The document covers the structure and function of cells, highlighting the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as various organelles found within them. Key components such as the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts are described along with their roles in cellular functions. It also addresses the cell theory, stating that all living things are composed of cells, which are the basic units capable of performing life functions.

1. Cell Structure
& Function
http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
Chapter Two(02)
& FUNCTION
CELL
STRUCTURE

2. BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 2
Objectives
•Describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells
•Describe the functions of the different parts of cells
•Describe tissues, organs and organ systems.

3. The Cell Theory
• All living things are made up of cells.
• Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 3

4. Definition of Cell
 A cell is the smallest unit that is
capable of performing life
functions.
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Bacteria
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 4

5. Two Types of Cells
•Prokaryotic Cells
•Eukaryotic Cells
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 5

6. Prokaryotic Cells
• Do not have structures
surrounded by membranes
• Few internal structures
• One-celled organisms,
Bacteria
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 6

7. Eukaryotic
• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
• Most living organisms
Plant Animal
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 7
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 7

8. “Typical” Animal Cell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 8
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 8

9. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
“Typical” Plant Cell
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 9
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 9

10. Cell Parts
Organelles
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 10

11. Surrounding the Cell
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 11

12. Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell
that controls
movement in and out
of the cell
• Made of a Phospholipid
Bilayer
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 12
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 12

13. Cell Wall
• Most commonly found in
plant cells & bacteria
• In plants, they’re made of
cellulose, in Bacteria made of
Peptidoglycan and in Fungi
made of Chitin
• Supports & protects cells
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 13
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 13

14. Inside the Cell
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 14

15. Nucleus
• Directs cell activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by
nuclear membrane
• Contains genetic material – DNA,
which makes up the
chromosome.
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 15
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 15

16. Nuclear Membrane/Envelope
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow material to
enter and leave nucleus
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 16
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 16

17. Chromosomes
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions for traits
& characteristics
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18. Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build
proteins
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 18 18

19. Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 19 19

20. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials around
in cell
• Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 20 20

21. Ribosomes
• Each cell contains thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on ribosomes &
floating throughout the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 21 21

22. Mitochondria
• Cannot be seen under the light
microscope.
• Found in both animal and plant
cells.
• Site of aerobic respiration.
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions – breaking
down fats & carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 22 22

23. Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging plant'
• Move materials within the cell
• Move materials out of the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 23 23

24. Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell membrane
for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 24 24

25. Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound sacs
for storage, digestion,
and waste removal
• Contains water solution
• Help plants maintain
shape
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 25 25

26. Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant cells
• Contains green chlorophyll
• Where photosynthesis takes
place
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 26

27. Bacterial Cells
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 27

28. Bacterial Cells
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 28

29. Specialized Cells
BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 29

30. Specialized Cells
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31. BLESSING NDAZIE CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 31