Catabolism of haem and jaundice
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The document discusses heme catabolism and jaundice. It summarizes that bilirubin is an orange-yellow pigment derived from senescent red blood cells, which are broken down in the spleen. The liver extracts bilirubin and excretes it in bile and urine. Elevations in bilirubin levels in serum and urine can indicate jaundice.
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![BIOSYNTHESIS OF HEME
• The major sites of heme biosynthesis are the liver, which synthesizes a
number of heme proteins (particularly cytochrome P450 proteins), and the
erythrocyte-producing cells of the bone marrow, which are active in
hemoglobin synthesis.
• [Note: Over 85% of all heme synthesis occurs in erythroid tissue.]
• In the liver, the rate of heme synthesis is highly variable, responding to
alterations in the cellular heme pool caused by fluctuating demands for
heme proteins.
• In contrast, heme synthesis in erythroid cells is relatively constant, and is
matched to the rate of globin synthesis. The initial reaction and the last
three steps in the formation of porphyrins occur in mitochondria, whereas
the intermediate steps of the biosynthetic pathway occur in the cytosol](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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This document discusses the structure of hemoglobin. It begins by stating that hemoglobin is a globular protein in red blood cells with a normal level of 14-16 g/dL in males and 13-15 g/dL in females. Hemoglobin is made up of four subunits, with each subunit containing one heme group and one globin polypeptide chain. The four subunits can either be two alpha and two beta chains (HbA), two alpha and two gamma chains (HbF), or two alpha and two delta chains (HbA2). The document then describes the structure of heme and how it attaches to the globin chain in each subunit to form hemoglobin.
Enzymes.pptx
Enzymes are protein catalysts that support biochemical reactions in cells and tissues. They have active sites that substrates must fit into in order to undergo reaction. Enzymes are classified based on their reactions and components. Some require coenzymes like B vitamins or metal ions. Enzyme activity is affected by factors like substrate, enzyme, and product concentration; temperature; pH; and presence of activators or inhibitors. Clinical enzyme tests can indicate tissue damage, such as elevated liver enzymes in hepatitis or muscle enzymes in infarction. Together with other markers, enzymes help diagnose and monitor various conditions.
1. BLOOD Part 1.pptx
Blood is a fluid composed of plasma and cells that circulates through the body. Plasma is 55% of blood volume and contains water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. The three main types of cells suspended in plasma are red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and give blood its red color. WBCs help defend the body against infection. Platelets help blood clot. Blood performs functions like transport, defense, regulation, and protection. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, and waste. Blood also helps maintain pH, temperature, coagulation, and immunity.
1. BLOOD Part 1-1.pptx
Blood is a fluid composed of plasma and cells that circulates through the body. Plasma is 55% of blood volume and contains water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. The three main types of cells suspended in plasma are red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and give blood its red color. WBCs help defend the body against infection. Platelets help blood clot. Blood performs functions like transport, defense, regulation, and protection. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, and waste. Blood also helps maintain pH, temperature, coagulation, and immunity.
Johny's A&P Blood structure and function
Blood is a transport fluid that carries nutrients, waste products, gases, and blood cells throughout the body. It is composed of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is 90% water and contains proteins, salts, and other dissolved substances. Formed elements include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Blood volume varies based on factors like age, sex, and body composition. Blood types are determined by antigens on red blood cells and the presence of corresponding antibodies.
Erythropoiesis: a process of red blood cells formationpresentation.ppt
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Protein anino acid and alcohol
Proteins are composed of amino acids and perform many essential functions in living organisms. There are 20 standard amino acids that make up proteins. Proteins are broken down into amino acids through digestion in the stomach and small intestine by enzymes like pepsin and trypsin. Amino acids are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to tissues. Insufficient protein intake can lead to protein-energy malnutrition conditions like marasmus and kwashiorkor. Alcohol is also broken down through metabolic pathways in the liver involving enzymes. Excessive alcohol consumption can cause serious health issues like liver disease and cancer.
BLOOD (MSB 103).pptThis is a presentation of haemopoiesis
This document provides information on blood constituents and formation. It discusses the seven main types of cells and fragments found in blood, including the five types of white blood cells. The stages of red blood cell formation (erythropoiesis) and white blood cell formation (leukopoiesis) are described. Factors that regulate blood cell production like erythropoietin and cytokines are explained. Common blood disorders involving blood cells like anemia and polycythemia are also summarized.
Hemoglobin & its functions plasma
Hemoglobin & its functions plasmaDr. Alamzeb Associate professor ,HOD Physiology Saidu Medical College saidu Sharif Swat Pakistan
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returns carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. It is composed of four heme groups with iron and globin proteins containing two alpha and two beta chains. Hemoglobin concentration is normally 13.5-18 g/dL in men and 11.5-16 g/dL in women. Polycythemia is a condition with an increased total number of red blood cells and can be primary due to bone marrow abnormalities or secondary due to factors like living at high altitudes.1 GNM - Anatomy unit - 3 - blood by thirumurugan.pptx
By: M. Thiru murugan
Unit – III:
Composition and formation of blood
Functions of blood
Blood clotting, blood grouping and cross matching
Blood products and their use
Blood
It is a connective tissue and circulating fluid including plasma and blood cells.
Physical characteristics:
More viscous than water.
100.4 degree F temperature.
8% of total body weight.
Average blood volume in males is 5-6 liters and female 4-5 liters
Composition of blood
Blood is made up of two main components.
Plasma (55%)
Blood cells (45%)
Plasma:
Normally 55% of our blood is made up of plasma
Composed of approximately 90% water.
plasma is the liquid portion of the blood.
Composition of blood
Plasma can be divided into 6 components:
Inorganic ions or Mineral ion.
The plasma proteins
Organic nutrients
Nitrogenous waste products
Hormones
Gases
Composition of blood
Blood cells 3 types of blood cells are
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leucocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Red blood cells:
Also called erythrocytes & Biconcave shape
95% of the RBC consist of haemoglobin(red pigment)
Remaining 5% consist of enzymes, salts and other protein
Formed in red bone marrow
Average life span is 4 months (120 days)
Composition of blood
Function:
To transport oxygen & carbon dioxide.
Blood of male contains 5-5.5 million RBC per cubic millimetres.
Blood of female contains 4-4.5 million RBC per cubic millimetres
2) White blood cells: Also called as leucocytes
They are colourless & Much larger than red blood cells
One cubic millimetres of blood contains 7000 to 8000 WBC
Formed in bone marrow
Their life span depends on the body need so they have life span of months or even years
Composition of blood:
Types of WBC:
Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.
Agranulocytes: monocytes and lymphocytes.
Main function:
These are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.
Composition of blood:
3) platelets: also called Thrombocytes.
Normal platelet count is 150,000-400,000/ drop of blood
Platelets have a life span of only 5 to 9 days
Platelets are formed in Bone marrow
Function:
Involving in blood coagulation (blood clotting)
Blood Formation
Hemopoiesis ( haematopoiesis) or hemopoiesis, is the process that produces the formed elements of the blood.
Hemopoiesis takes place in the bone marrow found in the epiphyses of long bones (for example, the humerus and femur), flat bones (ribs and cranial bones), vertebrae, and the pelvis.
Within the bone marrow, hemopoietic stem cells ( hemocytoblasts) divide to produce various “blast” cells.
Each of these cells matures and becomes a particular blood cells.
The rate of blood cell formation depending on the individual
But - average 200 billion RBC per day, 10 billion WBC per day, and 400 billion platelets per day
Blood Formation
Blood cells are made in the bone marrow & located inside some bones.
It contains young p
Similar to Catabolism of haem and jaundice (20)
Heme synthesis for medical And Nursing studentspptx
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Erythropoiesis: a process of red blood cells formationpresentation.ppt
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BLOOD (MSB 103).pptThis is a presentation of haemopoiesis
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Catabolism of haem and jaundice
- 1. CATABOLISM OF HEME AND JAUNDICE Dr. NARESH PANIGRAHI ASST.PROFESSOR PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY GITAM INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY GITAM UNIVERSITY
- 2. BIOSYNTHESIS OF HEME • The major sites of heme biosynthesis are the liver, which synthesizes a number of heme proteins (particularly cytochrome P450 proteins), and the erythrocyte-producing cells of the bone marrow, which are active in hemoglobin synthesis. • [Note: Over 85% of all heme synthesis occurs in erythroid tissue.] • In the liver, the rate of heme synthesis is highly variable, responding to alterations in the cellular heme pool caused by fluctuating demands for heme proteins. • In contrast, heme synthesis in erythroid cells is relatively constant, and is matched to the rate of globin synthesis. The initial reaction and the last three steps in the formation of porphyrins occur in mitochondria, whereas the intermediate steps of the biosynthetic pathway occur in the cytosol
- 8. Heme Metabolism Fate Of Red Blood Cells • [Latin bīlis, bile + ruber, red + –IN.] • Bilirubin is the orange-yellow pigment derived from senescent red blood cells. • It is a toxic waste product in the body. • It is extracted and biotransformed mainly in the liver, and excreted in bile and urine. • It is a bile pigment • Elevations in serum and urine bilirubin levels are normally Introduction
- 9. Formation of Bilirubin • Primary site of synthesis:- SPLEEN: The Graveyard of Red Blood Cells • Secondary site of synthesis:- LIVER & BONE MARROW
- 17. JAUNDICE