Cell Injury in hindi Cell injury is defined as the functional and morphologic effects of a variety of stresses on the cell from various etiologic agents which result in change in its internal and external environment. The term cell injury is used to indicate a state in which the capacity for physiological adaptation is exceeded. This may occur when the stimulus is excessive or when the cell is no longer capable to adapt without suffering some form of damage. Cellular response to stress may vary depending upon following two factors: Host Factors: Type of cell, Nutritional status of cell etc. Factors pertaining to injurious agent: Its type, dose etc. Etiology/Causes Hypoxia and Ischaemia Physical Agents Chemicals and Drugs Microbial Agents Immunologic Causes Nutritional Derangements Ageing Psychogenic Cause Iatrogenic Cause Idiopathic Disease #rohitkumartrivedi #cellinjury #cellinjurypathology

1. 1. Reversible Cell Injury
2. Irreversible Cell Injury

2. Video Lecture Link
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3. ▪ Cell injury is defined as the functional and morphologic effects of a variety of stresses on the
cell from various etiologic agents which result in change in its internal and external
environment.
▪ The term cell injury is used to indicate a state in which the capacity for physiological
adaptation is exceeded.
▪ This may occur when the stimulus is excessive or when the cell is no longer capable to
adapt without suffering some form of damage.
Normal Cell
(Homeostasis)
Functional and
morphologic change
Cell Death
Mild Stress Severe, Persistent
Stress
Cell Injury

4. Cellular response to stress may vary depending upon following
two factors:
1. Host Factors: Type of cell, Nutritional status of cell etc.
2. Factors pertaining to injurious agent: Its type, dose etc.
Cell Injury
Types of Cell Injury
1. Reversible Cell Injury 2. Irreversible Cell Injury
Factors of Cellular Response

5. Cell Injury Types of Cell Injury
1. Reversible Cell Injury 2. Irreversible Cell Injury

6. Pathophysiology
(BP204T)
UNIT-I
B. Pharm
2nd Semester
Cell Injury Reversible and Irreversible Cell Injury

7. Difference between
Reversible & Irreversible Cell Injury
Pathophysiology
(BP204T)
UNIT-I
B. Pharm
2nd Semester
Cell Injury

8. Etiology/Causes
• Hypoxia and Ischaemia
• Physical Agents
• Chemicals and Drugs
• Microbial Agents
• Immunologic Causes
• Nutritional Derangements
• Ageing
• Psychogenic Cause
• Iatrogenic Cause
• Idiopathic Disease
Cell Injury

9. Etiology/Causes
Hypoxia and Ischaemia
▪ Ischaemia is insufficient blood flow to provide
adequate oxygenation. This, in turn, leads to
tissue hypoxia (reduced oxygen)
or anoxia (absence of oxygen).
▪ Ischaemia always results in hypoxia.
▪ However, hypoxia can occur without ischemia
Cell Injury
For example, the oxygen content of the arterial blood decreases as occurs
with anemia (lack of enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen).

10. Rapid change in
atmospheric pressure
Etiology/Causes
Physical Agents
Cell Injury
Mechanical Trauma
(road accidents)
Thermal Trauma
(Heat or cold)
Electricity Radiation

11. Etiology/Causes
Chemicals and Drugs
Cell Injury
Strong acid/alkali
Environmental
pollutants
Insecticides
Hypertonic glucose
and salts
Alcohol and
narcotic drugs
Therapeutic
administration of drugs
Chemical Poisons
(cyanide, arsenic, mercury)

12. Bactria Fungi Viruses Protozoa Other parasites
Etiology/Causes
Microbial Agents
Cell Injury

13. Hypersensitivity reactions
a condition in which the normally protective immune system
has a harmful effect on the body
Etiology/Causes
Immunologic Causes
Cell Injury
Anaphylactic reactions
Serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death
Autoimmune diseases
A disease in which the body's immune system attacks healthy cells.
(Rheumatoid arthritis)

14. ▪ Nutritional Deficiency
• Starvation
• Protein (Marasmas, Kwashirkor)
• Minerals (Anaemia)
▪ Nutritional Excess
• Obesity, atherosclerosis, hypertension
Etiology/Causes
Nutritional Derangements
Cell Injury

15. Cellular ageing leads to
impaired ability of the cell
to undergo replication and
repair and ultimately leads
to cell death.
Etiology/Causes
Ageing
Cell Injury

16. ▪ There is no specific biochemical and
morphological changes in common acquired
mental disease due to mental stress, strain,
anxiety, overwork and frustration.
▪ e.g. Depression, Schizophrenia.
Etiology/Causes
Psychogenic Causes
Cell Injury

17. ▪ Iatrogenic means caused by the diagnosis or
treatment of a physician.
▪ Every physician is bound not to do or administer
anything that causes harm to the patient, there
are some diseases as well as death attributed to
iatrogenic cause (owing to physician).
Examples include occurrence of disease or death
due to error in judgement by the physician and
untoward (unexpected and inappropriate) effects of
administered therapy.
Etiology/Causes
Iatrogenic Causes
Cell Injury

18. ▪ Idiopathic means of unknown cause.
▪ There still remain many diseases for which
exact cause is undetermined.
Example:
• Hypertension is idiopathic.
• Exact etiology of many cancers is still
incompletely known.
Etiology/Causes
Idiopathic Disease
Cell Injury

19. Must Read Response to Cell Injury and
Etiologic Agents
Among various etiologic factors, hypoxia-ischaemia is most important;
others are chemical and physical agents, microbes, immunity, ageing etc.
Cell injury is the functional and morphologic effects of a variety of stresses
on the cell from various etiologic agents which result in changes in its
internal and external environment.
Cellular response to stress depends upon the type of cell and
tissue involved, and the type and dose of injurious agent.
When exposed to mild stress or due to altered functional demand, the
cells adjust and adapt to a limit (cellular adaptation) and revert back
to normal.
Mild to moderate stress for shorter duration may cause
reversible cell injury; severe and persistent stress causes cell
death.

20. Practice Questions:
▪ What do you mean by functional and morphological changes? Discuss.
▪ What is the difference between acute and chronic stress?
▪ How will you define cellular adaptation and Cell Injury? Discuss in detail.
▪ What are the factors affecting cellular response? Discuss with suitable examples.
▪ Classify cell injury with suitable examples.
▪ What is the difference between hypoxia and ischemia?
▪ How our immune system can cause cell injury?
▪ Differentiate idiopathic and iatrogenic causes of cell injury in detail.
▪ How nutritional derangements can cause cell injury? Discuss.

21. Rohit Kumar Trivedi
Assistant Professor, Pharmacy