Cassava is the fourth largest source of carbohydrates and is grown in many tropical regions. It can be processed into ethanol biofuel through a multi-step process. The cassava root is ground and mixed with water before enzymes convert its starch into sugars through saccharification. Yeast then ferments the sugars to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. Distillation separates and purifies the ethanol. While cassava biofuel helps reduce fossil fuel usage, its production has high costs and technical requirements compared to other biofuel feedstocks.
Method Machine Works is the manufacturer and exporter of CoCoMaN coconut coir processing machines include coconut defibring machine, coconut fibre extracting plant, coconut fibre baling press, cocopeat block making machine and cocopeat slab making machine.
Method Machine Works is the manufacturer and exporter of CoCoMaN coconut coir processing machines include coconut defibring machine, coconut fibre extracting plant, coconut fibre baling press, cocopeat block making machine and cocopeat slab making machine.
This presentation shows the various uses of coconut. Different products ranges from food items to non-food items. The presentation was made on the occasion of World Coconut Day
Sugar and Distillery Industrial Waste ManagementRahul Wasekar
This presentation is about Sugar and Distillery Waste Management,Nowadays Industrial Waste Management has become an important issue around the globe,large amount of waste generated everyday in these Industries.
SRIVMTAGROTECH is one of the largest and oldest manufacturer & exporter of coir products from pollachi, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.It is one of the leading Manufacturers and Suppliers of Coir products,coir yarn and Coco peat products. Find quality Coir products,coir pith block, coconut fibre,Coir rope, Coir pith and more.
Where does all the fruit waste go? How are those fruit peels, pulp, seeds and stones utilized ? How can we potentially use the fruit wastes to manufacture value added products for example by apple pomace. This presentation will do a fine job of answering all your queries!
This presentation shows the various uses of coconut. Different products ranges from food items to non-food items. The presentation was made on the occasion of World Coconut Day
Sugar and Distillery Industrial Waste ManagementRahul Wasekar
This presentation is about Sugar and Distillery Waste Management,Nowadays Industrial Waste Management has become an important issue around the globe,large amount of waste generated everyday in these Industries.
SRIVMTAGROTECH is one of the largest and oldest manufacturer & exporter of coir products from pollachi, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.It is one of the leading Manufacturers and Suppliers of Coir products,coir yarn and Coco peat products. Find quality Coir products,coir pith block, coconut fibre,Coir rope, Coir pith and more.
Where does all the fruit waste go? How are those fruit peels, pulp, seeds and stones utilized ? How can we potentially use the fruit wastes to manufacture value added products for example by apple pomace. This presentation will do a fine job of answering all your queries!
SCP Nutraceutical Industry A small Overview
Single Cell Protein
Companies In the Domain
Indian Nutraceuticals
Food Supplements
Spirulina Benefits
Chlorella Benefits
Chlorella Companies
Spirulina Companies
Spirulina Tablets
Chlorella Tablets
Spirulina Capsules
Chlorella Capsules
Powder forms
Production Of SINGLE CELL PROTEINS
The non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) refer to all those feeds that have not been traditionally used in animal feeding and or are not normally used in commercially produced rations for livestock.
NCFR include commonly, a variety of feeds from perennial crops and feeds of animal and industrial origin.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. What is Cassava
The scientific name Manihot Esculenta Crantz.
The cassava plant is the only species in its genus
group that serves as a food crop.
It stands to be the fourth largest staple in the world
after, wheat, rice and maize.
About 500 million people around the world depend
cassava as a staple food.
It is the third largest source of carbohydrates in plants
used for food in the world.
2
3. Cassava plant Cassava root
The cassava root is toxic because it contains the
chemical “cyanogenic glucoside” which becomes
cyanide. So processing of the root is so important
3
4. The Cassava Plant
It can grow to about 15 feet tall
The cassava plant is made up of two main parts,
the leaves and the woody shrub root, both of
these parts of the plant serves as a food source.
The root can come in two forms, sweet or bitter.
It can be harvested between 10 and 30 months.
The root is the main part of the plant that is used
as a food source and it is dark brown on the
outside and white or yellowish on the inside.
It is known as other names such as cassada,
yuca, manioc, mogo, mandioca.
4
5. Cassava Growing Areas
The crop serves as a staple food in Central America, The
Caribbean, South America, Africa and Asia.
The largest producer of the crop stands to be Africa,
Thailand is largest exporter of the crop.
Thailand grows the crop for export purposes, Brazil
produces it for industrial purposes and Africa produces it for
local food expenditure.
5
6. Uses of Cassava
Used as a food.(floor)
In recent years, Cassava is used as an ethanol bio-fuel.
Used as animal feed and this is a big sector of the cassava market these
days.(widely used in most tropical areas for feeding pigs, cattle, sheep &
paultry)
Used as a medicine.(Cassava is very low in fats and protein than in cereals
and pulses, Young tender cassava leaves are a good source of dietary
proteins and vitamin K)
Animal feedFlour
6
7. What is Bio fuels?
• Bio fuels are energy sources made from living things, or the waste
that living things produce.
• It’s can divide in to two parts. Those are,
1. First-generation or conventional bio fuels - made from sugar, starch, or
vegetable oil.
2. Second-generation or (advanced) bio fuels - made from various types
of biomass.
7
8. Cont……
Bio fuel can also made from the cassava. Because cassava had
starch.
Bio fuel has been produced from different sources in the past.
The generally accepted sources of raw material for alcohol
production from starch are cereal grains such as corn, wheat, rye,
barley, sorghum grains, rice, potatoes, apple wine, and others.
8
9. Cont……
In many countries cassava use as the bio fuels.
Such as Vietnam ,Colombia ,Ghana , Thailand
Nigeria ,Africa ,China, Japan.
Bio fuel can use in many ways those are Ethanol,
Biodiesel, Other bio alcohols, Green diesel, Bio fuel
gasoline, Vegetable oil, Bio ethers, Biogas, Syngas,
Solid bio fuels.
9
10. Cont……
In bio fuel production mainly use peel off ground
bio mass.
stem and leaves residues are also used to
produce bio fuels.
10
11. Commercial Production Process Of Bio-fuel
The ultimate output of the following process is to produce a Ethanol which can
be used as a bio-fuel.
Cassava can be said as a great crop for ethanol production because it
produces high yields (30-80 ton/hectare) & projects tremendous starch content.
Therefore Cassava produce high amount of Ethanol per ton. Compared to
Wheat, Corn or Sugar cane, Cassava Ethanol yields amount up to about 200
liters per ton.
Cassava roots containing 30% starch is capable of producing about 280 liters
(222kg) 96% pure Ethanol. 11
12. Process Of Production
Basically production of Ethanol with Cassava is followed through
a main five step process.
Those can be listed as
1) Grinding
2) Liquification
3) Saccharification
4) Fermentation
5) Distillation
12
13. Grinding
Mostly cassava roots are being used for this process.
First of all the taken cassava roots should be chopped
& then be ground into powder.
This step is done in order to make the
production process easier.
After that the powder is mixed well with
water.
13
14. Saccharification
In this step Glucosidase enzyme is provided, under
controlled conditions.
Usually temperature is maintained between 55-65 Celsius &
the pH between 4-4.5.
Purpose of this step is to convert the starch & cellulose
molecules contained, into sugar molecules.
14
15. Fermentation
After successive saccharification procedures, the mash was
cooled to room temperature.
Then the yeast extract should be added to allow the
fermentation.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae contained in yeast become
activated.
Due to this microbial activity starch & sugar in the sample
are broken down.
Resulting products of this stage are Ethanol & Carbon
dioxide.
15
16. Distillation
As CO2 was already emitted in the earlier step as a
gas, only water is left with the Ethanol.
Therefore Distillation is done to evaporate the
containing amount of water & to purify Ethanol with the
anticipated concentration.
16
19. • Help to reduce fossil energy use
• Results in less acidification and nutrient enrichment
• Helps to improve the fuel's life cycle environmental performance.
• To reducing the emission of the greenhouse gases.
Advantage of cassava biofuel?
19
20. • Complex process.
• Special skills required.
• More labor requirements.
• High production cost
• Cannot be stocked / short shelf-life due to high moisture content/
high perishability
Disadvantages of cassava biofuel?
20