This document discusses heat transfer mechanisms including radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation. It then covers heat-related illnesses ranging from heat rash to heat stroke. Key differences between heat exhaustion and heat stroke are described. Treatment for heat illness focuses on cooling the body through various conductive, evaporative, and convective techniques. Hypothermia and frostbite are also reviewed, including staging, presentation, differential diagnosis, and treatment strategies including rewarming techniques.
This document provides an overview of various environmental emergencies, including heat and cold disorders, drowning, diving emergencies, high-altitude illness, and nuclear radiation. It discusses the pathophysiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms, treatment, and prevention of these conditions. Key points covered include the mechanisms of heat gain and loss in the body, types of heat disorders like heat cramps and heatstroke, hypothermia, frostbite, and trench foot in cold exposures, and considerations for pressure-related diving injuries.
This document provides information and guidance for medical personnel working at athletic mass participation events. It discusses:
- Common medical issues that may arise like heat-related illnesses, cardiac events, and injuries
- How to set up medical tents and stations along the course with appropriate supplies and staffing
- Factors that can impact runners like temperature, humidity, and hyponatremia
- Treatment approaches for conditions like hypothermia, hyperthermia, and hyponatremia
- The importance of educating medical volunteers, athletes, and planning for emergencies
This document discusses heat and cold related illnesses. It provides statistics on heat stroke mortality and defines different types of heat illness like heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. It describes the pathophysiology of heat illness and emphasizes the importance of rapid cooling for heat stroke patients. The document also discusses historical approaches to treating heat stroke and hypothermia. Current diagnostic criteria and treatment recommendations are provided for heat illness and hypothermia patients.
Dehydration and heat stroke are life-threatening heat-related illnesses that can occur if the body loses too much water and salt through sweating. Dehydration is caused by not drinking enough fluids, while heat stroke happens when the body is unable to cool itself during extreme heat exposure. Symptoms of dehydration include thirst, fatigue, and dry skin, while heat stroke symptoms include confusion, hot dry skin, and high body temperature. Both conditions require rehydration with fluids or intravenous fluids in severe cases. Drinking plenty of water and avoiding long periods in the heat can help prevent dehydration and heat stroke.
This document summarizes various environmental emergencies and injuries. It discusses electrical injuries including types of current, mechanisms of injury, cutaneous injuries, musculoskeletal injuries, and complications. It also covers high altitude illnesses like acute mountain sickness and pulmonary edema. Diving injuries like decompression sickness, air embolism, and barotrauma are explained. Radiation injuries, animal bites, snake envenomations, and spider bites are also summarized. For each topic, the document discusses signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and management.
This document discusses heat and cold emergencies. It describes the various heat disorders including heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. It provides signs and symptoms as well as treatment recommendations for each condition. The document also discusses cold disorders like hypothermia and frostbite. It categorizes hypothermia into mild, moderate and severe. Signs, symptoms and treatment are outlined for each category of hypothermia and for frostbite. The document also discusses drowning emergencies and provides an overview of considerations and treatments for dry drowning, freshwater drowning and saltwater drowning.
Cold Related Injuries. Hypothermia, Frostbite & Trench footEneutron
This document discusses various cold-related injuries including hypothermia, frostbite, and trench foot. It defines these conditions and describes risk factors, stages or classifications, signs and symptoms, and treatment approaches. Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, causing a dangerous drop in core body temperature. Frostbite causes skin and tissue damage from freezing, with severity classified into degrees. Trench foot results from prolonged exposure of wet or damp feet to cold conditions. Proper treatment depends on injury severity but prioritizes rewarming and seeking medical help.
This document provides an overview of various environmental emergencies, including heat and cold disorders, drowning, diving emergencies, high-altitude illness, and nuclear radiation. It discusses the pathophysiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms, treatment, and prevention of these conditions. Key points covered include the mechanisms of heat gain and loss in the body, types of heat disorders like heat cramps and heatstroke, hypothermia, frostbite, and trench foot in cold exposures, and considerations for pressure-related diving injuries.
This document provides information and guidance for medical personnel working at athletic mass participation events. It discusses:
- Common medical issues that may arise like heat-related illnesses, cardiac events, and injuries
- How to set up medical tents and stations along the course with appropriate supplies and staffing
- Factors that can impact runners like temperature, humidity, and hyponatremia
- Treatment approaches for conditions like hypothermia, hyperthermia, and hyponatremia
- The importance of educating medical volunteers, athletes, and planning for emergencies
This document discusses heat and cold related illnesses. It provides statistics on heat stroke mortality and defines different types of heat illness like heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. It describes the pathophysiology of heat illness and emphasizes the importance of rapid cooling for heat stroke patients. The document also discusses historical approaches to treating heat stroke and hypothermia. Current diagnostic criteria and treatment recommendations are provided for heat illness and hypothermia patients.
Dehydration and heat stroke are life-threatening heat-related illnesses that can occur if the body loses too much water and salt through sweating. Dehydration is caused by not drinking enough fluids, while heat stroke happens when the body is unable to cool itself during extreme heat exposure. Symptoms of dehydration include thirst, fatigue, and dry skin, while heat stroke symptoms include confusion, hot dry skin, and high body temperature. Both conditions require rehydration with fluids or intravenous fluids in severe cases. Drinking plenty of water and avoiding long periods in the heat can help prevent dehydration and heat stroke.
This document summarizes various environmental emergencies and injuries. It discusses electrical injuries including types of current, mechanisms of injury, cutaneous injuries, musculoskeletal injuries, and complications. It also covers high altitude illnesses like acute mountain sickness and pulmonary edema. Diving injuries like decompression sickness, air embolism, and barotrauma are explained. Radiation injuries, animal bites, snake envenomations, and spider bites are also summarized. For each topic, the document discusses signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and management.
This document discusses heat and cold emergencies. It describes the various heat disorders including heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. It provides signs and symptoms as well as treatment recommendations for each condition. The document also discusses cold disorders like hypothermia and frostbite. It categorizes hypothermia into mild, moderate and severe. Signs, symptoms and treatment are outlined for each category of hypothermia and for frostbite. The document also discusses drowning emergencies and provides an overview of considerations and treatments for dry drowning, freshwater drowning and saltwater drowning.
Cold Related Injuries. Hypothermia, Frostbite & Trench footEneutron
This document discusses various cold-related injuries including hypothermia, frostbite, and trench foot. It defines these conditions and describes risk factors, stages or classifications, signs and symptoms, and treatment approaches. Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, causing a dangerous drop in core body temperature. Frostbite causes skin and tissue damage from freezing, with severity classified into degrees. Trench foot results from prolonged exposure of wet or damp feet to cold conditions. Proper treatment depends on injury severity but prioritizes rewarming and seeking medical help.
This is a lecture from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative (GEMC). To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
Heat stroke is a severe heat-related illness that occurs when the body becomes unable to regulate its core temperature, causing it to rise rapidly. There are two main types - exertional heat stroke, which affects young active individuals, and classic nonexertional heat stroke, which more commonly affects elderly or ill people. Heat stroke is life-threatening and can cause damage to organs and death if not promptly treated. Factors that contribute to heat stroke include increased heat production from physical exertion or medical conditions, reduced ability to dissipate heat through sweating or blood flow, and an inability to acclimate to hot environments.
Heat-related illnesses range from mild conditions like heat syncope to life-threatening heatstroke. The body normally cools itself through sweating and other mechanisms, but high humidity or dehydration can interfere with cooling. Heatstroke occurs when thermoregulation fails and the core body temperature exceeds 40.5°C. Symptoms include confusion, seizures, and organ damage. Treatment involves rapid cooling through cold fluids, ice packs, and fans before complications develop. Proper hydration and acclimatization can prevent exertional heat illnesses.
Hypothermia is defined as a core body temperature below 35°C. Mechanisms of heat loss include radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction. As temperature decreases, physiological responses include vasoconstriction, shivering and changes in basal metabolic rate. Clinical features range from vague symptoms in mild hypothermia to loss of consciousness and absent reflexes in severe cases. Management focuses on passive or active rewarming depending on severity. Outcomes are worse with prehospital cardiac arrest, hemodynamic instability, and lab abnormalities indicating organ damage.
The document outlines the assessment and treatment of trauma and burn patients, including the primary and secondary surveys to address life-threatening injuries, guidelines for fluid resuscitation in burn shock, and key considerations for special populations like pediatrics. Standardized approaches are recommended to simultaneously assess airway, breathing, circulation, hemorrhage, and potential internal injuries while monitoring for changes in status. Early involvement of surgical specialists and use of radiography to identify fractures and hemorrhages are also discussed.
A brief yet comprehensive description of a very common problem faced in KSA especially during hajj season. It is meant to enhance the awareness among ER and ICU physicians.
The drawbacks of climate change are so overt. The Disturbance of Great Ocean Conveyor currents led to the extreme changes in temperature around the globe in the form of a cooler northern, warmer tropical and cooler snowy winter, warmer summer. Many deaths from hypothermia were reported especially in refugee camps as it is not well equipped. Hypothermia is a medical emergency that occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low body temperature. Normal body temperature is around 98.6 F (37 C). Hypothermia occurs as the body temperature falls below 95 F (35 C). When body temperature drops, heart, nervous system and other organs can't work normally. Left untreated, hypothermia can eventually lead to complete failure of heart and respiratory system and eventually to death.
Heat-related illnesses and injuries are the most frequent cause of environmentally related death in the United States, resulting in over 400 deaths annually. Risk factors include dehydration from a lack of water consumption, obesity, and certain medications. Minor heat injuries include heat rash and heat cramps. Moderate heat injury is heat exhaustion, while major heat injury is the life-threatening heat stroke with a core temperature over 104°F. Prevention focuses on proper hydration, limiting outdoor activity during peak heat hours, and recognizing symptoms to promptly treat potential illnesses or injuries.
Heat illness can grab anyone in most every industry and out-of-work activities. Presenter is a coach outside of work, a Safety, Health and Wellness professional, and has seen both athletes and workers fall victim to heat. This presentation uses facts from a variety of sources along with his first-hand experience.
This document discusses heat-related illnesses and provides prevention tips. It outlines different types of heat illnesses including heat cramps, heat syncope, heat exhaustion, exertional heat stroke, and exertional hyponatremia. Populations most affected are children, elderly, mentally or physically ill individuals, and athletes during hot weather. An action plan is provided for responding to an athlete collapsing from heat that includes moving them to a cool place, removing excess clothing, offering fluids, and calling for emergency help if needed. General prevention tips encourage drinking plenty of water, wearing loose fitting light clothing, taking breaks in shade, and gradually building up time spent in the heat.
Vital signs are key medical measurements that indicate the status of vital body functions. The four main vital signs routinely monitored are body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure. Body temperature is normally between 97.8-99F. Pulse rate measures heart rate and is usually 60-100 beats per minute. Respiration rate counts breaths per minute and is typically 12-16 breaths. Blood pressure includes systolic and diastolic measurements. Vital signs provide important health information and are useful for detecting medical issues.
This document summarizes first aid procedures for heat exhaustion, heatstroke, hypothermia, and frostbite. It outlines signs and symptoms of each condition and provides guidance on first aid management. For heat illnesses like heat exhaustion and heatstroke, first aid includes removing the person from heat, cooling their body, and providing fluids. For hypothermia, treatment ranges from removing wet clothing and adding dry layers for mild cases to calling emergency services and performing CPR if needed for severe cases. Frostbite treatment involves gently warming affected areas and seeking medical help.
This document discusses hypothermia and its effects on the body. It begins with definitions of hypothermia and normal body temperature ranges. It then covers the four clinical phases of hypothermia based on core body temperature, from mild hypothermia to severe hypothermia. Risk factors for developing hypothermia and various morphological changes that can occur are described, including fatty changes in organs, gastric mucosal lesions, and hemorrhages. Guidelines for examination focus on organs involved in temperature regulation and death. The document concludes that both external and internal findings can provide diagnostic significance for hypothermia, especially when found in combination.
This document discusses heat illness in athletes. It defines heat illness and its forms, including heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. Symptoms and treatments are provided for each. The document emphasizes prevention through proper hydration, acclimation, clothing, and monitoring athletes for symptoms. It notes that heat illness is preventable but can be life-threatening if left untreated.
This simple Presentation highlights Sunstroke by giving:
General description about Sunstroke.
Symptoms of sunstroke.
Medications the raise the risk of Sunstroke
How to prevén and treat Sunstroke.
What to wear to avoid Sunstroke.
This document discusses various environmental injuries related to heat and drowning. It describes minor heat-related illnesses like heat edema, prickly heat, and heat cramps. More severe forms of heat injury are heat stress, which can cause nausea and vomiting, and heat stroke, a life-threatening emergency marked by high fever and altered mental status. Treatment for heat stroke involves rapid cooling and supportive care. The document also discusses drowning, noting patients may experience pulmonary edema or hypothermia. Evaluation involves checking for other injuries or underlying conditions, and treatment focuses on rewarming in case of hypothermia without routine antibiotics.
1) Environmental emergencies can involve submersion, hypothermia, or hyperthermia. Submersion can cause drowning or near-drowning through asphyxiation or laryngospasm.
2) Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, leading to a core body temperature below 95°F. It has mild, moderate, and severe stages associated with different symptoms. Rewarming methods range from passive to active external to active internal depending on severity.
3) Hyperthermia is elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation, usually from environmental factors like heat or humidity that prevent cooling. It progresses from heat cramps to
Let us lear about managing near drowning or submersion injury in children with PGY3 student , Dr Mohd Zahran Mohamed Zaki.
Your comments and suggestions are welcome and will assist us in continuously improving www.redyellowgreenzone.org.
Follow us at twitter @RYGZinEM and email to us redyellowgreenzones@gmail.com
Hypothermia and cold injuries are medical conditions that can result from exposure to cold temperatures or freezing conditions. There are three main types discussed:
1. Hypothermia is defined as a core body temperature below 35°C and can be mild (32-35°C), moderate (28-32°C), or severe (<28°C) with increasing risks of cardiac dysrhythmias and arrest. Rewarming methods include passive rewarming for mild cases or active external and internal rewarming for more severe hypothermia.
2. Frostbite causes freezing of the skin and deeper tissues, classified into 4 degrees of injury ranging from superficial frostnip to deep tissue freezing and
Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body becomes unable to regulate its core temperature, causing it to rise rapidly. Left untreated, it can cause damage to the brain, organs and other body systems. The main symptoms include a core body temperature above 104°F, altered mental state, and hot, dry skin. First aid involves rapidly cooling the body through methods like cold water immersion or ice packs while seeking immediate medical help, as rapid cooling is key to preventing complications. Risk factors include high heat and humidity, dehydration, strenuous physical activity, and age. Proper prevention focuses on staying hydrated, limiting time outdoors in extreme heat, and wearing loose-fitting, light clothing.
This document discusses various environmental emergencies including heat and cold exposure, water emergencies, near-drowning, and bites and stings. It outlines the body's temperature regulation processes, signs and symptoms of hypothermia and hyperthermia, and treatments which include removing wet clothing, applying blankets, and rewarming patients. For near-drowning, it describes assessing for spinal injury and positioning patients on their side if needed for gastric distension. Bites and stings are treated by removing stingers, washing the area, and positioning the injury below heart level.
This is a lecture from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative (GEMC). To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
Heat stroke is a severe heat-related illness that occurs when the body becomes unable to regulate its core temperature, causing it to rise rapidly. There are two main types - exertional heat stroke, which affects young active individuals, and classic nonexertional heat stroke, which more commonly affects elderly or ill people. Heat stroke is life-threatening and can cause damage to organs and death if not promptly treated. Factors that contribute to heat stroke include increased heat production from physical exertion or medical conditions, reduced ability to dissipate heat through sweating or blood flow, and an inability to acclimate to hot environments.
Heat-related illnesses range from mild conditions like heat syncope to life-threatening heatstroke. The body normally cools itself through sweating and other mechanisms, but high humidity or dehydration can interfere with cooling. Heatstroke occurs when thermoregulation fails and the core body temperature exceeds 40.5°C. Symptoms include confusion, seizures, and organ damage. Treatment involves rapid cooling through cold fluids, ice packs, and fans before complications develop. Proper hydration and acclimatization can prevent exertional heat illnesses.
Hypothermia is defined as a core body temperature below 35°C. Mechanisms of heat loss include radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction. As temperature decreases, physiological responses include vasoconstriction, shivering and changes in basal metabolic rate. Clinical features range from vague symptoms in mild hypothermia to loss of consciousness and absent reflexes in severe cases. Management focuses on passive or active rewarming depending on severity. Outcomes are worse with prehospital cardiac arrest, hemodynamic instability, and lab abnormalities indicating organ damage.
The document outlines the assessment and treatment of trauma and burn patients, including the primary and secondary surveys to address life-threatening injuries, guidelines for fluid resuscitation in burn shock, and key considerations for special populations like pediatrics. Standardized approaches are recommended to simultaneously assess airway, breathing, circulation, hemorrhage, and potential internal injuries while monitoring for changes in status. Early involvement of surgical specialists and use of radiography to identify fractures and hemorrhages are also discussed.
A brief yet comprehensive description of a very common problem faced in KSA especially during hajj season. It is meant to enhance the awareness among ER and ICU physicians.
The drawbacks of climate change are so overt. The Disturbance of Great Ocean Conveyor currents led to the extreme changes in temperature around the globe in the form of a cooler northern, warmer tropical and cooler snowy winter, warmer summer. Many deaths from hypothermia were reported especially in refugee camps as it is not well equipped. Hypothermia is a medical emergency that occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low body temperature. Normal body temperature is around 98.6 F (37 C). Hypothermia occurs as the body temperature falls below 95 F (35 C). When body temperature drops, heart, nervous system and other organs can't work normally. Left untreated, hypothermia can eventually lead to complete failure of heart and respiratory system and eventually to death.
Heat-related illnesses and injuries are the most frequent cause of environmentally related death in the United States, resulting in over 400 deaths annually. Risk factors include dehydration from a lack of water consumption, obesity, and certain medications. Minor heat injuries include heat rash and heat cramps. Moderate heat injury is heat exhaustion, while major heat injury is the life-threatening heat stroke with a core temperature over 104°F. Prevention focuses on proper hydration, limiting outdoor activity during peak heat hours, and recognizing symptoms to promptly treat potential illnesses or injuries.
Heat illness can grab anyone in most every industry and out-of-work activities. Presenter is a coach outside of work, a Safety, Health and Wellness professional, and has seen both athletes and workers fall victim to heat. This presentation uses facts from a variety of sources along with his first-hand experience.
This document discusses heat-related illnesses and provides prevention tips. It outlines different types of heat illnesses including heat cramps, heat syncope, heat exhaustion, exertional heat stroke, and exertional hyponatremia. Populations most affected are children, elderly, mentally or physically ill individuals, and athletes during hot weather. An action plan is provided for responding to an athlete collapsing from heat that includes moving them to a cool place, removing excess clothing, offering fluids, and calling for emergency help if needed. General prevention tips encourage drinking plenty of water, wearing loose fitting light clothing, taking breaks in shade, and gradually building up time spent in the heat.
Vital signs are key medical measurements that indicate the status of vital body functions. The four main vital signs routinely monitored are body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure. Body temperature is normally between 97.8-99F. Pulse rate measures heart rate and is usually 60-100 beats per minute. Respiration rate counts breaths per minute and is typically 12-16 breaths. Blood pressure includes systolic and diastolic measurements. Vital signs provide important health information and are useful for detecting medical issues.
This document summarizes first aid procedures for heat exhaustion, heatstroke, hypothermia, and frostbite. It outlines signs and symptoms of each condition and provides guidance on first aid management. For heat illnesses like heat exhaustion and heatstroke, first aid includes removing the person from heat, cooling their body, and providing fluids. For hypothermia, treatment ranges from removing wet clothing and adding dry layers for mild cases to calling emergency services and performing CPR if needed for severe cases. Frostbite treatment involves gently warming affected areas and seeking medical help.
This document discusses hypothermia and its effects on the body. It begins with definitions of hypothermia and normal body temperature ranges. It then covers the four clinical phases of hypothermia based on core body temperature, from mild hypothermia to severe hypothermia. Risk factors for developing hypothermia and various morphological changes that can occur are described, including fatty changes in organs, gastric mucosal lesions, and hemorrhages. Guidelines for examination focus on organs involved in temperature regulation and death. The document concludes that both external and internal findings can provide diagnostic significance for hypothermia, especially when found in combination.
This document discusses heat illness in athletes. It defines heat illness and its forms, including heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. Symptoms and treatments are provided for each. The document emphasizes prevention through proper hydration, acclimation, clothing, and monitoring athletes for symptoms. It notes that heat illness is preventable but can be life-threatening if left untreated.
This simple Presentation highlights Sunstroke by giving:
General description about Sunstroke.
Symptoms of sunstroke.
Medications the raise the risk of Sunstroke
How to prevén and treat Sunstroke.
What to wear to avoid Sunstroke.
This document discusses various environmental injuries related to heat and drowning. It describes minor heat-related illnesses like heat edema, prickly heat, and heat cramps. More severe forms of heat injury are heat stress, which can cause nausea and vomiting, and heat stroke, a life-threatening emergency marked by high fever and altered mental status. Treatment for heat stroke involves rapid cooling and supportive care. The document also discusses drowning, noting patients may experience pulmonary edema or hypothermia. Evaluation involves checking for other injuries or underlying conditions, and treatment focuses on rewarming in case of hypothermia without routine antibiotics.
1) Environmental emergencies can involve submersion, hypothermia, or hyperthermia. Submersion can cause drowning or near-drowning through asphyxiation or laryngospasm.
2) Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, leading to a core body temperature below 95°F. It has mild, moderate, and severe stages associated with different symptoms. Rewarming methods range from passive to active external to active internal depending on severity.
3) Hyperthermia is elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation, usually from environmental factors like heat or humidity that prevent cooling. It progresses from heat cramps to
Let us lear about managing near drowning or submersion injury in children with PGY3 student , Dr Mohd Zahran Mohamed Zaki.
Your comments and suggestions are welcome and will assist us in continuously improving www.redyellowgreenzone.org.
Follow us at twitter @RYGZinEM and email to us redyellowgreenzones@gmail.com
Hypothermia and cold injuries are medical conditions that can result from exposure to cold temperatures or freezing conditions. There are three main types discussed:
1. Hypothermia is defined as a core body temperature below 35°C and can be mild (32-35°C), moderate (28-32°C), or severe (<28°C) with increasing risks of cardiac dysrhythmias and arrest. Rewarming methods include passive rewarming for mild cases or active external and internal rewarming for more severe hypothermia.
2. Frostbite causes freezing of the skin and deeper tissues, classified into 4 degrees of injury ranging from superficial frostnip to deep tissue freezing and
Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body becomes unable to regulate its core temperature, causing it to rise rapidly. Left untreated, it can cause damage to the brain, organs and other body systems. The main symptoms include a core body temperature above 104°F, altered mental state, and hot, dry skin. First aid involves rapidly cooling the body through methods like cold water immersion or ice packs while seeking immediate medical help, as rapid cooling is key to preventing complications. Risk factors include high heat and humidity, dehydration, strenuous physical activity, and age. Proper prevention focuses on staying hydrated, limiting time outdoors in extreme heat, and wearing loose-fitting, light clothing.
This document discusses various environmental emergencies including heat and cold exposure, water emergencies, near-drowning, and bites and stings. It outlines the body's temperature regulation processes, signs and symptoms of hypothermia and hyperthermia, and treatments which include removing wet clothing, applying blankets, and rewarming patients. For near-drowning, it describes assessing for spinal injury and positioning patients on their side if needed for gastric distension. Bites and stings are treated by removing stingers, washing the area, and positioning the injury below heart level.
This presentation can help you understand the concept of Cardiogenic Shock more. It contains Definition, Causes, Risk Factors, Signs and Symptoms, Prevention, Prognosis, and Pathophysiology.
Cardiogenic Shock is a type of Shock wherein the main cause of problem is the inability of the heart itself to pump out the blood making the heart's workload and pressure increase.
Drowning and Water Safety for the EMS Provider: Clinical and Practical Implic...bobpratt
Drowning is a leading cause of accidental death in the United States. Many first responders and not trained nor equipped to respond to drowning emergencies. Many are also not aware of recent changes terminology and treatment for the drowning case. This presentation examines the current state of drowning rescue and resuscitation. It also covers special topics like: hypothermia, hyperventilation and spinal injury management using current guidelines and scientifically based data.
This document discusses the management of burn injuries. It begins by describing the different types of burns and classifying burns based on their severity. It then outlines the three phases of burn care - resuscitative, acute, and rehabilitation. Specific focus is given to the resuscitative phase, covering initial first aid, assessment, cooling, wound care, fluid resuscitation, analgesia, and monitoring. Nutritional support, wound cleansing, and complications are also discussed. Finally, common nursing diagnoses and interventions for burn patients are provided.
Burn injuries disrupt the skin and lead to fluid loss, infection, scarring and other issues. Burns are classified by depth of tissue destruction as superficial, deep partial thickness, or full thickness. Local burns under 20% TBSA cause local effects while larger burns over 20% TBSA cause systemic responses. Prevention focuses on fire, electrical, chemical and scald safety. Nursing management assesses airway, breathing, circulation, pain and fluid balance, with priorities of maintaining these functions and preventing complications like infection.
Hydrotherapy involves the use of water, internally or externally, for treatment purposes. It has various physical properties that make it useful for treating wounds, reducing edema, and providing a low-impact environment for exercise. Different forms of hydrotherapy include immersion, contrast baths, whirlpools, and aquatic exercise. Proper application involves selecting the appropriate modality based on the desired effects and safety considerations.
Water Safety for the EMS Provider: Clinical and Practical Implicationsbobpratt
Drowning is a leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide. Many first responders are not aware of recent changes in terminology and treatments for drowning cases. This lecture and follow-up
Drowning occurs when liquid enters the lungs and prevents oxygen absorption, leading to hypoxia, acidosis, and death. Near-drowning refers to survival over 24 hours after submersion. Drowning causes over 8,000 deaths per year in the US, with 20-25% in children. Diagnosis involves assessing for hypoxia, vomiting, and mental status changes. Treatment focuses on rescue breathing, airway management, and oxygen supplementation.
A complete Theoretical as well as practical aspects of Cardiac defibrillation with the definition,history,defibrillator and cardiovesrsion,Equipments,pre procedural consideration,care of patient before and after defibrillation,cardiac defibrillation procedure steps with rationale,complications,documentation and legal aspects
This document provides information about heat stroke, including its causes, symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing care. Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition caused by the body overheating, usually from prolonged exposure to high temperatures. It is characterized by a core body temperature above 104°F and altered mental state. Rapid cooling through methods like cold baths is crucial to treatment. Those at highest risk include the elderly, young children, athletes, and those with chronic conditions.
This document discusses heat stroke, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, nursing care, and prevention. Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition where the body's core temperature rises above 104°F due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures. It can lead to organ damage or death if not promptly treated. Treatment involves rapidly cooling the body through methods like cold baths and cooling blankets. Nursing care focuses on continuous cooling and monitoring of vital signs. Prevention emphasizes staying hydrated, wearing loose clothing, and limiting time outdoors in extreme heat.
The document describes the Emergency Severity Index (ESI), a 5-level triage system used in emergency departments.
Level 1 is the highest priority and requires immediate life-saving interventions for patients who are unresponsive. Level 2 is also high priority for patients with severe pain/distress or acute confusion.
Levels 3, 4, and 5 are determined based on the number of resources (staff and equipment) needed, with Level 3 requiring 2 or more resources, Level 4 requiring 1 resource, and Level 5 requiring no resources. The ESI algorithm uses 4 questions to rapidly sort patients based on acuity and resource needs.
The ESI system aims to get the right patient to the right resources at
Basic_First_Aid_0808.ppt an instructional materials for grade 8FrincesMaeCristal1
This document provides information on basic first aid techniques. It covers first aid principles, management of injuries, and how to assist casualties. Specific techniques covered include controlling bleeding, treating burns, splinting fractures, and caring for shock, head injuries, and other conditions. The document emphasizes the importance of scene safety, calling for help, and proper care and transportation of injuries.
This document outlines the principles of pre-hospital and emergency department management of submersion and electrical injury patients. It discusses drowning as a leading cause of injury death worldwide, occurring most often in fresh water among males and children. Management of drowning victims involves establishing airway, breathing, circulation, warming and treating for hypothermia. Complications can include hypoxic brain and lung injury. Electrical injuries vary in severity depending on voltage, amperage and current type. Direct current injuries from lightning typically cause instantaneous asystole while alternating current may induce ventricular fibrillation. Principles of electrical injury management involve evaluating for burns, arrhythmias and multi-organ involvement.
This document outlines the objectives and procedures for intravenous (IV) therapy. It describes identifying medical terminology, equipment, fluids, indications, and complications of IV therapy. The objectives are to perform IV therapy in a combat environment using standard field medical supplies to prevent injury or death. The document provides definitions, characteristics and uses of different IV fluids and outlines the procedural steps for IV insertion and maintenance. Potential complications of IV therapy discussed include infiltration, phlebitis, nerve damage, circulatory overload, air embolism, and systemic infection.
The document discusses human thermoregulation and metabolism. It describes how the hypothalamus controls thermoregulation through peripheral thermoreceptors to maintain core body temperature within a narrow range. It outlines the mechanisms used to increase or decrease body temperature, such as vasoconstriction/vasodilation, shivering, and sweating. Disorders like hypothermia and hyperthermia are also examined, along with their causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches.
This document discusses bleeding, internal bleeding, and shock. It provides guidance on assessing and controlling external bleeding through direct pressure and tourniquets. Internal bleeding is harder to detect but causes shock and can be life-threatening. Signs of internal bleeding include pain, swelling, and bleeding from orifices. Shock results from inadequate blood flow and can be caused by blood loss, burns, or injuries. Its signs include a rapid, weak pulse and pale, cool skin. Emergency care for shock involves preventing further blood loss, elevating legs, and providing oxygen.
Presentation on clinical signs of hypovolemic shock and the best ways to approach stabilizing these patients before sending them on to a referral center with more sophisticated equipment for treating such cases.
The document provides information on thermoregulation and illnesses related to heat and cold exposure. It discusses the normal mechanisms of heat loss and gain and how they are affected by hot and cold environments. Various minor and major heat-related illnesses like heat rash, heat exhaustion and heat stroke are described. The risks, signs, symptoms and management of these conditions are outlined. Cold-related injuries like frostbite and hypothermia are also summarized, including treatments like gradual rewarming. Investigations for hypothermia and approaches for mild versus severe hypothermia are highlighted.
Hurricane Maria caused widespread devastation in Puerto Rico in September 2017. Luis E Rios Jr's Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) deployed to Puerto Rico to support response efforts. Over the course of their deployment, the DMAT set up field medical stations, supported hospitals that lacked power and supplies, and provided medical care to displaced populations. Their work highlighted the extensive damage to Puerto Rico's infrastructure and healthcare system from the back-to-back hurricanes. Upon completing their mission, the DMAT team faced challenges with logistics of demobilizing from the remote island location.
The document discusses several major causes of childhood injuries including motor vehicle crashes, falls, burns, bicycling accidents, and firearm injuries. It reviews research demonstrating the effectiveness of interventions like car seats, bicycle helmets, safe firearm storage, and smoke detectors at preventing injuries. The goal of injury prevention is to understand how and why injuries occur so that targeted strategies can be developed and implemented to reduce injuries in children.
The document discusses the origins and progression of the opioid epidemic, beginning with increased opioid prescribing in the 1990s based on limited research. This led to widespread prescription drug abuse and a subsequent shift to heroin use. Heroin was then contaminated by increasingly potent synthetic opioids like fentanyl and its analogs, dramatically increasing overdose deaths. While naloxone programs aimed to reduce these deaths, issues with take-home naloxone use may undermine its effectiveness and encourage further risky opioid use.
This document provides an overview of treating sepsis in 8 steps:
1) Rapidly assess for critical instability and signs of organ dysfunction
2) Administer empiric fluids and perform ultrasound exams to identify potential infection sources
3) Administer early, broad-spectrum antibiotics within 1 hour
4) Identify and control infection sources
5) Understand appropriate vasoactive medications
6) Recognize patients that deteriorate rapidly
7) Use lactate levels to guide resuscitation but recognize limitations
8) Optimize hemodynamics prior to intubation for shock patients
Two case studies are then presented and managed using the stepwise approach.
This document discusses managing hypertensive emergencies in the emergency department. It defines hypertension and hypertensive urgency versus emergency. For hypertensive urgency, when BP is markedly elevated but there are no symptoms, treatment is usually not required in the ED and patients can be referred for outpatient follow up. For hypertensive emergency, when there are progressive symptoms of end organ damage, treatment in the ED is warranted to lower BP by about 25% aiming to avoid hypotension. Goals of treatment and commonly used oral and IV antihypertensive agents are reviewed.
The ECMO program at UF Health has treated 28 patients referred since starting in July 2017, with 7 patients placed on ECMO support. The program has accomplished several milestones like treating two patients simultaneously and cannulating patients back-to-back. Survival rates for patients treated with ECMO are over 80%. The program aims to progress through three phases, currently rescuing patients at UF Health and from the Jacksonville area who need advanced support. A recent case described a 21-year-old trauma patient who required multiple surgeries and ultimately ECMO support, showing improvement over his ICU course before being successfully decannulated.
This document discusses post-trauma resuscitation debriefing. It defines debriefing as a facilitated discussion of actions and thought processes during a trauma resuscitation to encourage reflection and improve future performance. Debriefing should identify the underlying rationales behind behaviors and occur immediately after the event with the entire multi-professional trauma team. The Plus-Delta-Discuss method is recommended, focusing on what went well, what could be improved, and discussing keys to success and barriers. Debriefing has been shown to improve performance in trauma resuscitations when done focused, succinctly and without blame.
This document provides information about an emergency and trauma care symposium discussing managing chaos in pediatric resuscitations. The symposium features two speakers - Dr. Todd Wylie and Dr. Robert C. Luten - who will discuss identifying factors that contribute to chaos in pediatric resuscitations, describing reliable means for initial pediatric patient assessment, and identifying tools and resources to reduce complexity. The document includes objectives, background on the two patient populations of adults and pediatrics seen in emergency departments, epidemiological data on pediatric emergency medical services, and an overview of contributors to chaos in pediatric resuscitations.
The document discusses prediction rules for identifying pediatric patients at low risk for intra-abdominal injuries after blunt abdominal trauma. It summarizes the PECARN prediction rule, which identifies variables from history and physical exam that predict whether a child needs intervention. The rule achieved high sensitivity and specificity. The document also discusses the UF-Jax algorithm for managing pediatric blunt abdominal trauma, which incorporates physical exam findings, labs, ultrasound, and CT imaging to determine need for observation, admission, or intervention. The goal is identifying injuries requiring treatment while avoiding unnecessary radiation exposure.
These case studies describe situations where victims of human trafficking presented for medical care but were not recognized. In the first case, "Jill" was brought to the emergency department by her trafficker after suffering complications from an attempted abortion. Due to a busy emergency department and missed signs of abuse, she was not identified as a trafficking victim. The second case involved an 18-year-old female who was actually a 15-year-old trafficking victim. These cases highlight how traffickers coach victims and manipulate healthcare encounters to avoid detection. Emergency departments frequently encounter trafficking victims but often fail to recognize them.
This document discusses three cases presenting with metabolic emergencies:
1) A woman with altered mental status was diagnosed with thyroid storm based on clinical manifestations and lab results. Treatment focused on reducing thyroid hormone levels and controlling symptoms.
2) A woman with abdominal pain and abnormal vital signs was found to have diabetic ketoacidosis based on high blood glucose and acidotic lab results. Treatment centered around rehydration, correcting acidosis, and identifying the precipitating cause.
3) An intubated trauma patient developed hypotension, which was diagnosed as adrenal insufficiency/crisis based on lab results and abrupt cessation of glucocorticoids during hospitalization. Treatment involved starting glucocortico
Geiger- Interdisplinary approach to wound managementUFJaxEMS
An interdisciplinary approach to wound management is discussed, focusing on providing quality care and positive patient outcomes. Key points covered include the physiology of wound healing, assessing wounds and barriers to healing, and guidelines for treating pressure injuries, venous insufficiency, arterial disease, and diabetic foot ulcers. Referrals to specialists are recommended when needed to properly diagnose and manage complex chronic wounds.
This document discusses trauma during pregnancy, including:
1) Trauma affects 1 in 12 pregnancies and is a leading cause of nonobstetric death, though 90% of injuries are minor.
2) Special considerations in the assessment and management of pregnant trauma patients include changes in cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal/genitourinary systems as well as injury patterns.
3) The goals in treating pregnant trauma patients are to first stabilize the mother to save the fetus, as maternal demise will lead to fetal demise in most cases. A multidisciplinary approach between trauma and obstetrics teams is important.
This document discusses the implementation of an EMT mid-line team at UF Health Jacksonville to reduce central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs). It describes how EMTs in the emergency department were trained to place ultrasound-guided peripheral IV lines, which led to an 80% reduction in central line placements. The success of this program then prompted the creation of an EMT mid-line team to place mid-lines in intensive care unit patients to further reduce CLABSI rates across the hospital. Key aspects of implementing this team included developing an EMT training program, ensuring continuity of ultrasound equipment, tracking placement success rates, and changing policies to allow peripheral mid-lines to remain in place for up to 29 days.
This document discusses the approach to managing difficult airways in the pre-hospital setting. It begins by defining normal, difficult, and failed airways. It then reviews indications for intubation and outlines an algorithm for assessing and managing difficult airways. Key factors that can predict a difficult airway are described. Techniques for managing difficult bag-mask ventilation, laryngoscopy, endotracheal intubation, and criricothyrotomy are outlined. Evidence on outcomes of airway management strategies in trauma and cardiac arrest patients is presented. The document concludes with a quiz question about the most important airway device.
This document provides goals and objectives for a training on evaluating and treating stroke patients in the pre-hospital setting. It reviews relevant neuroanatomy, stroke pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical assessment tools like NIHSS and LAMS scoring. It discusses distinguishing between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke as well as common stroke mimics. The training emphasizes the importance of the pre-hospital evaluation and communicating findings to the hospital to expedite diagnosis and treatment. A case study demonstrates applying these clinical skills to assess a patient and consider differential diagnoses.
This document discusses common complications and emergencies that may occur in transplant patients presenting to the emergency department. It notes that infection is the most common reason for admission within the first year, with a variety of potential infectious etiologies outlined. It also discusses rejection, the effects of immunosuppressive medications, and graft-versus-host disease. Specific complications that may arise include urinary tract infections, renal artery thrombosis, biliary issues, and dysrhythmias. Treatment approaches for various infections, rejection, and complications are provided.
This document discusses advances in ECMO and REBOA treatment.
ECMO provides lung and heart support to allow time for treatment when time is the treatment. It is used for conditions like ARDS, lung trauma, heart attacks, and as a bridge to transplant. Outcomes have improved at ECMO centers.
REBOA is the placement of a balloon in the aorta to control hemorrhage from the abdomen or pelvis. It is indicated for trauma with suspected bleeding below the diaphragm and can control bleeding until surgery.
Update on drugs of abuse trends in FloridaUFJaxEMS
This document discusses trends in drugs of abuse in Florida. It provides case studies and discusses the clinical effects and management of various substances including opioids, synthetic cannabinoids, fentanyl, marijuana, synthetic cathinones like flakka, MDMA, and excited delirium syndrome. Key points are the rise in heroin and fentanyl deaths, increasing potency of marijuana products, constant production of new synthetic drugs, and importance of controlling agitation in excited delirium cases.
The document discusses an ED and trauma symposium presentation on sepsis management. The presentation covers updated sepsis definitions, principles of early severe sepsis management, tips for sepsis care, common pitfalls to avoid, and implications of recent literature. Key points include early recognition and treatment of sepsis, initial fluid resuscitation, early antibiotics, source control, hemodynamic support and lactate monitoring to guide resuscitation and improve outcomes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
21. Cooling
Do not administer anti-pyretics
Dantrolene not benefitial
Cool through active means
Cool until core T
101.5-102 F
(38.6-38.8 C)
22. Conductive Cooling
Ice Water Immersion
Most efficient technique
Primarily studied in exertional
Use restricted by resources,
monitoring, patient condition
23. Conductive Cooling
Ice Pack Application
Axilla, Groin, Neck, Head
Cold, wet towels
Both techniques less efficient
www.wsj.com
24. Evaporative + Convective Cooling
Mist and Fan Technique
Most useful for classic
Skin sprayed with tap water
Cool, wet gauze on skin
40. ABCs
Check for “signs of life”
for 60 seconds
Utilize
Ultrasound
Cardiac monitor
EtCO2
http://www.cardiopulmonaryresuscitation.net/
41. ABCs
RSI
Possibility of hyperkalemia due
to hypoxia and rhabdomyolysis
Use caution with depolarizing
neuromuscular blockers
http://www.clarkmedicalmedia.com/
43. Hypothermia
30
Normal med intervals
Normal defib guidelines
3 5
Withhold vasoactive meds
Single defib at max J
Withhold further until > 30
Meds at double intervals
Normal defib guidelines
CPR performed at normothermic rate
The above represents a combination of AHA and ERC guidelines. Poor evidence
44. Don’t make things worse
Avoid CPR on patients with any
signs of life, even profound
bradycardia
Move/transport patients gently
Remove cold/wet clothing
www. http://medicalonline.pl/
55. Clinical Presentation
Initial
• Numbness
(75% of
patients)
• Body part
feels
“clumsy” or
absent
During re-
warming
• Extreme pain
Hours to days
after rewarming
• Throbbing
pain
• Edema
• Vesicles or
bullae
56. Clinical Presentation
• Days to weeks after re-warming
• Severe injury turns black and mummifies
3 Days 12 Days 3 weeks
57.
58. Treatment
• Pre-hospital treatment
If facility to rewarm is close
•Transport while protecting tissue from
further cold injury
If facility to rewarm is far
•Consider field rewarming
59. Treatment
Attempt rewarming if there is a
chance of refreezing
Attempt rewarming if it will be partial
or slow
Attempt rewarming if patient is
severely hypothermic
Attempt rewarming of the foot if
patient will need to re-apply boot to
walk
60. Treatment
• Rapid Field Rewarming
Treat systemic hypothermia before or
during treatment of frostbite
61. Treatment
• Rapid Field Rewarming
Fill water container
• 40 – 42 C
• Large enough so
extremities won’t
touch sides
• Ensure additional
water available
Immerse extremity
• Gently circulate
water until distal
tip becomes
flushed
• Pain indicates
successful
rewarming
Remove and dry
• Allow to dry in
warm air
• Do not towel dry
62. Treatment
• Rapid Field Rewarming
Evacuate
•Protect victim from
environment
•Keep well hydrated
•Do not allow refreezing
Extremity care
•Do not rupture blisters
•If blisters rupture, apply
aloe vera or antibiotic
ointment
•Apply loose/sterile
padding
•Avoid pressure to area
Further Treatment
•Allow active
movements
•Ibuprofen 400mg PO
q 12
•Monitor for blister
rupture or infection,
give antibiotics
64. The process of experiencing
respiratory impairment due to
submersion or immersion in a liquid
Standard Definition for Drowning
65. The process of experiencing
respiratory impairment due to
submersion or immersion in a liquid
Injury No Injury Death
Standard Definition for Drowning
78. Do not try and attempt to remove the foam as it will keep coming. Continue rescue
breaths/ventilation until an ALS provider arrives and is able to intubate the victim. If
this prevents ventilation com- pletely, turn the victim on their side and remove the
regurgitated material using directed suction if possible.
ERC 2015
79.
80.
81. Cardiac Cause
- Tank is full, the engine is broken
- Compressions/AED take priority
86. Drowning: Update on a Global Disease
AEDs in the aquatic environment
Safe and effective to on wet patients as long as
pads make good contact with skin
Safe for rescuers on wet surfaces
Effective in moving boats
87. Drowning: Update on a Global Disease
Question:
▫ Should we do the Heimlich Maneuver on drowning
patients?
88. Drowning: Update on a Global Disease
Heimlich Maneuver
▫ Delays much needed ventilations
▫ Recommend against:
• American Red Cross
• United States Lifesaving Assoc
• International Lifesaving Fed
• European Resus Council
• American Academy Ped
• American Heart Assoc
89. Drowning: Update on a Global Disease
Spinal Immobilization
▫ Prevalence of C-spine injury low with drowning
▫ Usually clear signs of trauma
▫ Should not delay resuscitation
96. Injuries of Ascent
Pulmonary Barotrauma
Expansion of gas trapped in
lungs
May rupture into thoracic
cavity or diffuse into capillaries
Worse with breath holds taken
close to the surface
97. Injuries of Ascent
Pulmonary Barotrauma
Pulmonary hemorrhage
Pneumothorax
Pneumomediastinum
Arterial Gas Embolism
98. Injuries of Ascent
• Arterial Gas Embolism
– Air bubbles entering pulmonary venous circulation
from ruptured alveoli
– Pulmonary vein Left Ventricle Aorta Systemic
– Bubbles become stuck in small capillaries
• Brain: ischemia and infarction
• Heart: arrhythmias
99. Injuries of Ascent
• Arterial Gas Embolism
– Presentation
• Sudden and often life-threatening
• Classic: LOC during ascent or upon resurfacing
• Any diver who loses consciousness or has signs of
serious neuro injury within 10 minutes of surfacing
must be considered to have AGE
100. Injuries of Ascent
• Arterial Gas Embolism
– Treatment
• Resuscitate
• High flow oxygen
• IV Fluids (avoid hypotension)
• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
– The earlier, the better
– Even if symptoms improve
– Transport at sea-level pressure
101. Indirect Effects of Pressure
• Nitrogen Narcosis
– Intoxication from increased partial pressure of nitrogen at
increased depth
– Typically occurs deeper than 20-30 meters below surface
– Symptoms
• Lightheaded
• Loss of fine motor
• Poor judgment
• Giddiness
• Euphoria
– Treatment: ascend to shallower depth
102. Indirect Effects of Pressure
• Oxygen Toxicity
– CNS poisoning due to increased partial pressure of oxygen
at increased depth for prolonged period
– Symptoms
• Apprehension
• Nausea
• Muscle twitching
• Seizures
– Treatment
• Ascend to shallower depth
• Removal of supplemental oxygen, unless needed to resus
103. Decompression Sickness
• Decompression Sickness
– Formation of nitrogen bubbles within intravascular and extravascular
spaces from reduction in ambient pressure
Gas
Gas in solution
Gas
Gas in solution Gas in solution
Gas
1 ATA 2 ATA 1 ATA
104. Decompression Sickness
• Musculoskeletal Decompression Sickness
– Most common manifestation of DCS
– “The Bends”
– Pain in and around major joints
• Shoulders and elbows most common
• Characterized as dull ache
• Worse with movement
105. Decompression Sickness
• Musculoskeletal Decompression Sickness
– Diagnosis
• Inflate BP cuff around joint to 150-200 mmHg
• Pain will decrease
• High specificity, low sensitivity (does not rule out)
– Limb bends not immediately life/limb threatening,
but indicates bubbling in venous system and
possible danger
108. Decompression Sickness
• Neurologic Decompression Sickness
– Spinal
• Lower thoracic and lumbar most common
• Low back pain
• Heaviness in legs
• Paresthesias/paralysis
109. Decompression Sickness
• Treatment
– Initiate resuscitation on scene
– Prioritize oxygenation
• Use high-flow oxygen
• Tight fitting mask
– Improve tissue perfusion
• IV fluids
110. Decompression Sickness
• Treatment
– Locate and contact closest operating hyperbaric chamber
– Rapid transport
• Aircraft which can maintain sea-level pressurization
• If helicopter, no greater than 800 ft altitude
112. Altitude Illness (1 of 4)
• Affects experienced mountain climbers
pushing limits as well as people who
travel from lower to higher elevations in
everyday life
• People with preexisting medical
conditions, extremes of age, sedentary
lifestyles, and people with unhealthy
lifestyles at greatest risk
113. Altitude Illness (2 of 4)
• Symptoms can range from imperceptible
sleep disturbances to life-threatening
pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, and
hypoxia.
• Altitude sickness is most commonly
associated with mountain climbing and
skiing at elevations of 3,000’–8,000’
above sea level.
114. Altitude Illness (3 of 4)
• Lake Louise criteria—at least two criteria
in each group must be present.
• Group A
– Crackles or wheezing in the lungs
– Central cyanosis
– Tachypnea (sleep disturbances)
– Tachycardia
115. Altitude Illness (4 of 4)
• Group B
– Dyspnea at rest
– Cough
– Weakness or decreased exercise
performance
– Chest tightness or congestion
116. HAPE (1 of 2)
• High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)
• People who change altitudes frequently
are at highest risk.
• Symptoms
– Cough
– Respiratory distress
– Chest tightness
– Fatigue
– Fever
117. HAPE (2 of 2)
• Implications
– Pulmonary hypertension from alveolar
hypoxia
– Capillary or arterial thromboses
• Rapid descent is the preferred treatment.
– Give supplemental oxygen.
– Give nifedipine and salmeterol.
– Use portable hyperbaric bags.
118. HACE
• High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE)
– Life threatening
– Suspect in any person who experiences a
significant change in altitude and has a
mental status change
– Thought to be result of vasodilation from
hypoxia
119. Flight Considerations
• CCTP may be asked to perform a rescue
or evacuation function.
• Locations may be difficult to reach,
especially for ground transportation.
• CCTP should carefully consider safety
issues such as training, experience of
personnel, and capabilities and condition
of equipment.