Presentation at the Cassava Value Chains Workshop CIAT, Cali, Colombia. 24-26 August 2016 Speaker: Hernan Ceballos

1. Cassava value
chains wokshop
Palmira,
August 24-26,
2016

2. Linking cassava research and industry
Hernan Ceballos
Introduction: a remarkable crop
Starches and flour
Animal and human nutrition
Ethanol
Concluding remarks

3. The plant
Roots:
Unique starch properties
Low protein
Yellow roots: carotenes
Foliage:
“A tropical alfalfa”
100 US$/t in Vietnam
Stems:
Planting material

4. Harvesting the planting material

5. Storage of planting material

6. The effect of quality of planting material

7. Main uses of
cassava
Industrial applications
Dried chips
Roots in a starch factory
Bio-ethanol
Boiled
roots
Many ethnic
uses:
AFRICA:
Gari, Fufu
ASIA:
Sago, Gathot
Thiwul, Krupuk
LAC:
Farinha
Cassabe

8. Traditional cassava
Weeds
Degraded
soils
Associated crops
Low soil fertility
Orinoco delta - Venezuela
Slopped land in Vietnam

9. Commercial planting in
sub-humid environment
Commercial planting
in acid-soil environment
Commercial planting in
sandy low fertility soils
Commercial planting
near rice fields

10. This map could be used to indicate strength of markets for cassava
Strong markets lead to adoption of technologies which reduce yield
gap. “The best agronomist is a good price for cassava…” (J. Cock)
Impact, in other words, depend on the strength of markets.

11. All industrial uses of cassava require
High dry matter (starch) content
Continuous supply year round
Early bulking?

12. Evolution of dry matter content (≈ starch
content) in Rayong 60
25
30
35
40
Drymattercontent(%)
10
M
11
A
12
M
13
J
14
J
15
A
16
S
17
O
18
N
19
D
MAP
Month
Return of rains
in the
Caribbean coast
of Colombia
Rayong 60 does not recover
DMC even 4 months after
arrival of rains
However, in Southern
Brazil clones have been
developed to recover DMC

13. Dry matter content (%) in two dates of harvest (before /after rains)
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Dry matter content (%) in March
Drymattercontent(%)inMay
µ = 26.5%
µ = 31.5%

14. 25
30
35
40
Drymatter(%)
10
M
11
A
12
M
13
J
14
J
15
A
16
S
17
O
18
N
19
D
MAP
Month
Mean
Best
DMC
Worst
DMC
R60
Results of breeding for better response in DMC for
delayed harvests (beyond 12 months after planting)

15. Age
(months)
FRY
(t ha-1)
DMY
(t ha-1)
HI
(0-1)
DMC
(%)
Roting
(%)
8.5 19.7 7.0 0.62 35.6 1.13
9.5 20.1 6.8 0.60 33.9 1.15
11.0 25.0 8.9 0.55 35.6 0.75
12.5 28.5 10.7 0.58 37.8 0.78
14.0 32.8 12.1 0.54 36.9 1.31
16.5 38.7 14.5 0.55 37.4 1.07
Average 27.5 10.0 0.57 36.2 1.03
SE of Mean 0.84 0.31 0.00 0.19 0.52
Results of breeding for better response in DMC for
delayed harvests (beyond 12 months after planting)

16. Ground penetrating radar
New technologies will allow non-destructive monitoring of
root growth through the season

18. Linking cassava research and industry
Hernan Ceballos
Introduction: a remarkable crop
Starches and flour
Animal and human nutrition
Ethanol
Concluding remarks

19. Starch: cassava is the 2nd most important
source of starch worldwide.

20. Starch: excellent quality and easy to extract
even through simple technologies

21. The potential of
HQCF in baking

22. Ethnic uses of cassava in Africa

23. Ethnic uses of cassava in Latin America
Casabe
Farinha

24. Needs of the starch industry
High dry matter (starch) content
Continuous supply year round
Variation in functional properties

25. Starch is typically made of
two glucose polymers.
Their proportion & relative
length of their chains
affect the functional
properties of the starch:
alpha 1-4
Amylopectin
alpha 1-4 and
alpha 1-6 glycosidic
bonds
Only alpha 1-4
glycosidic
bonds
Amylose
alpha 1-6
INTRODUCTION: Starch
Until recently, we only
worked with “generic”
cassava regarding
functional properties
Retrogradation
Syneresis
Gel clarity
Thermal properties
Viscosity, etc.
Commercial
applications

26. March 2006: 1st
natural waxy cassava
detected (after self-
pollination)
Naturally occurring amylose-free (waxy)

28. Source: Sánchez et al., (2009) Starch/Stärke 61:12-19
Average 20.7 %
No amylose-free
starch found
Amylose content (%) in starches from more than 4000 accessions of the
cassava germplasm collection at CIAT (iodine-colorimetric determination)
In search of novel cassava starch types
No high-amylose
Starch found either
Waxy starch
proved to be
very appealing
to the starch
industry
0%
amylose
Resistant
Starches
(diabetic
People)
Eco-Tilling
≤60%
amylose

29. Needs of the flour industry
High dry matter (starch) content
Continuous supply year round
Special peel characteristics
Functional properties ?

30. Peeling implies an
important cost in flour
production
There is large
variation in peel
thickness
Easier to
peel
Do we need
to peel?
More flour
per kg root

32. Refining flour
reduces fiber and
improves texture

33. Linking cassava research and industry
Hernan Ceballos
Introduction: a remarkable crop
Starches and flour
Animal and human nutrition
Ethanol
Concluding remarks

34. Boiled
roots

35. Animal feeding

37. 2004 2007 2010 2013
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
Total carotenoids content
(μg / g – FW basis)

38. Yellow maize
+ pigments
Yellow roots
+ white maize
(no pigments)
Dry foliage
+ white maize
(no pigments)
Yellow roots
+ dry foliage
+ yellow maize
(no pigments)

39. Foliage in animal feeding

40. Leaf retention

41. Cassava foliage a “tropical alfalfa”. Excellent for
animal feeding(100 US$/T in Vietnam)

42. Silage of cassava roots and foliage for swine feeding
at a large scale
Some adaptive research to determine the
right proportion of roots and foliage, as
well as in the preparation of the silage, is
still needed

43. Linking cassava research and industry
Hernan Ceballos
Introduction: a remarkable crop
Starches and flour
Animal and human nutrition
Ethanol
Concluding remarks

44. Large (“carburant”) ethanol factories in
Thailand and China

45. Deforestation, time spent looking for wood
Unaccounted social impact: time invested by women and
children to gather fuel wood or the need to go to the market to
purchase it (or charcoal). Cooking often accounts for 90% of
energy demand for millions of households in Africa

46. Smoke & indoor air pollution
lead to thousands of early deaths
(particularly women and children)
Indoor air pollution (IAP) is responsible for > 1.6 million deaths
and 2.7% of the global burden of diseases (as DALY)
It has been estimated IAP is equivalent to smoking 2 packages
of cigarettes per day
Women and children are the most severely affected. Replacing
solid fuel can enhance welfare of 2.5 billion people.

47. Charcoal or wood burning also has negative environmental
effects related to 18% CO2 emissions and deforestation

48. Clean cooking fuel also implies
less time cooking and better
cooked food

49. Alcoholic beverages… why not?

50. Scanning electron
microscope photographs
Normal
Small-
granules
8.77 μm
5.73 μm
7.95 μm
9.69 μm
13.3 μm
10.9 μm
11.1 μm
Modification of starch properties through induced mutations

51. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
of very high gravity (VHG) cassava starch slurry
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Glucose(g/100mL)
Highest rate of hydrolysis for Small Granule Cassava (5G160-13)
Lesser use of enzyme for same rate of hydrolysis.
Waxy cassava starch (AM206-5)
Normal cassava starch (MTAI-8)
Small granule: structural & physico-chemical characteristics
Time (hours)

52. Linking cassava research and industry
Hernan Ceballos
Introduction: a remarkable crop
Starches and flour
Animal and human nutrition
Ethanol
Concluding remarks

53. High fresh root productivity and high/stable DMC
a common requirement for most value chains

54. “Asparagus” cassava:
a way to increase yields?

55. A gradual change has taken place in
the last decade at CIAT
We abandoned the idea of “generic”
cassava varieties that were supposed
to be good for all and every end-use
Research can (and must) meet the
specific demands from different
value chains specialized clones
new cultural practices

56. Clear understanding of the needs
from the industry is fundamental
Collaboration between research and
processing institutions feasible, easy
and very productive
Cassava can respond to the needs
from the industry. Breeding is the
bridge. This presentation shows how
efficient the process can be

57. Thanks! Gracias!