Cells in the immune system
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details about the all cells involved in the immune systems activities. Granular: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils and all Agranular cells.
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T CELL ACTIVATION AND IT'S TERMINATION
T cell activation requires two signals: 1) recognition of antigens displayed on antigen-presenting cells by T cell receptors and 2) co-stimulatory signals through molecules like CD28. This leads T cells to proliferate, differentiate into effector and memory cells, and perform effector functions. Proper activation requires interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid tissues, where costimulatory molecules are highly expressed. Dysregulation of T cell activation can lead to autoimmunity or susceptibility to infection.
B CELL RECEPTOR final.pptx
The B cell receptor is a transmembrane protein on B cells that is composed of a membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecule and a signal transduction moiety. The B cell receptor consists of an Ig molecule anchored to the cell's surface and has two key functions: signal transduction upon antigen interaction and internalization of antigens for processing and presentation to T cells. The B cell co-receptor is a complex of CD19, CD21, and CD81 expressed on mature B cells.
Isolation of pbmc
This document summarizes the process of isolating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from whole blood. It describes that PBMCs contain lymphocytes and monocytes that are important for the immune system. The process involves layering blood on top of ficoll-hypaque, then centrifuging to separate the buffy coat containing PBMCs from other blood components. The PBMCs are then cultured for research applications such as studying HIV infection of CD4+ cells.
immuno-VDJ recombination.pptx
VDJ recombination is the mechanism by which B cells generate antibody diversity. It involves genetic recombination of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments in B cell progenitors. This creates a unique B cell receptor on each mature B cell. The process occurs in two steps - first recombining the heavy chain loci, then the light chain loci, without a D segment. Key enzymes like RAG and TdT introduce randomness to generate the vast antibody repertoire essential for recognizing diverse pathogens.
Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by Prabeen
The document discusses the immune system and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). It describes how the immune system protects the body through identification, neutralization, and destruction of pathogens using cells like cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and macrophages. It also explains that antibodies are proteins produced by B cells that bind to antigens, marking them for elimination. ADCC involves antibodies binding to target cells, cytotoxic cells attaching via Fc receptors on the antibodies, activation of the cytotoxic cells, and lysis of the target cell.
B-cell development.pptx
B-cell maturation begins with hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, where they develop through pro-B cell, pre-B cell, and immature B cell stages. During this process, immunoglobulin genes undergo rearrangement and expression of B cell receptors occurs. Immature B cells then migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues to complete maturation. Mature B cells circulate and are activated by antigen to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells or memory B cells through T cell dependent or independent pathways. T cell dependent activation induces affinity maturation, class switching, and generation of long-lived memory B cells.
Tumor immunology
This document discusses tumor immunology and cancer immunotherapy. It provides information on tumor antigens, how tumors stimulate an immune response, and mechanisms tumors use to evade the immune system. The document also outlines several approaches to cancer immunotherapy, including monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and adoptive cell therapy. A brief history of cancer immunotherapy is given, noting early experiments in the 1890s using bacterial toxins to treat tumors and discoveries in the 1960s about antibody receptors and T cells recognizing cancer cells.
Adjuvants
Adjuvants are substances that help enhance and modulate the immune response to antigens and vaccines. They allow for lower doses of antigens and improve vaccine efficacy in immunocompromised individuals. The main types of adjuvants are alum, which causes slow antigen release and recruitment of immune cells, and Freund's adjuvants, which contain emulsified antigens and mycobacteria. Adjuvants work by prolonging the presence of antigens, activating macrophages, and stimulating inflammation and innate immune receptors to induce adaptive immunity. However, adjuvants can also cause local reactions like injection site pain or swelling and systemic issues like immunosuppression or organ toxicity.
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T CELL ACTIVATION AND IT'S TERMINATION
T cell activation requires two signals: 1) recognition of antigens displayed on antigen-presenting cells by T cell receptors and 2) co-stimulatory signals through molecules like CD28. This leads T cells to proliferate, differentiate into effector and memory cells, and perform effector functions. Proper activation requires interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid tissues, where costimulatory molecules are highly expressed. Dysregulation of T cell activation can lead to autoimmunity or susceptibility to infection.
B CELL RECEPTOR final.pptx
The B cell receptor is a transmembrane protein on B cells that is composed of a membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecule and a signal transduction moiety. The B cell receptor consists of an Ig molecule anchored to the cell's surface and has two key functions: signal transduction upon antigen interaction and internalization of antigens for processing and presentation to T cells. The B cell co-receptor is a complex of CD19, CD21, and CD81 expressed on mature B cells.
Isolation of pbmc
This document summarizes the process of isolating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from whole blood. It describes that PBMCs contain lymphocytes and monocytes that are important for the immune system. The process involves layering blood on top of ficoll-hypaque, then centrifuging to separate the buffy coat containing PBMCs from other blood components. The PBMCs are then cultured for research applications such as studying HIV infection of CD4+ cells.
immuno-VDJ recombination.pptx
VDJ recombination is the mechanism by which B cells generate antibody diversity. It involves genetic recombination of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments in B cell progenitors. This creates a unique B cell receptor on each mature B cell. The process occurs in two steps - first recombining the heavy chain loci, then the light chain loci, without a D segment. Key enzymes like RAG and TdT introduce randomness to generate the vast antibody repertoire essential for recognizing diverse pathogens.
Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by Prabeen
The document discusses the immune system and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). It describes how the immune system protects the body through identification, neutralization, and destruction of pathogens using cells like cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and macrophages. It also explains that antibodies are proteins produced by B cells that bind to antigens, marking them for elimination. ADCC involves antibodies binding to target cells, cytotoxic cells attaching via Fc receptors on the antibodies, activation of the cytotoxic cells, and lysis of the target cell.
B-cell development.pptx
B-cell maturation begins with hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, where they develop through pro-B cell, pre-B cell, and immature B cell stages. During this process, immunoglobulin genes undergo rearrangement and expression of B cell receptors occurs. Immature B cells then migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues to complete maturation. Mature B cells circulate and are activated by antigen to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells or memory B cells through T cell dependent or independent pathways. T cell dependent activation induces affinity maturation, class switching, and generation of long-lived memory B cells.
Tumor immunology
This document discusses tumor immunology and cancer immunotherapy. It provides information on tumor antigens, how tumors stimulate an immune response, and mechanisms tumors use to evade the immune system. The document also outlines several approaches to cancer immunotherapy, including monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and adoptive cell therapy. A brief history of cancer immunotherapy is given, noting early experiments in the 1890s using bacterial toxins to treat tumors and discoveries in the 1960s about antibody receptors and T cells recognizing cancer cells.
Adjuvants
Adjuvants are substances that help enhance and modulate the immune response to antigens and vaccines. They allow for lower doses of antigens and improve vaccine efficacy in immunocompromised individuals. The main types of adjuvants are alum, which causes slow antigen release and recruitment of immune cells, and Freund's adjuvants, which contain emulsified antigens and mycobacteria. Adjuvants work by prolonging the presence of antigens, activating macrophages, and stimulating inflammation and innate immune receptors to induce adaptive immunity. However, adjuvants can also cause local reactions like injection site pain or swelling and systemic issues like immunosuppression or organ toxicity.
Organ of immune system
The document summarizes the primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system. The primary lymphoid organs, where immune cells develop, are the bone marrow and thymus. The bone marrow produces immune cells, while the thymus matures T cells. Secondary lymphoid organs, where immune responses are coordinated, include the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches, and skin tissue. These organs filter pathogens and allow immune cells to interact.
Complement system
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
LECTIN PATHWAY
MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX
REGULATION OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
PATHWAYS FOR COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION
Leukocyte trafficking
Lymphocyte recirculation
Cell adhesion molecules
Chemokines
Extravasation
Lymphocyte trafficking
a. Naive lymphocyte recirculation
b. Effector and memory cell trafficking
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This document discusses various types of cell inclusions found in prokaryotic cells, including gas vesicles, carboxysomes, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules, metachromatic granules, glycogen bodies, starch granules, magnetosomes, sulfur granules, and chlorosomes. It describes the structure, function, and organisms where each type of inclusion is found. For example, it notes that gas vesicles allow planktonic bacteria to float and position themselves, while carboxysomes concentrate carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and PHB granules store carbon and energy.
Haptens
Haptens are small molecules that are antigenic but not immunogenic on their own. They are unable to induce an immune response because they cannot activate helper T cells due to their inability to bind MHC proteins or activate B cells directly as they are univalent. However, when haptens are covalently bound to a carrier protein, they form immunogenic conjugates that can induce an immune response by activating helper T cells and B cells. Pioneering work by Karl Landsteiner demonstrated that antibodies produced against hapten-carrier conjugates were specific for the hapten and carrier epitopes. Common examples of haptens include drug molecules, peptides, and steroids. Hapten-protein conjugates can cause drug
The complement system
The complement system is a group of serum proteins that participate in the innate and adaptive immune response. It is activated via three pathways: the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways. The complement system helps destroy invading microorganisms through the membrane attack complex, which forms pores in target cells leading to cell lysis. It also contributes to inflammation, opsonization of pathogens for phagocytosis, viral neutralization, and clearance of immune complexes.
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Hapten
HAPTENS ARE LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT COMPOUND, MOSTLY SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT ARE ANTIGENIC BUT NOT IMMUNOGENIC. THEY CAN BIND TO ANTIBODIES BY THEMSELVES BUT THEY ARE NOT RECOGNISED BY THE IMMUNE CELLS
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The document summarizes the primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system. The primary lymphoid organs, such as the bone marrow and thymus, are where lymphocytes mature and develop. The secondary lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), trap antigens and activate lymphocytes. In these organs, B cells are activated, differentiate into plasma cells, and secrete antibodies to help fight infection.
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Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are antibodies produced by a single clone that recognize the same antigen. MAbs can be produced by fusing B cells with myeloma cells to create hybridomas. MAbs have revolutionized disease diagnosis and can be used in biochemical analysis like ELISA and RIA to detect hormones, antigens, and tumor markers. MAbs can also be radiolabeled for diagnostic imaging to detect the location of cancers and other diseases.
Cell Sorting Techniques
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Tcr class
T-cell receptors are heterodimers consisting of alpha and beta chains with variable and constant regions. The variable region binds to antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex and contains complementary determining regions that provide specificity. While the TCR is responsible for antigen recognition, it does not signal within the cell itself. Signal transduction is carried out by the CD3 complex, which contains gamma, delta, epsilon, and zeta chains and lacks kinase activity.
Organs of the immune system
The document summarizes the key organs of the immune system. It describes the thymus and bone marrow as the primary lymphoid organs where lymphocyte maturation occurs. The lymph nodes, spleen, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and skin-associated lymphoid tissues are described as the secondary lymphoid organs that trap antigens and allow immune cell interaction. The document also provides examples of how disruption or aging of the primary lymphoid organs like the thymus can impair immune function.
Lecture 5
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that recognize antigens with high specificity. They are composed of two light chains and two heavy chains connected by disulfide bonds. The variable regions at the tips of the Y, known as the antigen binding sites, contain complementarity determining regions that bind to antigens. There are five classes of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) that differ in structure and function. The Fc region mediates effector functions like activation of complement and binding to immune cells.
Immune response during bacterial, parasitic and viral infection.pptx
1) The innate immune response to viruses involves interferon production which stimulates antiviral proteins to block viral replication. Natural killer cells also help destroy infected cells.
2) The adaptive immune response involves humoral immunity with antiviral antibodies that neutralize viruses and prevent infection of cells. Cell-mediated immunity uses cytotoxic T-cells and macrophages to directly kill infected cells.
3) Viruses have evolved mechanisms to evade the immune response, such as reducing MHC expression to avoid detection by T-cells, direct immunosuppression, and antigenic variation for influenza virus.
Complement system
The document discusses the complement system of teleost fish. It has three pathways - the classical pathway, lectin pathway, and alternative pathway. All three pathways involve a cascade of complement components that ultimately lead to the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) on pathogen surfaces. The MAC forms pores that lyse pathogens. The complement system also opsonizes pathogens and generates inflammatory peptides like C3a and C5a. Strict regulation is needed to prevent damage to host cells, mediated by factors such as C1 inhibitor, factor H, decay accelerating factor, and CD59.
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Cell culture involves growing cells from tissue or organ samples in artificial environments outside of the original organism. There are several stages of cell culture, beginning with isolating tissues through enzymatic or mechanical means. Primary cell cultures have a limited lifespan, while continuous cell lines can proliferate indefinitely. Proper culture conditions require appropriate media, substrates, gases, and temperature/humidity control. Cells may be grown as adherent monolayers or in suspension. Cell culture has many applications including drug development, cancer research, and production of therapeutic products.
Cells of the immune system, Overview of immune cells. Immune cells
The document summarizes the key cells involved in the immune system. It describes that lymphocytes, including B cells and T cells, are central to adaptive immunity and constitute 20-40% of white blood cells. B cells produce antibodies and mediate humoral immunity, while T cells recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules and help activate other immune cells. The document also outlines myeloid cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and dendritic cells, and their roles in innate immunity through phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and response to pathogens and allergens.
Secondary lymphoid organs
Secondary lymphoid organs include lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyer's patches, and other mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT). They trap antigens and mount immune responses by activating B and T cells. Lymph nodes contain cortex, paracortex, and medulla regions and filter lymph. The spleen filters blood and contains red pulp and white pulp. MALT includes tissues like Peyer's patches in the intestine and tonsils, which protect mucosal surfaces from pathogens.
Antigen processing & presentation
1. Antigen processing and presentation involves degradation of antigens into peptides, association of peptides with MHC molecules, and display of peptide-MHC complexes on the cell surface for recognition by T cells.
2. There are two main pathways of antigen processing - exogenous antigens that enter the cell are processed through the endocytic pathway while endogenous antigens are processed through the cytosolic pathway.
3. In the cytosolic pathway, antigens are degraded by the proteasome and transported by TAP into the ER where they can bind to MHC class I molecules. In the endocytic pathway, exogenous antigens internalized into vesicles are degraded into peptides that bind MHC class II molecules.
Introduction to immunology
Dr. Alok Tripathi studies immunology at the Department of Biotechnology. The document discusses the history and key concepts of immunology, including:
1. The dual immune system of vertebrates, consisting of cell-mediated and humoral immunity.
2. Early theories on immunity proposed by scientists like Metchnikoff, von Behring, and Paul Ehrlich to explain concepts like phagocytosis, humoral immunity, and the generation of antibody diversity.
3. The development of the clonal selection theory by Burnet, Jerne, and others to explain how the immune system achieves antigen specificity through clonal expansion and memory cells.
Cells & organs of immune system
This presentation gives you the detailed description of various cells & organs of immune systems that participates (particularly, in combination), make communication between themselves to regulate the whole immune system very precisely.
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Organ of immune system
The document summarizes the primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system. The primary lymphoid organs, where immune cells develop, are the bone marrow and thymus. The bone marrow produces immune cells, while the thymus matures T cells. Secondary lymphoid organs, where immune responses are coordinated, include the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches, and skin tissue. These organs filter pathogens and allow immune cells to interact.
Complement system
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
LECTIN PATHWAY
MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX
REGULATION OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
PATHWAYS FOR COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION
Leukocyte trafficking
Lymphocyte recirculation
Cell adhesion molecules
Chemokines
Extravasation
Lymphocyte trafficking
a. Naive lymphocyte recirculation
b. Effector and memory cell trafficking
Bacterial cytology cell inclusions
This document discusses various types of cell inclusions found in prokaryotic cells, including gas vesicles, carboxysomes, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules, metachromatic granules, glycogen bodies, starch granules, magnetosomes, sulfur granules, and chlorosomes. It describes the structure, function, and organisms where each type of inclusion is found. For example, it notes that gas vesicles allow planktonic bacteria to float and position themselves, while carboxysomes concentrate carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and PHB granules store carbon and energy.
Haptens
Haptens are small molecules that are antigenic but not immunogenic on their own. They are unable to induce an immune response because they cannot activate helper T cells due to their inability to bind MHC proteins or activate B cells directly as they are univalent. However, when haptens are covalently bound to a carrier protein, they form immunogenic conjugates that can induce an immune response by activating helper T cells and B cells. Pioneering work by Karl Landsteiner demonstrated that antibodies produced against hapten-carrier conjugates were specific for the hapten and carrier epitopes. Common examples of haptens include drug molecules, peptides, and steroids. Hapten-protein conjugates can cause drug
The complement system
The complement system is a group of serum proteins that participate in the innate and adaptive immune response. It is activated via three pathways: the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways. The complement system helps destroy invading microorganisms through the membrane attack complex, which forms pores in target cells leading to cell lysis. It also contributes to inflammation, opsonization of pathogens for phagocytosis, viral neutralization, and clearance of immune complexes.
Contamination in Cultured Cells
This document discusses cell culture contamination, including sources, types, signs, and methods for monitoring and preventing contamination. Common sources of contamination include failed sterilization of equipment, airborne particulates, and poorly maintained incubators. Major types of microbial contaminants are bacteria, molds, mycoplasma, yeasts, and viruses. Signs of contamination vary but may include cloudy cultures, pH changes, and visible microbes under a microscope. Proper aseptic technique and regular monitoring of cell cultures can help reduce contamination. Cross-contamination between cell lines must also be avoided.
Hapten
HAPTENS ARE LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT COMPOUND, MOSTLY SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT ARE ANTIGENIC BUT NOT IMMUNOGENIC. THEY CAN BIND TO ANTIBODIES BY THEMSELVES BUT THEY ARE NOT RECOGNISED BY THE IMMUNE CELLS
ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
The document summarizes the primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system. The primary lymphoid organs, such as the bone marrow and thymus, are where lymphocytes mature and develop. The secondary lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), trap antigens and activate lymphocytes. In these organs, B cells are activated, differentiate into plasma cells, and secrete antibodies to help fight infection.
Monoclonal antibodies and their use in diagnostics
Monoclonal antibodies and their use in diagnostics
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are antibodies produced by a single clone that recognize the same antigen. MAbs can be produced by fusing B cells with myeloma cells to create hybridomas. MAbs have revolutionized disease diagnosis and can be used in biochemical analysis like ELISA and RIA to detect hormones, antigens, and tumor markers. MAbs can also be radiolabeled for diagnostic imaging to detect the location of cancers and other diseases.
Cell Sorting Techniques
This document provides an overview of cell sorting techniques. It begins by outlining the objectives and defining cell sorting as a process to isolate specific cell populations from a mixture based on differences in size, morphology, or surface protein expression. The document then discusses various applications of cell sorting and sample preparation methods. It categorizes the main approaches to cell sorting as positive selection, depletion, or negative selection. Finally, it provides details on several specific cell sorting techniques including filtration, centrifugation, magnetic sorting, adhesion, and microfluidic methods.
Tcr class
T-cell receptors are heterodimers consisting of alpha and beta chains with variable and constant regions. The variable region binds to antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex and contains complementary determining regions that provide specificity. While the TCR is responsible for antigen recognition, it does not signal within the cell itself. Signal transduction is carried out by the CD3 complex, which contains gamma, delta, epsilon, and zeta chains and lacks kinase activity.
Organs of the immune system
The document summarizes the key organs of the immune system. It describes the thymus and bone marrow as the primary lymphoid organs where lymphocyte maturation occurs. The lymph nodes, spleen, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and skin-associated lymphoid tissues are described as the secondary lymphoid organs that trap antigens and allow immune cell interaction. The document also provides examples of how disruption or aging of the primary lymphoid organs like the thymus can impair immune function.
Lecture 5
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that recognize antigens with high specificity. They are composed of two light chains and two heavy chains connected by disulfide bonds. The variable regions at the tips of the Y, known as the antigen binding sites, contain complementarity determining regions that bind to antigens. There are five classes of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) that differ in structure and function. The Fc region mediates effector functions like activation of complement and binding to immune cells.
Immune response during bacterial, parasitic and viral infection.pptx
1) The innate immune response to viruses involves interferon production which stimulates antiviral proteins to block viral replication. Natural killer cells also help destroy infected cells.
2) The adaptive immune response involves humoral immunity with antiviral antibodies that neutralize viruses and prevent infection of cells. Cell-mediated immunity uses cytotoxic T-cells and macrophages to directly kill infected cells.
3) Viruses have evolved mechanisms to evade the immune response, such as reducing MHC expression to avoid detection by T-cells, direct immunosuppression, and antigenic variation for influenza virus.
Complement system
The document discusses the complement system of teleost fish. It has three pathways - the classical pathway, lectin pathway, and alternative pathway. All three pathways involve a cascade of complement components that ultimately lead to the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) on pathogen surfaces. The MAC forms pores that lyse pathogens. The complement system also opsonizes pathogens and generates inflammatory peptides like C3a and C5a. Strict regulation is needed to prevent damage to host cells, mediated by factors such as C1 inhibitor, factor H, decay accelerating factor, and CD59.
Animal cell lines culturing
Cell culture involves growing cells from tissue or organ samples in artificial environments outside of the original organism. There are several stages of cell culture, beginning with isolating tissues through enzymatic or mechanical means. Primary cell cultures have a limited lifespan, while continuous cell lines can proliferate indefinitely. Proper culture conditions require appropriate media, substrates, gases, and temperature/humidity control. Cells may be grown as adherent monolayers or in suspension. Cell culture has many applications including drug development, cancer research, and production of therapeutic products.
Cells of the immune system, Overview of immune cells. Immune cells
The document summarizes the key cells involved in the immune system. It describes that lymphocytes, including B cells and T cells, are central to adaptive immunity and constitute 20-40% of white blood cells. B cells produce antibodies and mediate humoral immunity, while T cells recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules and help activate other immune cells. The document also outlines myeloid cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and dendritic cells, and their roles in innate immunity through phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and response to pathogens and allergens.
Secondary lymphoid organs
Secondary lymphoid organs include lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyer's patches, and other mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT). They trap antigens and mount immune responses by activating B and T cells. Lymph nodes contain cortex, paracortex, and medulla regions and filter lymph. The spleen filters blood and contains red pulp and white pulp. MALT includes tissues like Peyer's patches in the intestine and tonsils, which protect mucosal surfaces from pathogens.
Antigen processing & presentation
1. Antigen processing and presentation involves degradation of antigens into peptides, association of peptides with MHC molecules, and display of peptide-MHC complexes on the cell surface for recognition by T cells.
2. There are two main pathways of antigen processing - exogenous antigens that enter the cell are processed through the endocytic pathway while endogenous antigens are processed through the cytosolic pathway.
3. In the cytosolic pathway, antigens are degraded by the proteasome and transported by TAP into the ER where they can bind to MHC class I molecules. In the endocytic pathway, exogenous antigens internalized into vesicles are degraded into peptides that bind MHC class II molecules.
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ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
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Similar to Cells in the immune system
Introduction to immunology
Dr. Alok Tripathi studies immunology at the Department of Biotechnology. The document discusses the history and key concepts of immunology, including:
1. The dual immune system of vertebrates, consisting of cell-mediated and humoral immunity.
2. Early theories on immunity proposed by scientists like Metchnikoff, von Behring, and Paul Ehrlich to explain concepts like phagocytosis, humoral immunity, and the generation of antibody diversity.
3. The development of the clonal selection theory by Burnet, Jerne, and others to explain how the immune system achieves antigen specificity through clonal expansion and memory cells.
Cells & organs of immune system
This presentation gives you the detailed description of various cells & organs of immune systems that participates (particularly, in combination), make communication between themselves to regulate the whole immune system very precisely.
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1. Monocytes and macrophages are part of the immune system's mononuclear cells. Monocytes circulate in the blood before migrating into tissues and differentiating into macrophages.
2. Macrophages are larger than monocytes and have more organelles that allow them to carry out phagocytosis and antigen presentation more effectively. They are found in various tissues throughout the body where they play important roles in innate immunity.
3. Macrophages recognize and phagocytose pathogens via pattern recognition receptors like opsonic receptors, toll-like receptors, and scavenger receptors. Opsonic receptors bind pathogens that have been opsonized with antibodies or complement proteins to enhance phagocytosis.
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Immune System
1. The document discusses microbiology and immunology and was presented by Dr. A. Baskara Boopathy from Caussanel College of Arts and Science.
2. It defines key immunology terms like antigen, pathogen, antibody, and immunoglobulin.
3. The immune system consists of immune cells, molecules, genes, and organs that work together to defend the body against pathogens. The primary lymphoid organs are the bone marrow and thymus, while secondary organs include the spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal tissues.
PHAGOCYTOSIS, CMI, HMI K R.pptx
Phagocytosis is the process by which phagocytes engulf and destroy foreign particles like bacteria. The main phagocytes are neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. Phagocytosis involves several steps - margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis, opsonization, engulfment, secretion, and degradation. Chemokines like leukotriene B4 and cytokines guide phagocytes to sites of infection. Opsonins coat bacteria to aid attachment to phagocytes. Degradation occurs via oxygen-dependent and independent mechanisms using lysosomal enzymes. Cell-mediated immunity does not involve antibodies and helps fight intracellular pathogens using T cells and cytokines. Cytokines are signaling proteins that regulate immune responses.
chapter-2-immunology.ppt
Hematopoiesis is the process by which all blood cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. These stem cells differentiate into either lymphoid or myeloid progenitor cells. Lymphoid cells develop into B cells, T cells, and NK cells, which are central to the adaptive immune system. Myeloid cells generate red blood cells, platelets, and the various types of white blood cells. The immune system consists of lymphocytes and other white blood cells that circulate in the blood and lymph and reside in lymphoid tissues such as the thymus, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. B cells and T cells play major roles in the adaptive immune
Cells of immune system
This document provides an overview of cells of the immune system. It discusses the origins of immune cells in the bone marrow and their classification into myeloid and lymphoid lineages. Key immune cells are described, including B cells, T cells, NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, dendritic cells and their roles in adaptive and innate immunity. The adaptive immune response is mediated by lymphocytes, specifically B and T cells, while the innate response involves phagocytic cells and NK cells.
white blood cell (wbc).pptx
The document discusses white blood cells (WBCs), also known as leukocytes. It describes their key properties, including that they have nuclei, fight infections through phagocytosis and antibody/lymphocyte production, and are highly mobile. It classifies WBCs based on their granularity and nuclear morphology. The main types discussed are neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. It also covers the mechanisms and roles of phagocytosis, complement system, and lymphocytes.
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Cells of the immune system - immunology by S. Afna
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The document discusses the morphology of mammalian endocrine glands, specifically focusing on the pituitary gland. It describes the pituitary gland as a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that is connected to the hypothalamus and secretes hormones into the bloodstream. The pituitary gland is divided into the anterior and posterior lobes, with the anterior lobe secreting hormones like growth hormone, ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH, and prolactin, and the posterior lobe secreting oxytocin and vasopressin. The hormones released by the pituitary gland control and regulate other endocrine glands.
Reproductive system of Ascaris lumbricoides
The reproductive systems of male and female Ascaris lubricoides worms are described. The male system includes a single coiled testis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, and two penial spicules. The female system includes two long coiled ovaries, oviducts, uteri which store fertilized eggs, and a vagina. Gametes are formed through a process called telogony, where gametogonia bud off from the gonads and differentiate into gametocytes as they move through zones of proliferation, growth, and maturation.
Placenta
The document summarizes the structure and physiology of the mammalian placenta. It discusses that in viviparous animals, the embryo develops inside the mother's uterus due to insufficient yolk. The embryo attaches to the uterine wall via the placenta to obtain nutrients from the mother's circulation. The placenta allows the exchange of food, oxygen, and waste between the fetus and mother. It then describes different placental structures and classifications in mammals.
Flight adaptations
Birds have many adaptations for flight including compact bodies covered in feathers, forelimbs modified as wings, short tails, beaks, mobile necks and heads, and bipedal locomotion. Their anatomical adaptations include large flight muscles, pneumatic bones, fused vertebrae, and a keel sternum. Their physiological adaptations include an efficient digestive system, an advanced respiratory system using air sacs, being warm-blooded, and excreting nitrogenous waste as uric acid crystals.
Aquaculture introduction
Aquaculture involves the cultivation of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks and aquatic plants under controlled conditions. It includes freshwater and saltwater aquaculture. Pisciculture specifically refers to fish farming and involves balancing and planning the cultivation of fish to market size in controlled water bodies. In India, fish farming provides an important source of food and income for many, especially in rural areas, as there are over 40-50 lakh acres of potential aquatic space available. Aquaculture is gaining more importance as a way to increase food production and supply high quality protein to meet growing demand.
Life cycle of fasciola hepatica:Trematods
The life cycle of Fasciola hepatica involves two hosts. In the primary host of sheep or cattle, the adult fluke lives in the bile duct where copulation and egg production occurs. The eggs pass out in feces into water. In the secondary host of a snail, the egg hatches into a miracidium larva which penetrates the snail and develops through sporocyst and redia larval stages to produce cercariae. The cercariae exit the snail and shed their tails to form encysted metacercariae. Sheep ingest the metacercariae which excyst in their intestine and migrate to the bile ducts to mature into adult flukes
Hormonal control of reproduction in male and female mammals
The document summarizes hormonal control of reproduction in mammals. It describes the key reproductive hormones and organs in males and females. In males, testosterone produced by the testes controls development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate testosterone production. In females, the ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone to regulate the monthly menstrual cycle through a complex interplay of feedback mechanisms between the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries.
Urinogenital system of pigeon
The urinogenital system of pigeons includes excretory and reproductive organs that are closely connected structurally. The excretory system includes paired kidneys and ureters. Adult pigeons lack a urinary bladder to reduce weight for flight. The reproductive system is sexually dimorphic. In males it includes paired testes that produce sperm and vas deferens, while in females it includes a left ovary and oviduct that produces eggs. During development and egg-laying, these organs undergo changes regulated by hormones to carry out their excretory and reproductive functions.
Female reproductive system of fasciola hepatica
The female reproductive system of Fasciola hepatica consists of an ovary, oviduct, uterus, vitelline glands, Mehlis' glands, and Laurer's canal. The ovary is single and highly branched, opening into the oviduct. The oviduct connects to the median vitelline duct, which joins the uterus containing fertilized eggs. Numerous vitelline glands produce yolk and shell material for the eggs, emptying into longitudinal and transverse vitelline ducts. Mehlis' glands secrete fluids to lubricate the eggs' passage and activate sperm. Laurer's canal temporarily opens dorsally during breeding to serve as a cop
Male reproductive system of fasciola hepatica
The male reproductive system of Fasciola hepatica consists of well-developed complex organs including testes, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, cirrus or penis, prostate glands, and genital atrium. The testes produce spermatozoa which pass through the vasa deferentia into the seminal vesicle for storage. The seminal vesicle leads to the ejaculatory duct which opens into the cirrus or penis. Prostate glands surrounding the ejaculatory duct secrete fluids aiding sperm movement. A common genital atrium contains openings for the male and female systems and allows the cirrus to erect during copulation.
Beneficials insects
In Universe majority of insects are beneficial to society. In these slides some Beneficial insects are focused.
Harmful insects
This document discusses several harmful insects that damage important crops in India. It describes the rice weevil, red flour beetle, lesser grain borer, and khapra beetle, which are major pests of stored grains. For cotton, it outlines the spotted bollworm and pink bollworm, noting the caterpillars bore into buds, flowers and bolls. The leafhopper is described as a significant pest of sugarcane that sucks plant sap and excretes honeydew. For jowar, the document focuses on the stem borer, whose larvae internally feed on stems, leading to dead hearts in the plants. Control methods including physical, chemical and biological approaches are mentioned for each pest.
Imp of insects
The document discusses the distribution, characteristics, uses, and nutritional value of insects. It notes that insects can be found in air, on land, in soil, and in freshwater. They have three body regions and respiratory systems. Insects are used as human and animal food, for pollination, to produce silk, as natural and biological pest controls, and to create useful products like honey, beeswax, dyes, and medicines. Some cultures eat ants, bees, butterflies, grasshoppers, and wasps. Insects provide high amounts of protein, iron, vitamins, and minerals compared to other foods.
DNA and Protein Synthesis
1. DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the construction of proteins.
2. DNA is made of nucleotides containing nitrogen bases, sugars, and phosphates that form the famous double helix structure.
3. DNA is replicated to produce identical copies that are distributed to daughter cells after cell division. This ensures each new cell has the complete genetic code.
4. The DNA code is transcribed into mRNA which carries protein building instructions out of the nucleus. During translation, these mRNA instructions are used to assemble amino acids in the proper sequence specified by the genetic code to produce proteins.
Lymphoid organ
The document summarizes the major organs of the immune system. It describes the primary lymphoid organs of bone marrow and thymus where maturation occurs. The secondary lymphoid organs include the spleen, lymph nodes, MALT, and GALT, which trap antigens and allow lymphocyte proliferation. It provides details on the structure and function of the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and MALT in the mucous membranes.
Food chains and pyramids 5
The document discusses food chains and pyramids. There are three types of pyramids: number, biomass, and productivity. Pyramids show the organisms at different trophic levels. Energy is lost at each transfer between trophic levels as heat and for organism metabolism. Biomass pyramids can be upright or inverted depending on if they measure standing crop or total biomass over time. Productivity pyramids are always upright as they show energy available between trophic levels. Examples of phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass data are given to illustrate an inverted biomass pyramid.
Energy flow in ecosystem
1. Energy flows through ecosystems via primary producers, consumers, and decomposers in food chains and webs.
2. Primary producers like plants and algae capture energy from the sun or chemicals and convert it to chemical energy in organic molecules.
3. Consumers acquire energy by eating primary producers or other organisms and decomposers break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients.
Plasma membrane
This document discusses various mechanisms of transport across cell membranes, including: passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis which do not require energy; and active transport mechanisms like protein pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis which require energy. It provides details on the structure of the cell membrane and defines each transport process. Examples are given of molecules that diffuse through membranes as well as the sodium-potassium pump as an example of active transport.
Placenta
The placenta is a fetomaternal organ connecting the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow for nutrient/waste exchange. It contains both fetal and maternal components - the fetal chorionic villi develop from the chorionic sac and maternal decidua develops from the uterine endometrium. The placenta functions to protect the fetus, provide nutrition/respiration, excrete wastes, and produce hormones through this interface between fetal and maternal blood supplies.
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A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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Event Link:- https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-mule-event-processing-models/
Agenda
● What is event processing in MuleSoft?
● Types of event processing models in Mule 4
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For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
Speaker:-
Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
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9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
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Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Cells in the immune system
- 1. Presented By Dr. Narendra A. Manwar Department of Zoology Mahatma Phule Arts and Science College, Patur Cells in the Immune System CLASS- B.Sc. III SEM- VI
- 3. WBC (Leucocytes) These are of two types – I) Granular & II) Agranular I) Granular: 1) Neutrophill: Multilobed nucleus Cell which reaches at the site of infection Phagocytosis Lymphocyte trafficking
- 4. 2) Eosinophill: Bilobed Nucleus with granules. Acts as a phagocytic cell. Eosinophill granule may damage the parasitic membrane. Plays a role in hypersensitivity reaction
- 5. 3) Basophill: These are nonphagocytic granulocyte Releasing pharmacologically active substance from their granules Plays important role in allergic reactions
- 6. II) Agranular: 1) Lymphocytes: a) T-lymphocytes: Originated from bone marrow. Maturation activation & proliferation in thymus. i) TH-Cell: It consists of CD4 + & MHC-II molecule receptor. It secrets cytokines & acts on B-cell to secrete antibodies. ii) TC-Cell: It consists of CD8 + & MHC-I molecular receptor. It secrets toxin substance. Cell lysis. iii) TS-Cell: It consists of CD25 + & MHC-II molecular receptor. It suppresses immune response. T-supressor cell
- 8. a) B-lymphocytes: 1) Origin, maturation, development & proliferation takes place in bone marrow. 2) Firstly found in gland viz. Bursa of Fabricus in birds. 3) Produces memory cell & plasma cell. 4) Secrete various type of antibodies.
- 10. Monocyte & Macrophages: Monocyte: Phagocytosis, lymphocyte stimulation. Macrophages: •Monocytes circulate in blood at 8-10hr. •Enter into particular tissue & get mature called macrophage. •Phagocytosis by engulfing or by •capturing the antigen. •Also secrete cytokin. •Intestinal macrophage – Gut •Alveolar macrophage – Lung •Histocytes macrophage – Connective T. •Kupffer Cell – Liver •Mesangial Cell - Kidney
- 11. Dendritic Cell: Long membranous extension resemble with dendrites of nerve cell. Phagocytosis Lymphocyte stimulation
- 12. Natural Killer Cell: Small population of large granul. Exhibits cytotoxic activity specifically about tumour cell. It expresses CD16 + membrane receptor ADCC (antigen dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
- 13. Mast Cell: Mast cell precursor present in bone marrow. Differentiation & maturation takes place when it enter in particular tissue. Secrete large number of cytoplasmic granules contain histamine. Plays important role in development of allergies.
- 14. REFERENCES 1) Immunology by Kuby 2) Immunology by Abbas Abbas