The document provides information on basic immunology concepts. It discusses the two means of acquiring immunity: active immunity where an individual makes their own antibodies after encountering an antigen, and passive immunity where preformed antibodies are transferred. It also describes the two main types of immune responses: the innate immune response individuals are born with, and the adaptive/acquired response that develops with exposure over time involving antibodies and T cells. Key cells of the immune system involved in these responses are also outlined, including lymphocytes, phagocytes, and the roles of cellular and humoral immunity.
Tolerance & autoimmunity and organ specific autoimmune diseasesdr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Tolerance & autoimmunity and organ specific autoimmune diseasesdr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
Studying the Adaptive Immune Response - Tools for T & B Cell Research: Host D...QIAGEN
Adaptive immunity, powered by T cells and B cells, provides specific, long-lasting protection of the host from harmful invaders. This slidedeck provides an overview of T cells and B cells and their role in cell-mediated immune responses and antibody responses, respectively, against pathogens. There is also information on tools that enable analysis of T and B cell gene expression and regulation, genotyping and signal transduction pathway activation.
Immune System - The immune system is a complex network of cells and proteins that defends the body against infection.
The immune system keeps a record of every microbe it has ever defeated so it can recognize and destroy the microbe quickly if it enters the body again.
Abnormalities of the immune system can lead to allergic disease, immunodeficiencies and autoimmune disorders.
Antigen - Any factors or agents that can enter the body and create an immune response are called antigen.
Formation of immune cells - Immune cells are produced by hematopoietic stem cell in bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells are self-renewing and reside in the medulla of the bone ( bone marrow ).
HSCs are divided into two main lineages, lymphoid progenitor cells or myeloid progenitor cells.
Myeloid cells - Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Mast cells, Monocyte, Macrophage, Dendritic Cell
Lymphoid cells - B Lymphocytes,
T Lymphocyte, NK Cells
Antigen presenting cells - Professional antigen presenting
cells : Macrophage, Dendritic cell, B Lymphocyte
Non professional antigen presenting cell: Non-professional antigen presenting cells include all nucleated cell types in the body.
Proteins of immune system - Set of serum proteins that co-operate with both Innate and adaptive immune system to eliminate blood and tissue pathogen.
Organs of immune cells - Spleen, Lymph node, Tonsils , MALT, Bone marrow, Thymus
Types of immunity -
Innate Immunity: Innate immune response is in born and is the first line of defense against pathogen
Adaptive immunity: Antigenic specificity. It have immunological memory
Immune Receptors - It is a specialized structures found in the cell membrane. They are mainly composed of proteins, which bind to pathogens and causes a response in immune system
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
Studying the Adaptive Immune Response - Tools for T & B Cell Research: Host D...QIAGEN
Adaptive immunity, powered by T cells and B cells, provides specific, long-lasting protection of the host from harmful invaders. This slidedeck provides an overview of T cells and B cells and their role in cell-mediated immune responses and antibody responses, respectively, against pathogens. There is also information on tools that enable analysis of T and B cell gene expression and regulation, genotyping and signal transduction pathway activation.
Immune System - The immune system is a complex network of cells and proteins that defends the body against infection.
The immune system keeps a record of every microbe it has ever defeated so it can recognize and destroy the microbe quickly if it enters the body again.
Abnormalities of the immune system can lead to allergic disease, immunodeficiencies and autoimmune disorders.
Antigen - Any factors or agents that can enter the body and create an immune response are called antigen.
Formation of immune cells - Immune cells are produced by hematopoietic stem cell in bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells are self-renewing and reside in the medulla of the bone ( bone marrow ).
HSCs are divided into two main lineages, lymphoid progenitor cells or myeloid progenitor cells.
Myeloid cells - Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Mast cells, Monocyte, Macrophage, Dendritic Cell
Lymphoid cells - B Lymphocytes,
T Lymphocyte, NK Cells
Antigen presenting cells - Professional antigen presenting
cells : Macrophage, Dendritic cell, B Lymphocyte
Non professional antigen presenting cell: Non-professional antigen presenting cells include all nucleated cell types in the body.
Proteins of immune system - Set of serum proteins that co-operate with both Innate and adaptive immune system to eliminate blood and tissue pathogen.
Organs of immune cells - Spleen, Lymph node, Tonsils , MALT, Bone marrow, Thymus
Types of immunity -
Innate Immunity: Innate immune response is in born and is the first line of defense against pathogen
Adaptive immunity: Antigenic specificity. It have immunological memory
Immune Receptors - It is a specialized structures found in the cell membrane. They are mainly composed of proteins, which bind to pathogens and causes a response in immune system
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. MEANS OF AQUIRING IMMUNITY
1. ACTIVE: make own antibody
chance encounter w/Ag
a) natural
pregnancy
vaccination
b) artificial
introduce Ag via trt.
3. MEANS OF AQUIRING IMMUNITY
2. PASSIVE: transfer preformed antibody
a) natural : mother to fetus
(6 mo protection)
placental vs. colostral
b) artificial: immune therapy
4. Type of immune response
• Innate
• defense we are
born with
–phagocytic
cells
–complement
proteins
– anatomical *
– physiological *
• Adaptive/acquired
• defense that
develops with
exposure/time
–serum
antibodies
–T cells (CMI)
* 1st line of defense!!!
5. Mechanisms of immunity:
• Cellular
–cells responsible
for protection
–lymphocytes
–phagocytes
• Humoral
–antibodies (in
serum) are
responsible for
protection
8. • large cell (10-25 um dia)
• main purpose: phagocytosis / kill
• act non specifically
• “chemotactic” capability
• potent phagocytosis when activated
by T lymphocytes (lymphokines)
• Express Ag on surface to T / B cells
9. • multilobulated nucleus
• lysosomal granules
• phagocytosis and kill
• 1st white blood cell to infection site
• die and release contents
• irritate surrounding tissue / recruit cells
• Phago. improved by opsonization with Ig
12. • poor at phagocytosis
• granules contain histamine / serotonin
• vasodilators / permeability factors
• requires binding of 2 IgE for release
13.
14. lymphocytes
• small (5 – 15 um)
• No lysosomes : all “brain” until activated
• distinguish self from non self
• specific : recognize specific antigens
• MEMORY**
• need presentation of Ag by macrophage
15. cytokines
• interactions
- antigen
- macrophage
- T cell (Th)
- B cell
- cytokines
• interactions
- antigen
- macrophage
- T cell (Th)
- cytokines
T helper (Th)
T suppressor
T killer
others
16. Bob Luebke
ITB/ETD/NHEERL
Role of the Immune System
in Homeostasis
• Bidirectional interaction with other systems
– Reproduction
• “Self control” to prevent rejection of the fetus
• Stimulation of placental growth
• Linked to breeding success (rodents!)
– Endocrine
• Immune (autoimmune) diseases
– CNS
• Repair
• Neurogenesis
• Neurotransmitter/cytokine production and
17. Bob Luebke
ITB/ETD/NHEERL
Basics of Immunology
The Immune Response
Innate Immunity Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity
-Phylogenetically ancient
-Limited recognition
-Rapid (minutes – hours)
- No cell proliferation required
-Limited memory (? mammals)
-First appeared in jawed fishes
- Infinite array of specificities
- Slow (days)
-Requires proliferation and differentiation
-Long-lasting memory
18. Bob Luebke
ITB/ETD/NHEERL
Basics of Immunology
• The adaptive immune
response to antigen
– Recognition as foreign
• First encounter: usually initiated
by innate immune system cells
• Receptor-mediated
– Antigen processing and
presentation
• B cells, macrophages, dendritic
cells
– Gene transcription, mediator
release, cellular proliferation
22. Bob Luebke
ITB/ETD/NHEERL
Fate of T Cells in the Thymus
Positive selection: optimal binding to self Ag prevents apoptosis
Negative selection: superoptimal binding to self Ag induces apoptosis
23. Bob Luebke
ITB/ETD/NHEERL
B cells: Tolerance to “Self”
Anergy: low expression of
IgM on surface; can’t bind Ag
Clonal ignorance: too few
copies of Ag in the periphery
24. Bob Luebke
ITB/ETD/NHEERL
Thymus size and architecture:
May be very sensitive to xenobiotics
Also sensitive to acute toxicity
Figure from IPCS: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 180 Principles and
Methods for Assessing Direct Immunotoxicity Associated with Exposure to Chemicals
27. Bob Luebke
ITB/ETD/NHEERL
Cells of the Immune System
Innate Immune System: Granulocytes
Neutrophil (“PMN”)
First responders
Phagocytosis and killing
of bacteria
Inflammation
Eosinophil
Allergy
Killing parasite larvae
Basophil
Circulating mast cells
Allergy/anaphylaxis
28. Bob Luebke
ITB/ETD/NHEERL
Cells of the Immune System
Innate Immune System: Granulocytes
Neutrophil (“PMN”)
First responders
Phagocytosis and killing
of bacteria
Inflammation
30. Bob Luebke
ITB/ETD/NHEERL
Cells of the Immune System
Adaptive Immune System: Lymphocytes
Activated B cell
Peripheral blood Activated T cell (SEM)
B cells: Mature into plasma cells, secrete antibody (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD)
T cells: T helper - produce stimulatory and regulatory cytokines
T cells: T cytotoxic/suppressor – contact-dependent cytotoxicity,
regulation of immune response
NK cells: direct killing of cells (innate arm of IS)
34. Cell-mediated immunity
• T cells can only recognize and
respond to processed fragments
of protein.
• T cells are suited for cell to cell
interaction and target body cells
infected by virus, bacteria and
abnormal or cancerous body cells
36. Cell-mediated immunity: T-cells
• Activation of T cells—T cell receptors bind to
antigen presented by the antigen-MHC
complex.
• CD4 and CD8 proteins interact with antigen
and help maintain MHC-antigen coupling.
• Types of T-cells
– Helper T cells (CD4)
– Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
– Memory T-cells
44. T cell activation
T cells must accomplish a double recognition.
• They must recognize nonself (antigen) and self
(MHC protein of a body cell) (Antigen recognition) .
• Co-stimulation by binding to other proteins on
APC
• Cytokines (IL 1 and 2) are released by APC or
T cell following co-stimulation
45. Antigen recognition and co-
stimulation lead to activation.
Antigen binding without co-
stimulation leads to anergy in T and
B cells.
48. Activated T cell
• Activation leads to enlargement,
differentiation and proliferation of T
cells.
• T cells that are reproduced are clones
of originally activated T cell.
• Activation, differentiation and
proliferation occurs in secondary lymph
organs and tissue.
• Activation leads to release of
50. T Cell-mediated Immunity
Principal function-Response to
intracellular pathogens and cells
expressing foreign antigens
Recirculation-Naïve T cells circulate
between the blood stream and the
lymphatic system
51. Priming of T Cells
• Three types of effector T cells
– CD8 (TC)
– CD4 (TH1)
– CD4 (TH2)
• Each type
– Responds to different types of Ags
– Activated by different Ag presentation
– Has different effector function
52. T Cell Effector Types
• CD8
– Viruses and intracellular bacteria
– MHC I
– Cytotoxic effector cells
• CD4 TH1
– Bacteria and parasites in APCs
– MHC II
– Effectors activate macrophages, CTLs and induce B cells to
produce opsonins
• CD4 TH2
– Extracellular bacteria and toxin producers
– MHC II
– Activate B cells to produce multiple antibody classes
53. T- Helper Subsets
Different types of T- Helper
subsets
Th-1
• Hypersensityvity Reactions
• Produce IL2 and Gamma IFN
• Cell mediated cytotoxicity (virucidal activity)
Th-2
• Principal role in B-cell activation
• Produce IL-4 and IL-5 (no IL-2 or Gamma
IFN)
• Antibody mediated activity (bactericidal
activity)
56. Dendritic Cells
• Antigen presentation is sole function
• Antigenic uptake is followed by migration
to lymph nodes
• Expression of MHC I, MHC II and B7
• Loses phagocytic property
• Secretes chemokines
57. Macrophages
• Involved in both innate and adaptive
immunity
• May destroy pathogens or present Ag to T
cells
• Expression of MHC I, MHC II and B7
58. B Cells
• Binds soluble antigens
• Constitutively expresses MHC II
• Induced to express B7
59. NK Cells
• 5% of lymphocytes
• Nonspecific cytotoxicity
• No TCR/CD3
• Not MHC restricted
• No memory
62. Cell-mediated immunity
• T cells can only recognize and respond to
processed fragments of protein.
• T cells are suited for cell to cell interaction and
target body cells infected by virus, bacteria and
abnormal or cancerous body cells or cells that
are transplanted or infused.
• Antibodies can only inactivate an antigen and
NOT destroy it.
• Antibodies prepare an organism for destruction
64. HUMORAL IMMUNITY (Ab or AMI)
• Antigen + Macrophage + T cell + B cell
• Antibodies or Immunoglobulins
• SPECIFICITY!
• MEMORY
• (immunity: short, long, or no term)
cytokines
67. Functions
• Variable region (Fab) bind
specifically-neutralize, ppt
or agglutinate
**** antigen binding region
• Constant region (Fc) –
- activate effector cells or
complement
- opsonin end
68. Immunoglobulin classes
• IgD is attached to B-cell
plasma membrane
• IgM is released during
primary response
• IgG functions in late
primary and secondary
response
• IgA found in body
secretions
• IgE causes release of
histamine
71. Opsonization
• Free IgG binds Fc
receptors with low
affinity
• IgG bound to Ag,
binds to Fc receptors
with high affinity
• Cross-linking
receptors sends
signal
72. IgG:
IgG1 IgG2
• Principle Ab in serum
• 14 – 18 mg / ml
• IgG1: 11 mg/ml
• IgG2: 7 mg/ml
• fixes complement
• late response to Ag
IgG1 IgG2
• selective transfer (colostrum) 10 opsonin
• fetal / neonatal defense for
• toxin inactivation phagocytosis
• principal milk / colostrum Ig
(farm species)
73. IgM
IgE
• largest Ig
• pentamer
• serum (1-3 mg/ml)
• fixes complement
• 1st Ig produced
to Ag challenge!
• Binds to mast cells
basophils
• ACTIVATION
• RELEASE OF
- histamine - serotonin
75. IgA
• 3 different forms in serum
• different form in secretion ( secretory piece)
• serum: 1-3 mg/ ml
• activates complement: serum (yes) milk (no)
Secretory piece
• local immunity and secretions
• prevents bacterial adherence
• maternal milk: very important
• primary Ig in colostrum (humans)!
76.
77. Type Number of
ag binding
sites
Site of action Functions
IgG 2 •Blood
•Tissue fluid
•CAN CROSS
PLACENTA
•Increase
macrophage activity
•Antitoxins
•Agglutination
IgM 10 •Blood
•Tissue fluid
Agglutination
IgA 2 or 4 •Secretions (saliva,
tears, small intestine,
vaginal, prostate,
nasal, breast milk)
•Stop bacteria
adhering to host
cells
•Prevents bacteria
forming colonies on
mucous membranes
IgE 2 Tissues •Activate mast cells
HISTAMINE
•Worm response
78. CYTOKINES / LYMPHOKINES
• Small polypeptide messengers
• very powerful in low doses
• multiple uses
• hormones
1. Interleukins
2. Interferon: viral
3. Colony Stimulating factors: GCFS
4. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
inflammation / cell movement / traffic
79. OTHER IMMUNE FACTORS
• Complement: 9 specific serum proteins
- interaction of components provide
numerous biological events
• Lactoferrin: Iron binding protein
*** competes with bacteria for iron
• Lactoperoxidase ( LP/ SCN- / H2o2 syst.)
** antioxidant / oxygen radicals
90. Activation of Cytotoxic T-Cells
• Recognize Ag in conjunction with MHC-1
• All host cells express class I antigens
• Serve as 1st line of defense against changed “self” antigens
- Virus infected cells
- Tumor cells
93. 1) TNF- produced
2) TNF- binds to
receptor
3) Recptor and TNF-
are internalized
94. 4) TNF- + receptor
are degraded
5) Endonuclease is activated
outside cell
cytoplasm
95. 6)Endonuclease cuts DNA
7) Fragmented DNA appears in cytoplasm
8) Cell function is disrupted
Activation of lysosymes &
production of free radicals
also occurs.
96.
97.
98. Role of Cytokines : Interleukin-1
Macrophage
Monocyte
LPS
Toxins
Foreign material
IL-2 production
IL2 receptor production
B-Cell Proliferation
NK Cell Activity
Acute phase reactants
Fever
PMN demargination
PMN degranulation
Prostaglandin release (fibroblasts & monocytes)
Muscle wasting
Depression
Sleep disturbance
Loss of appetite
Chronic Effects:
Acute Effects:
99. Role of Cytokines : Interleukin-2
• Detected 2 - 6 hrs after after antigen stimulation
• Short half life
• Amplifies Cellular Immune response locally
• Stimulates B-Cell proliferation
• Induces IgG2 production
• activity of NK cells
• Induces LAK cell activity*
*Kills cells resistant to NK cell - independent of MHC
100. Role of Cytokines : Interleukin-3
• “ Hemopoiteic growth factor”
- Myeloids
- Megakariocytic
- Erythrocytic
- T- Cell
- B- Cell
Stimulates Proliferation of Hematopoietic Precursors:
Half Life = Less than 30 minutes
permeability
phagocytosis
102. A
Antigens from plasma
bind to pre-formed IgE
attached to mast cells
B
Antigen binding causes
activation of histamine
release mechanism from
mast cells.
C
Histamine is released
from mast cells and
causes increase in
vascular permeability
104. Role of Cytokines : Interleukin-4
• Produced by T-Helper cells
• Activation / Proliferation of B cells previously stimulated by antigen
• Enhances expression of MHC II molecules
• Induces production of CD-23 on B Cells surface
• Induces IgG 1 synthesis
• Essential in IgE formation
• Role in converting other cytokines
• Similar to IL-13
“ promotes resting B-Cell expansion”
IL-4