This document discusses cellular metabolism, including photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and uses carbon dioxide, water and energy from the sun to produce glucose and oxygen. Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP. Metabolism also includes anabolism, which builds complex molecules, and catabolism, which breaks down molecules to release energy. The cycling of molecules between chloroplasts and mitochondria transfers energy through living things. The document also describes the process of cell division, including the stages of mitosis and cytokinesis, which produces two daughter cells with identical DNA to the original parent cell.

1.  Metabolism
 *Photosynthesis
 *Cellular Respiration

2.  TYPES
CATABOLISM
THE DESTRUCTIVE METABOLISM, IS THE PROCESS
THAT PRODUCE THE ENERGY REQUIRED FOR ALL
ACTIVITIES IN THE CELLS.

3.  OCCURS IN THE CHLOROPLAST OF
PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANTS
 CHLOROPLAST: A MEMBRANE ENCLOSED
ORGANELLE WHICH ALLOW PLANTS TO PRODUCE
THEIR OWN ORGANIC FOOD

6.  CARBON DIOXIDE +WATER+
ENERGY=GLUCOSE+OXYGEN
 CO2+H2O+ENERGY=C6 H12 06+O2
 OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS

7. THE CYCLING OF MOLECULES BETWEEN
CHLOROPLASTS AND MITOCHONDRIA ALLOW A
FLOW OF ENERGY FROM THE SUN THROUGH ALL
LIVIG THNGS

8.  ALSO KNOWN AS CONSRUCTION METABOLISM, IS
ALL ABOUT BUILDING AND STORING
 IT SUPPORTS THE GROWTH OF NEW CELLS,THE
MAINTENANCE OF BODY TISSUES AND THE
STORAGE OF ENERGY FOR USE IN THE FUTURE

9.  DURING ANABOLISM, SMALL MOLECULES ARE
CHANGED INTO LARGER, MORE COMPLEX
MOLECULES OF CARBOHYDRATE, PROTEIN AND
FAT

10.  CELLULAR RESPIRATION IS THE PROCESS BY
WHICH THE CHEMICAL ENERGY OF “FOOD”
MOLECULES IS RELEASED AND PARTIALLY
CAPTURED IN THE FORM OF ATP

11. CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS CAN ALL
BE USED AS FUELS IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION, BUT
GLUCOSE IS MOST COMMONLY USED AS AN
EXAMPLE TO EXAMINE THE REACTIONS AND
PATHWAYS INVOLVED.

13.  STEP WISE RELEASE OF ENERGY FROM
MOLECULES LIE GLUCOSE, ACCOMPANIED BY THE
USE OF THIS ENERGY TO SYNTHESIS ATP
MOLECULES
 MITOCHODRIA IS A MEMBRANE ENCLOSED
ORGANELLE THAT CONTAINE DNA, RIBOSOMES
AND ENZYMES, SITE OF ATP PRODUCTION

15.  AS THE CELL PERFORMS ITS LIFE PROCESSES AND
CONVERTS ABSORBED FOOD SUBSTANCE INTO NEW
LIVING PROTOPLASM, IT INCREASES IN SIZE.
AFTER ATTAINING A CERTAIN SIZE, IT DIVIDES

16.  A.) DIRECT CELL DIVISION OR AMITOSIS-
UNICELLULAR ORGANISM UNDERGO DIRCET CELL
DIVISION, WHERIN CONSTRICTION APPEARS ON
THE PLASMA MEMBRANE WHICH DEEPENS AND
DIVIDES BOTH CYTOPLASM AND NUCLEUS
RESULTING INTO A DAUGHTER CELL
(PROKARYOTIC cell)

18. B.) INDIRECT CELL DIVISION OR MITOSIS IS WHEN A
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISN UNDEGO INDIRECT
CELL DIVISION WHEREIN SEVERAL CHANGES TAKE
PLACE IN THE CELL PRIOR TO DIVISION
(EUKARYOTIC CELLS)

19. THE PROCESS OF CELLULAR DIVISION IS UNIQUE TO
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
-IN BOTH PROCESSES, DNA WITHIN THE PARENT
CELL IS DISTRIBUTED TO THHE DAUGHTER CELL
-46 CHROMOSOMES ,23 PAIRS.

20. CHROMOSOMES IS AN ORGANIZED STRUCTURE OF
DNA AND PROTEIN THAT IS FOUND IN CELLS. IT IS
A SINGLE PIECE COILED DNA CONTAINING MANY
GENES, REGULATORY ELEMENTS AND OTHER
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES
- 1 PAIR OF CHROMOSOMES –DETERMINES THE
INDIVIDUAL SEX
FEMALE- XX
MALE- XY

22.  PRODUCES TWO DAUGHTER CELLS, EACH WITH
DNA THAT IS IDENTICAL TO THE DNA OF PARENT
CELL

23.  TIME BETWEEN CELL DIVISIONS
 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CARRIED OUT
 DNA FOUND AS THIN THREADS OF CHROMATIN IN
THE NUCLEUS
 NUCLEOLUS PRESENT
 DNA REPLICATED TOWARDS DIVISION TIME

25.  METABOLIC CHANGES PREPARE THE CELL FOR
DIVISION. AT A CERTAIN POINT-THE RESTRICTION
POINT-THE CELL IS COMMITED TO DIVISION AND
MOVES INTO THE S PHASE
 NO DNA SYNTHESIS OCCURS BUT RNA AND
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DO OCCUR
 EACH DAUGHTER CELL GROWS THE SIZE OF THE
LONGEST AND MOST VARIABLE PHASE OF THE
CELL CYCLE.

26.  FINAL PREPARATION FOR THE CELL DIVISION
OCCURS DURING THIS PHASE
 FURTHER INCREASE IN CELL VOLUME AND
SYNTHESIS OF ENZYME AND OTHER PROTEIN
 METABOLIC CHANGES ASSEMBLE THE
CYTOPLASMIC MATERIALS NECESSARY FOR
MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS

27.  A NUCLEAR DIVISION (MITOSIS) FOLLOWED BY A
CELL DIVISION (CYTOKINESIS)

29.  CHROMATIN THICKEN INTO CHROMOSOMES
 NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DISINTEGRATES
 CENTRIOLE PAIRS MOVE TO OPPOSITE ENDS OF
THE CELL
 SPINDLE FIBERS BEGIN TO FORM
 CHROMOSOMES COIL AND SHORTEN
 CHROMOSOMES HAS A PAIR OF CHROMATIDS
CONNECTED BY CENTROMERE

31.  GUIDED BY THE SPINDLE FIBERS, THE
CHROMOSOME PAIRS LINE UP ALONG THE CENTER
OF THE SPINDLE STRUCTURE
 CHROMOSOMES LINE UP AT THE CENTER OF THE
CELL, CENTROERES DIVIDE PULLING THE
CHROMOSOMES APART

33.  THE CHROMOSOME PAIRS (SISTERS) BEGIN TO PULL
APART. ONCE SPERATED THEY ARE CALLED
DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES.
 DUE TO PULL, MANY CHROMOSOMES BEND
 GROOVE IN PLASMA MEMBRANE PRESENT
 -SISTER CHROMATIDS ARE NOW TWO SEPARATE
CHROMOSOMES

35.  CHROMOSOMES RETURN TO CHROMATIN
 SPINDLE DISINTEGRATES
 NUCLEAR MEMBRANE TAKES SHAPE AGAIN
 CENTRIOLES REPLICATE
 MEMBRANE CONTINUED TO PINCH INWARD

37.  THE FINAL CELLULAR DIVISION TO FORM TWO CELLS
IN PLANTS A CELL PLATE FORMS ALONG THE LINE OF
THE METAPHASE PLATE, IN ANIMALS THERE IS A
CONSTRICTION OF THE CYTOPLASM
 THE CELL THEN ENTERS INTERPHASE-THE INTERVAL
BETWEEN MITOTIC DIVISIONS

39.  WHEN THE PROCESS IS COMPLETE, EACH CELL
WALL WILL HAVE THE SAME GENETIC MATERIAL
THAT THE ORIGINAL CELL HAD BEFORE
REPLICATION. WHEN THE PROCESS IS COMPLETE,
EACH CELL WILL HAVE THE SAME GENETIC
MATERIAL THAT THE ORIGINAL CELL HAD BEFORE
REPLICATION. EACH OF THE DAUGHTER CELLS IS
ALSO IDENTICAL TO EAH OTHER. NOTE THAT
ONCE TELOPHASE IS COMPLETE, THE CELL
RETURNS TO INTERPHASE