Grazier types n sustainable use of pastures ranges By Allah Dad Khan Courtsey of Dr Abdul Rahman

1. Welcome

2. Prof Dr Abdur Rahman
Chairman,
Livestock Management Department, The
University of Agriculture Peshawar
email: abdur_rahman@aup.edu.pk
Grazier types and their sustainable
utilization of pastures and
rangeland resources

3. Types of grazier
 1 Nomads or Kuchis or Kochians or jugars
 Or some people called them pawendas

4. 4
Nomads

6. Nomads characteristics
 No land of their own
 Constantly in movement
 Where ever they find water and fodder,
they install their tent and leaves the place
when resources are completely depleted.
 This types of Grazier is Dangerous for
Forest, Agricultural land, wild life and
carrier of diseases for domestic livestock

7. Nomads characteristics
 Complete depend upon rearing of animals
for livelihood
 Their herd/ flock size is +100 animals
 Clever
 Mostly illetrate, however
 Well Market oriented

8. Types of Grazier:
Transhumant

9. 9

10. 10
High
pastures
Village
Spring Autumn

11. Transhumance characteristics
1. Do have some agricultural land
2. A permanent place to live
3. Not completely dependent of livestock for
their livelihood
4. Cyclic movement from village to pasture
and back seasonally
5. Relatively less market oriented

12. Transhumance characteristics
1. Relatively more resources full
2. Might have their own/ tribe communal
rangeland which they utilized
3. More planned in storing roughages for
winters
4. However less planned in pasture
utilization and improvement in
range/pasture management.

13. Transhumance characteristics
1. Such families do have few members
literate/ educated
2. Flock or herd size is < 100 animals
3. Do have other sources of income
4. less dangerous for Forest, agricultural
land and wild life.

14. 14
Lucerne hay stored at
the top of the roof

15. 15

16. Rains and snow has decayed their stored roughages,
photo taken from Kojal valley Northern areas

17. Yasin valley northern areas, Photo taken by A Rahman,

18. When nothing to eat, animal will eat bark of a tree, Upper
Kalam valley Swat

19. At the end of sever winter, their animals are weak
and emaciated

20. Types of Grazier
Sedentary

21. Sedentary
1. Graze their animals within or near by their
villages.
2. Not go beyond 15km radius
3. Bank of river, Graveyard, village meadow
and communal land is mostly used by this
type of Grazier
4. Small herd or flock size <50
5. Livestock is not the main sources of their
earning.

22. 22

23. Range land/ pastures
Forest dept
Livestock owners
PFI/ University
research
Livestock dept
Eco tourism
Wild life
Govt policy/ Budget
allocation
Must adopt integrated approach to improved
sustainable use of resources. Model presented by
Prof. A. Rahman
Agriculture dept

24. Change the perception from
mine
to
our

25. How could optimize the
sustainable utilization of
pastures/ rangeland

26. 26
Principles of R.M.;livestock
 Selection of suitable Livestock species
 Proper Stocking rate( #.of ani/unit area/yr)
 Regular culling
 Supplementary feeding
 Drinking water
 Shelter
 Controlled grazing system should be
adopted

27. 27
Annual rainfall
(mm)
Dry matter
(kg/ha)
TDN (Kg/ha)
125-225 90 36
226- 300 225 90
326-425 561 225
425-600 900 360
> 600 1350 540

28. 28
Principles of R.M.;vegetation
• Protecting vegetation (by avoiding excessive grazing/
cutting)
• Proper range use intensity
• Frequency of grazing (light grz 4 longer period or heavy
grz 4 shorter period).
• Suitable grazing season with respect to
stage of growth in vegetation
• Force grazing
• Natural seeding
• Weeding & cleaning
• Controlled burning
• Topping of shrubs & trees

29. 29
Improvement
1. Water Development
A. Springs B. toba C. small dams D. Wells
2. Grass reseeding e.g.Cenchrus ciliaris
3. Defer grazing if reasonable cover present
4. What r the chances of establishing a
stand of grass? (reseeding fails if< 250mm rainfall)
5. Plantation of trees and shrubs
6. Fencing

30. 30
Local name Kikar
Bot. name Acacia nilotica
Genus: Acacia
Family: Fabaceae
Order: Fabales

31. 31
Local Name; tagha
Eng. Name Sugarbeery
Bot. Name Celtis
australis

32. 32
Woman’s Tongue (english)
Albizzia lebbek (Bot. name)
Sirin, siris (urdu)

33. 33
 Tree leaves DM ranges between 30-45%, CP value
is also very high for most of the plants.
 Crude fiber in the TL is highly complex & lignified.
Not a good source of energy
 Calcium is high in TL 2-3 time higher of crop
 Phosphorus content is low.

34. 34

35. 35
Neem Tree leaves

36. 36
Kikar :Acacia

37. 37
Willow tree

38. 38
Albizia lebbeck
(woman’s
tangue/Siris" )
•Best suitable for semi-arid area,
•High protein content (20%)
•Tree that reaches 30 m in
height in rain forests.
•Trees will annually produce
an abundance of seed from
papery pods about 20 cm
long and 3 cm wide.

39. 39
Ailanthus altissima (heaven tree)
Seedpods are reddish brown,
produced in late summer.
Each is between 1 ½ to 2 ½
inches long and twisted like a
propeller, each with one seed.
Bark is gray, smooth to
bumpy and it becomes
fissured with age.
325,000 seeds per tree per
year.

40. 40
Dalbergia sissoo is best
known internationally as
a premier timber
species.
However, sissoo is also
an important fodder tree
fuelwood, shade, shelter
With its multiple
products, tolerance of
light frosts and long dry
seasons, this species
deserves greater
consideration for agro
forestry applications.

41. 41
On a dry weight basis, Sissoo leaves contain
12.6-24.1% crude protein, with young leaves
having the higher values,
and 12.3-26.1% crude fiber. Dry matter
digestibility is about 56%
Sissoo silage contained 14% crude protein and 30%
crude fiber

42. 42
Prosopis cineraria
(Jand) is a versatile species,
providing fodder, fuel for timber, and
shade, as well as affecting soil
improvement and sand dune
stabilization. It is commonly used in
dryland agroforestry Pakistan.
It is a small thorny, irregularly
branched tree, 5-10 in high.
Evergreen or nearly so, it forms an
open crown and has thick, rough gray
bark with deep fissures.
Extreme dry condition ( 100-400 mm
annual rainfall
Leaves contain 13.8% crude protein,
20% crude fiber, and 18% calcium

43. 43
Ipil-ipil tree

44. 44
Zizipus Jujuba (Beri leave)

45. 45
Zizipus Jujuba (Beri leave)
Contain 18.9% Protein, but it digestiblity is poor
because of the presence of tannins.
Pipal Leaves (Ficus Religiosa)
Grown all over Pakistan, Sacred for Hindu and
Buddha
5.5% CP, 39.5% TDN

46. 46

47. 47

48. 48

49. 49

50. 50

51. 51
Best suitable for semi-arid area,
•High protein content (20%)
•Tree that reaches 30 m in
height in rain forests.
•Trees will annually produce
an abundance of seed from
papery pods about 20 cm
long and 3 cm wide.

52. 52
(heaven tree)
Seedpods are reddish brown,
produced in late summer.
Each is between 1 ½ to 2 ½
inches long and twisted like a
propeller, each with one seed.
Bark is gray, smooth to
bumpy and it becomes
fissured with age.
325,000 seeds per tree per
year.

53. 53
This is a versatile species, providing
fodder, fuel for timber, and shade, as
well as affecting soil improvement
and sand dune stabilization. It is
commonly used in dryland
agroforestry Pakistan.
It is a small thorny, irregularly
branched tree, 5-10 in high.
Evergreen or nearly so, it forms an
open crown and has thick, rough gray
bark with deep fissures.
Extreme dry condition ( 100-400 mm
annual rainfall
Leaves contain 13.8% crude protein,
20% crude fiber, and 18% calcium

54. Potential fodder species - Legume
LABLAB (Dolichos Lablab)
 Ideal summer forage legume
 Produces long climbing branched-
stems
 Removing leaves enables re-growth
can be annual to perennial
 Lablab can replace cowpeas due to
superior growth and root rot
resistance
 Seed rate 30 kg ha-1, inoculated
seeds perform better,
 Grow best under > 600 mm rainfall
 Drought tolerance & planted also on
water-logged soils
 Ideal companion with maize
 DM yields >2000 kg ha-1

55. Potential fodder species - Legume
 Lucerne (Alfalfa)
 (Medicago sativa)
 Perennial legume fodder with
high palatability
 Good for quality hay making
 Planted mix with oats, barley
and ryegrass
 Longer term stands than native
clovers, can supply round the
year green forage
 Handle drought and tough
conditions
 Cost effective fodder (DM,
CGR >4 g m-2 d-1)

56. Potential fodder species - Legume
Vetch (Vicia villosa)
 Winter annual legume
 Palatable fodder crop
 Higher drought tolerant
 Very good crop of rainfed
agriculture (>300 mm rainfall)
 Flowers 100–120 DAS
 Seed rate 50 - 60 kg ha-1
 Effectively grow on rainfed
land and acidic soil under high
Phosphorus

57. Potential fodder species - Grasses
Orchard grass
(D. glomerata)
 Perennial nature, good quality
forage grass with relatively
degree drought tolerance
 Actively growth observed at low
temperature in cooler months
(Nov. Jan.)
Kentucky Blue grass
(Poa pratensis)
 Also perennial, good quality
forage grass of spring season
growth
 Drought & temperature sensitive
with highest nutritive value

58. Potential fodder species - Grasses
Splenda (Setaria sphacelata)
 Perennial type, leafy forage grass
with 2 m height
 Palatable but has thick stem &
more leaves & tillers
 Adaptive to high rainfall area
 Can be heavily grazed
 Seed rate 5 kg ha-1
 Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana)
 Grass of pastures reclamation
 Plant grows from crown enabling
soil cover under severely eroded
conditions
 Strong rooting system provides
drought tolerance

59. Potential fodder species - Grasses
Columbus grass
(Sorghum almum)
 Perennial type, 4.5 m tall, has
large waxy leaves with excellent
summer growth in kpk
 Adoptive to all soil types with
500-800 mm rainfall
 A fast-growing, high-yielding,
short-term crop
 Withstands drought & salts than
maize
 Very palatable and high in
nutritive value at young stage