset cellular networks, including the evolution from 2G to 4G networks. It describes key aspects of 2G GSM networks such as architecture, channels, protocols and short message service. It also summarizes the development of 3G UMTS networks and 4G LTE networks, outlining their technical improvements over previous generations including increased data rates and new multiple access technologies.
Global System for Mobile Communications(1).pdfbutrukerdu
The document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). Key points include:
- GSM is a digital cellular network developed to provide improved voice quality, capacity, and security compared to earlier analog networks.
- The network uses a cell structure where each cell contains radio transmission equipment and is connected to switches that provide access to wired networks.
- Core network components include Mobile Switching Centers (MSCs), Home Location Registers (HLRs), Visitor Location Registers (VLRs), and Authentication Centers (AUCs) that manage subscriber data and authentication.
- Radio access is handled by Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) and Base Station Controllers (BSCs)
GSM is a digital cellular network standard that allows for compatibility between networks and devices. It divides geographic coverage areas into cells served by base stations. GSM uses paired frequencies between 890-960 MHz for uplinks and 935-960 MHz for downlinks, separated by 45 MHz. The network components include the mobile station containing the mobile equipment and SIM card, base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, switching centers, databases, and interfaces to other networks.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It describes key aspects of GSM including that it uses a digital cellular network, divides service areas into cells with equipment to transmit and receive calls, operates in specific radio frequency ranges, and uses subscriber identities like IMSI and TMSI. It also summarizes important GSM network components like the MSC, BTS, HLR, VLR, EIR and SIM card.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It describes key aspects of GSM including that it uses a digital cellular network, divides service areas into cells with equipment to transmit and receive calls, operates in specific radio frequency ranges, and uses subscriber identity modules (SIMs) and mobile equipment (ME). The document also summarizes key GSM network components like the mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and base station subsystem (BSS).
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It discusses key aspects of GSM including that it uses digital cellular networks divided into regions called cells. Each cell has equipment to transmit and receive calls within its coverage area. GSM networks operate in specific radio frequency ranges and use frequency reuse to increase capacity. The network components work together to provide mobile communication services, identifying and authenticating subscribers as they roam across different cells.
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a digital cellular network developed to provide a common mobile telecommunications system across Europe. It includes specifications for a mobile network including the architecture and functions of the network components. GSM provides both basic voice services as well as advanced features like caller ID, call forwarding, and short messaging. The GSM network architecture includes mobile stations, base station subsystems, and a network subsystem with components like the mobile switching center and home location register. GSM was developed to provide an international roaming capability and has since expanded globally.
This presentation covers:
How evolution has happened from First Generation Mobile Communication Systems to present day 3G/UMTS/WCMDA systems
Brief introduction of each Generation: GSM - 2G, 2.5 G - GPRS, 2.75G - EDGE, 3G and then LTE/4G
The document provides information on Global System for Mobile (GSM) network. It discusses that GSM is a second generation cellular standard developed to provide voice and data services using digital modulation. It details the history and development of GSM standards. The document describes the various GSM services including teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services. It explains the GSM system architecture including components like mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem and their functions. It also covers GSM specifications, call routing process, advantages of GSM over analog systems, and the future of GSM network.
GSM was developed in the 1980s to standardize cellular networks across Europe (3). It uses a cellular network architecture with base stations, base station controllers, and switching centers (3). Key features include encryption for security, roaming between countries, and support for texting, caller ID, and other advanced features (3). GSM led to widespread adoption of mobile phones and paved the way for 3G and 4G networks with improved data capabilities (3).
Similar to Lectures on 2 g,3g,3.5g,4g By Professor Dr Arshad Abbas Khan (20)
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Professor Dr Arshad Abbas Khan
PhD UEC TOKYO JAPAN
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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UNITED STATES
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This lecture provides an overview of modern wireless communication systems, focusing on the evolution from 1st to 3rd generation cellular standards. It describes the development of 2G technologies like GSM, CDMA, and TDMA, which enabled digital cellular networks. It then discusses 2.5G upgrades like GPRS, EDGE, and IS-95B that enhanced 2G systems for higher-speed data. Finally, it introduces 3G networks that provide multi-megabit connections for advanced applications like high-speed Internet access. The lecture examines the technology changes and migration paths between each generation of cellular standards.
This document provides a summary of lectures on cellular networks given at the Department of Electrical Engineering at University of Qatar. It discusses the basics of cellular networks including multiple access techniques used like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It describes the evolution of cellular technologies from 1G to 4G including GSM, 3G, HSPA, and LTE. Key aspects covered include network architecture, frequency bands, protocols, and mobility management in cellular systems.
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Professor Dr Arshad Abbas Khan was born in December 1967
He has received his MS and PhD Degrees from University of Electro-Communication Tokyo Japan in the years 1994 and 2003.He has received Post-Doc from Georgia Institute of Technology USA in 2006.He has a number of publications in world repute Research Journals.He has world wide faculty linkage with a number professors and universities with his Linked In Network.
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governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
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IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
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Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Lectures on 2 g,3g,3.5g,4g By Professor Dr Arshad Abbas Khan
1. Mobile Handset
Cellular Network
Sires of lectures Fall 2014 at Department of EE
Faculty of Engineering at University of Qatar
2. Cellular Network Basics
•There are many types of cellular services; before delving into details,
focus on basics (helps navigate the “acronym soup”)
•Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology; radio waves
are electromagnetic waves that antennas propagate
•Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz
frequency bands
Cell phones operate in this frequency
range (note the logarithmic scale)
3. Cellular Network
• Base stations transmit to and receive from mobiles at the
assigned spectrum
• Multiple base stations use the same spectrum (spectral reuse)
• The service area of each base station is called a cell
• Each mobile terminal is typically served by the ‘closest’ base
stations
• Handoff when terminals move
4. Cellular Network Generations
• It is useful to think of cellular
Network/telephony in terms of generations:
• 0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones
• 1G: Analog cellular telephony
• 2G: Digital cellular telephony
• 3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including video
telephony)
• 4G: IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and
multimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G
(to be deployed in 2012–2015)
6. The Multiple Access Problem
• The base stations need to serve many mobile terminals at the
same time (both downlink and uplink)
• All mobiles in the cell need to transmit to the base station
• Interference among different senders and receivers
• So we need multiple access scheme
8. Frequency Division Multiple
Access
frequency
• Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the
duration of the call
• Sufficient guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel
interference
• Usually, mobile terminals will have one downlink frequency band
and one uplink frequency band
• Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies
• Frequency is a precious and scare resource. We are running out of
it
• Cognitive radio
9. Time Division Multiple
Access
Guard time – signal transmitted by mobile
terminals at different locations do no arrive
at the base station at the same time
• Time is divided into slots and only one mobile terminal transmits during
each slot
– Like during the lecture, only one can talk, but others may take the floor in
turn
• Each user is given a specific slot. No competition in cellular network
– Unlike Carrier Sensing Multiple Access (CSMA) in WiFi
10. Code Division Multiple Access
• Use of orthogonal codes to separate different
transmissions
• Each symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger number of
bits using the user specific code – Spreading
• Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the
information transmission rate
• But all users use the same frequency band together
Orthogonal among users
12. GSM
• Abbreviation for Global System for Mobile Communications
• Concurrent development in USA and Europe in the 1980’s
• The European system was called GSM and deployed in the
early 1990’s
13. GSM Services
• Voice, 3.1 kHz
• Short Message Service (SMS)
• 1985 GSM standard that allows messages of at most 160 chars. (incl.
spaces) to be sent between handsets and other stations
• Over 2.4 billion people use it; multi-billion $ industry
• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
• GSM upgrade that provides IP-based packet data transmission up to
114 kbps
• Users can “simultaneously” make calls and send data
• GPRS provides “always on” Internet access and the Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS) whereby users can send rich text, audio,
video messages to each other
• Performance degrades as number of users increase
• GPRS is an example of 2.5G telephony – 2G service similar to 3G
14. GSM Channels
Downlink
Uplink
Channels
• Physical Channel: Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a
physical channel
• Logical Channel: Variety of information is transmitted
between the MS and BTS. Different types of logical channels:
• Traffic channel
• Control Channel
15. GSM Frequencies
• Originally designed on 900MHz range, now also
available on 800MHz, 1800MHz and 1900 MHz
ranges.
• Separate Uplink and Downlink frequencies
• One example channel on the 1800 MHz frequency
band, where RF carriers are space every 200 MHz
UPLINK FREQUENCIES DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES
1710 MHz 1785 MHz 1805 MHz 1880 MHz
UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 95MHZ
17. Mobile Station (MS)
• MS is the user’s handset and has two parts
• Mobile Equipment
• Radio equipment
• User interface
• Processing capability and memory required for
various tasks
• Call signalling
• Encryption
• SMS
• Equipment IMEI number
• Subscriber Identity Module
18. Subscriber Identity Module
• A small smart card
• Encryption codes needed to identify the subscriber
• Subscriber IMSI number
• Subscriber’s own information (telephone directory)
• Third party applications (banking etc.)
• Can also be used in other systems besides GSM, e.g.,
some WLAN access points accept SIM based user
authentication
19. Base Station Subsystem
• Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit (TRAU)
– Performs coding between the 64kbps PCM coding used in the
backbone network and the 13 kbps coding used for the Mobile
Station (MS)
• Base Station Controller (BSC)
– Controls the channel (time slot) allocation implemented by the
BTSes
– Manages the handovers within BSS area
– Knows which mobile stations are within the cell and informs the
MSC/VLR about this
• Base Transceiver System (BTS)
– Controls several transmitters
– Each transmitter has 8 time slots, some used for signaling, on a
specific frequency
20. Network and Switching
Subsystem
• The backbone of a GSM network is a telephone network with
additional cellular network capabilities
• Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
• A typical telephony exchange (ISDN exchange) which supports mobile
communications
• Visitor Location Register (VLR)
• A database, part of the MSC
• Contains the location of the active Mobile Stations
• Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC)
• Links the system to PSTN and other operators
• Home Location Register (HLR)
• Contain subscriber information, including authentication information in
Authentication Center (AuC)
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
• International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) codes for e.g.,
blacklisting stolen phones
21. Home Location Register
• One database per operator
• Contains all the permanent subscriber information
• MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber ISDN number) is the telephone
number of the subscriber
• International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is a 15 digit code
used to identify the subscriber
• It incorporates a country code and operator code
• IMSI code is used to link the MSISDN number to the subscriber’s
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
• Charging information
• Services available to the customer
• Also the subscriber’s present Location Area Code,
which refers to the MSC, which can connect to the MS.
22. Other Systems
• Operations Support System
• The management network for the whole GSM network
• Usually vendor dependent
• Very loosely specified in the GSM standards
• Value added services
• Voice mail
• Call forwarding
• Group calls
• Short Message Service Center
• Stores and forwards the SMS messages
• Like an E-mail server
• Required to operate the SMS services
23. Location Updates
• The cells overlap and usually a mobile station can ‘see’ several
transceivers (BTSes)
• The MS monitors the identifier for the BSC controlling the cells
• When the mobile station reaches a new BSC’s area, it requests
an location update
• The update is forwarded to the MSC, entered into the VLR, the
old BSC is notified and an acknowledgement is passed back
24. Handoff (Handover)
• When a call is in process, the changes in
location need special processing
• Within a BSS, the BSC, which knows the
current radio link configuration (including
feedbacks from the MS), prepares an
available channel in the new BTS
• The MS is told to switch over to the new BTS
• This is called a hard handoff
• In a soft handoff, the MS is connected to two BTSes
simultaneously
25. Roaming
• When a MS enters another operators
network, it can be allowed to use the services
of this operator
• Operator to operator agreements and contracts
• Higher billing
• The MS is identified by the information in the
SIM card and the identification request is
forwarded to the home operator
• The home HLR is updated to reflect the MS’s current
location
26. 3G, 3.5G and 4G
(LTE)
A Series of Lectures Fall 2014 By Prof.Dr.A.ABBAS at
Department of EE Faculty of Engineering University of Qatar
27. 3G Overview
• 3G is created by ITU-T and is called IMT-2000
29. Service Roadmap
Improved performance, decreasing cost of delivery
Typical
average bit
rates
(peak rates
higher)
3G-specific services take
advantage of higher bandwidth
3G-specific services take
advantage of higher bandwidth
and/or real-time QoS
and/or real-time QoS
WEB browsing
Corporate data access
Streaming audio/video
A number of mobile
services are bearer
independent in nature
MMS picture / video
xHTML browsing
Application downloading
E-mail
Voice & SMS Presence/location
Multitasking
A number of mobile
services are bearer
independent in nature
HSDPA
1-10
Mbps
WCDMA
2
Mbps
EGPRS
473
kbps
GPRS
171
kbps
GSM
9.6
kbps
Push-to-talk
Broadband
in wide area
Video sharing
Video telephony
Real-time IP
multimedia and games
Multicasting
CDMA
2000-
EVDO
CDMA
2000-
EVDV
CDMA
2000 1x
30. GSM Evolution to 3G
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50 kbps
Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS
Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent
Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD)
GSM
9.6kbps (one timeslot)
GSM Data
Also called CSD
GSM
HSCSD
GPRS
Enhanced Data Rates for Global
Evolution
Uses 8PSK modulation
3x improvement in data rate on short distances
Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances
Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps
Can also be combined with HSCSD
General Packet Radio Services
Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps
Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time
Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time
Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays
GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA (3G)
EDGE
WCDMA
31. UMTS
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS)
• UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or
EDGE
• The standardization work for UMTS is carried
out by Third Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP)
• Data rates of UMTS are:
• 144 kbps for rural
• 384 kbps for urban outdoor
• 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor
• Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
32. UMTS Frequency Spectrum
• UMTS Band
• 1900-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz for 3G
transmission
• In the US, 1710–1755 MHz and 2110–2155 MHz will
be used instead, as the 1900 MHz band was already
used.
33. UMTS Architecture
Mobile Station
MSC/
VLR
Base Station
Subsystem
Network Subsystem
GMSC
EIR HLR AUC
Other Networks
SGSN GGSN
Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.
BTS BSC
Node
B
RNC
RNS
UTRAN
SIM ME
USIM ME
+
PSTN
PLMN
Internet
34. UMTS Network Architecture
• UMTS network architecture consists of three domains
• Core Network (CN): Provide switching, routing and transit for
user traffic
• UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN): Provides the air
interface access method for user equipment.
• User Equipment (UE): Terminals work as air interface counterpart
for base stations. The various identities are: IMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI,
TLLI, MSISDN, IMEI, IMEISV
35. UTRAN
• Wide band CDMA technology is selected for UTRAN air
interface
• WCDMA
• TD-SCDMA
• Base stations are referred to as Node-B and control
equipment for Node-B is called as Radio Network
Controller (RNC).
• Functions of Node-B are
• Air Interface Tx/Rx
• Modulation/Demodulation
• Functions of RNC are:
• Radio Resource Control
• Channel Allocation
• Power Control Settings
• Handover Control
• Ciphering
• Segmentation and reassembly
36. 3.5G (HSPA)
•High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two
mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that
extends and improves the performance of existing WCDMA
protocols
3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS
technology in future. 1xEV-DV already supports most of the
features that will be provided in 3.5G. These include:
- Adaptive Modulation and Coding
- Fast Scheduling
- Backward compatibility with 3G
- Enhanced Air Interface
37. 4G (LTE)
• LTE stands for Long Term Evolution
• Next Generation mobile broadband technology
• Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps
• Based on UMTS 3G technology
• Optimized for All-IP traffic
40. Major LTE Radio Technogies
• Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for
downlink
• Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA)
for uplink
• Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for enhanced
throughput
• Reduced power consumption
• Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less battery power used
by handsets)
42. LTE vs UMTS
• Functional changes compared to the current UMTS architecture
43. Case Study
Mobility:
A Double-Edged Sword
for HSPA Networks
Case Study with Prof.Dr.A.ABBAS at EE
Faculty of Engineering University of Qatar
Do The Best for the Excellent and Right
Future
BUITs at Doha QATAR
44. Context
BUITs
44
Evolved hardware technologies
+
Improved network bandwidth
=
Entertainment apps on mobile
48. Context
MobiHoc '10
48
Can HSPA provide
the same level of
service to mobile
users on public
transport?
HSPA Node B
pictures’ source: Wikipedia
HSPA Node B
49. Outline
• Measurement Methodology
• General Impact of Mobility
• Mobility Impact on Bandwidth Sharing
• Mobility Impact in Transitional Region
• Conclusion
MobiHoc '10
49
52. Measurement Setup
• Two Servers:
• Lab & Data Center
• Three types of evaluations:
• download only; upload only;
simultaneous download &
upload.
MobiHoc '10
52
53. General Impact of Mobility
• A large spread of HSDPA bit rates and signal quality
MobiHoc '10
53
54. Context
•Common View: Mobility is irrelevant, if not
detrimental, to the fairness in HSPA bandwidth sharing
among users
MobiHoc '10
54
Observation: The bandwidth sharing practice in
stationary HSPA environments is unfair. In
contrast, mobility surprisingly improves fairness
of bandwidth sharing (fairer).
55. Bandwidth Sharing among
Users
• Mobility actually improves the fairness of bandwidth sharing
among users
MobiHoc '10
55
56. Bandwidth Sharing among
Users
• UE can hardly keep its dominancy under rapid change of radio
environment.
• Mobile nodes may see better signal quality at new locations
• Cell to cell based scheduling algorithm prevent unfairness
from propagating
MobiHoc '10
56
57. Context
•Common View: Mobility affects all flows equally. And
TCP flows suffer more than UDP ones
MobiHoc '10
57
Observation: TCP flows unexpectedly see much
better performance during mobility than UDP
flows.
58. Bandwidth Sharing among Traffic
Flows
• TCP flows see better performance during mobility
MobiHoc '10
58
59. Bandwidth Sharing among Traffic
Flows
• TCP traffic is much constrained and adaptive to the channel
condition, while UDP traffic keeps pumping almost the same
amount of data regardless of the channel condition
MobiHoc '10
59
60. Context
•Common View: Handoffs are triggered in the
transitional region between cells and always result in a
better wireless connection
MobiHoc '10
Observation: Nearly 30% of all handoffs, selection
of a base station with poorer signal quality can be
witnessed
60
61. Mobility Impact in Transitional
Regions
• throughput often drops
sharply, and sometimes, as
high as 90% during handoff
period.
MobiHoc '10
61
62. Mobility Impact in Transitional
Regions
• Ec/Io of the new
base stations are
statistically better
than the original
base stations by
10dBm.
• But almost 30% of
all the handoffs do
not end up with a
better base stations
MobiHoc '10
62
63. Conclusion
• Mobility is a double edged sword
• Degrades HSPA services, e.g. throughput
• Improves fairness in bandwidth allocation among users and
traffic flows
• Communication characteristics in HSPA transitional regions
are very complicated
MobiHoc '10
63
64. Acknowledgement
• Dedicated to IMAM ALI (A.S.)
• Part of the slides are adapted from the series of Lectures By
Prof. Dr. Arshad ABBAS Khan
• Department of EE Faculty of Engineering University of Qatar
• Babul –ILM –Technologies
• Doha Qatar