The document discusses the significance and components of a complete blood count (CBC). A CBC is a basic yet powerful test that provides information about the blood, bone marrow, and overall health or disease states. It encompasses fields like pathology, physiology, and molecular biology. A CBC consists of counts and assessments of red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, white blood cells, and platelets. Abnormal results can indicate conditions like anemia, infections, nutritional deficiencies, and cancers. A CBC is an important test for dentists to understand a patient's blood health and identify risks before procedures.

1. "Significance of C.B.C"

2. Haematology comprise of
“Haima‟= bloodin Greek
“Logos‟= study
Haematology is a unique super speciality in medicine
which encompasses the fields of:
“pathology, physiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,
obstetrics and gynecology,medicineand paediatrics”
CBC “ Haemogram”: -A complete blood countis
a series of tests used to evaluate the composition and
concentrationof the various cellularcomponentof the
blood.
- Is a basic test.
-Most informative single investigation.
-CBC is an inexpensive tool and powerful tool which
provide information about:
“ Blood, Marrow, Health or diseasestateof other
organ of body”

3. Why needed by dentist?
 Some blood diseases show oral manifestation as (
Anemia , Leukemia ).
 Some blood disease require certain precautionsand
management during dental proceduresfor the
patient`s saftey as ( bleeding disorders ).
 It shows the systemic response to oral infection.
 It shows specific changes that may denotebacterial,
viral and parasitic infections as well as immunologic
and malignant disease.
Uses of CBC? To diagnosis
 Anemia.
 Haemoglobinopathies.
 Bone marrow aplasia.
 Nutritional deficiencies.
 Thrombocytopenia.
 Autoimmune conditions.
 Infections and Parasitemia.
 Malignancies, response to drug, chemotherapy.

4. CBC consists of :
Red Blood Cells.
Haemoglobin Concentration.
White Blood Cell Count.
Platelet count.
Red Blood Cells.
I. Count:
 (Normal) : 5.5 +- millions/mm^3 for males & 4.8 +-
millions/mm^3 for females .
 (Increased) : more than 6.5 millions/mm^3 called
“ Polycythemia ” that may be Relative due to any cause that
decreased blood volume as bleeding or it may be Absolute
primary or secondary due to unknown cause .
 ( Decreased ) :
-“ In Production indicate ” { Aplastic anemia, Bone marrow
disease, renal disease }.
-“ In maturation indicate ”{ Perniciousanemia, Folic acid
deficiencyanemia, Iron deficiency anemia }.
-“ In Increased destruction/loss ”{ Hemorrhage, hemolytic
anemia }.

5. II. Shape :
 ( Noramal ) : Biconcave discs .
 ( Variations ) : Poikilocytosis { Sickle cellS, Spherocytes,
Ovalocytes }.
III. Indices :
 ( Hematocrite “PCV” )
-Normal : 47 +- 7% in males, 42 +- 5% in females .
-Decrease :indicates “Anemia ”.
-Increase :indicates “Polycythemia” .
 ( Mean corpascular volume “MCV” )
-Noramal : 90 +- 10 femoliter “F1”.
-Decrease : in { Macroctic anemia, Perniciousanemia, Folic
acid deficiency anemia }.
-Increase : in { Microcytic anemia, Iron deficiency anemia }.
 ( Mean corpascular hemoglobin“MCH” ) : indicate the
number of hemoglobin in one red blood cell .
 (Mean corpascular hemoglobin concentration“MCHC”) :
-Normal : 34 % .
-Increase : 30%> .
-Decrease : 30 – 33 % .

6. Haemoglobin Concentration.
 Normal: 15 +- 2.5 mg/dl in males, 14+- 2.5 mg/dl in females,
in child more than 1 year 13 +- 1.5 mg/dl and less than 1 year
12 +- 1.5 mg .
 Decrease: indicates “ Anemia ”.
 Increase: indicates “ Polycythemia ”.
White Blood Cell Count.
I. Count of Total WBCs :-
-Normal: 4000 – 11000/mm^3 in adult and higher in children.
-Physiological Increase: { Exposure to extreme temperature,
Exercise, Stress }.
-Pathological Increase: { Infections, Renal failure,
Pancreatitis, Haemorrhage, Cortocosteroids intake }.
-Decrease due to Decreased Production: { Aplastic anemia,
Iron deficiency anemia, Cytotoxic drug administration,
Metastases to bone marrow }.
-Decrease due to Increase Destruction: { Hypersplenism,
Systemic Lupus Erythromatosum, Measles, Hepatitis A, HIV,
Malaria }.

7. II. Neutophils Count :-
-Normal: bands 0:2000/mm^3, segmented 3000:6000/mm^3.
-Increase”Neutophilia”: in { Acute bacterial infection, Sterile
inflammation, Myeloid leukemia }.
-Decrease”Neutropenia”:in { Aplastic anemia, Cytotoxic drug
therapy, B12and folate deficiency, Idiopathic neutropenia, Bone
marrow depression after irradiation }.
III. Lymphocytes Count :-
-Normal: 1000:4000/mm^3.
-Increase”Lymphocytosis”:in { Chronic infections,
Lymphocytic leukemia, Mumps }.
-Decrease”Lymphocytopenia”:in { Aplastic anemia, Renal
failure and uremia, HIV }.
IV. Eosionphils Count :-
-Noraml: 100:700/mm^3.
-Increase: in { Allergic disorders, Parasitic infections, Drug
reaction, Hodgikin`s and Non Hodgikin`s lymphoma, Chronic
myelogenous leukaemia }.
-Decrease:{ Aplastic anemia, Typhoid }.
V. Basophils Count :-
-Normal: 0:100/mm^3.
Increase: known as “Basophilia”, it`s rare condition occurs
in “ Chronic myelogenous leukaemia ”.

8. VI. Monocytes :-
-Normal: 100:900/mm^3 .
-Increase ”Monocytosis”: { T.b , Malaria , Infectious
mononucleosis }.
-Decrease ”Monoctopenia”: { Aplastic anemia, Bacterial
endocarditis, Monocytic leukaemia }.
Platelet count.
-Noraml: 150.000:500.000/mm^3.
-Increase”Thrombocytosis”:{ Idiopathic, Polycythemia }
-Decrease”Thrombocytopenia”:{ Idiopathic, B12 and folate
deficiency,Secondary to drugs , Hypersplenism, Blood dilution
by recurrenttransfusions, Multiple myeloma , Infectious
Mononucleosis }.