Case study on Glibenclamide
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Glibenclamide or glyburide is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) It was discovered in 1969 and approved for medical use in the united states in 1984. Sulfonylureas increase both basal insulin secretion and meal-stimulated insulin release. Drug Class : Hypoglycemics ;Sulfonylureas Indications : Diabetes mellitus, type 2 SIDE EFFECTS : Hypoglycemia, Angioedema, Weight gain etc.
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1. Diuretics are drugs that cause increased excretion of water and sodium in urine. They are classified based on their mechanism and efficacy as high ceiling loop diuretics, medium efficacy thiazides, weak carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and potassium-sparing diuretics.
2. Loop diuretics like furosemide inhibit sodium reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle. Thiazides like hydrochlorothiazide act in the distal convoluted tubule. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors inhibit the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
3. Diuretics are used to treat heart failure, liver cir
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Thiazide diuretics are a class of diuretics comprising sulphonamide derivatives and inhibit sod-chlorine cotransport system.
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2) There are several classes of antihypertensive drugs, including ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, diuretics, and angiotensin receptor blockers.
3) The document provides details on the mechanisms of several classes of antihypertensive drugs and examples of drugs within each class, such as ACE inhibitors decreasing angiotensin II and calcium channel blockers inhibiting calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic drugs that enhance insulin secretion from the pancreas. They work by blocking ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells, which leads to insulin release. Common side effects include hypoglycemia and weight gain. Examples include glibenclamide, glipizide, and glimepiride. Choice of sulfonylurea depends on factors like duration of action, renal function, and patient age. They are generally effective treatments for type 2 diabetes but require caution in elderly patients or those with kidney/liver problems.
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Salbutamol is a short-acting bronchodilator used to treat conditions such as asthma and COPD. It works by stimulating beta-2 receptors in the lungs, relaxing the airways. Common side effects include palpitations, tremors, and anxiety. It is administered via inhaler or orally and works within a few minutes to rapidly improve breathing.
Anticonvulsants
Anticonvulsants are medications used to treat seizures and epilepsy. They work by enhancing the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, inhibiting sodium or calcium channels, or other mechanisms. Common anticonvulsants discussed include carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine, ethosuximide, phenobarbital, valproate, and benzodiazepines like diazepam. Each drug has specific indications, mechanisms of action, dosing regimens, side effects, and contraindications.
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Diazepam is a benzodiazepine used to treat status epilepticus and convulsive disorders by increasing the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. It is metabolized in the liver and has a high oral bioavailability. Common side effects include sedation, drowsiness, and respiratory depression. Diazepam levels can be affected by interactions with other CNS depressants, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and CYP3A4 inhibitors. Improving communication between healthcare professionals through team-based rounding and establishing treatment plans can help ensure patient safety.
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Omeprazole, sold under the brand names Prilosec and Losec, among others, is a medication used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome.It is also used to prevent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people who are at high risk. Omeprazole is a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) and its effectiveness is similar to other PPIs. It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a vein.
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Expectorant and antitussives
The document discusses expectorants and antitussives. It defines expectorants as drugs that increase bronchial secretion or reduce viscosity, facilitating removal by coughing. Only guaiphenesin is approved as an expectorant in the U.S. Expectorants are classified as bronchial secretion enhancers or mucolytics. Antitussives act in the CNS to suppress cough or act peripherally in the respiratory tract. Antitussives are classified as opioids, nonopioids, antihistamines, or peripherally acting drugs. The document provides examples and doses of expectorants and antitussives and discusses some combination antitussive-expectorant formulations.
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1) Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by recurrent episodes of breathlessness, wheezing, coughing and chest tightness. 2) Pharmacotherapy includes relievers like beta-2 agonists for acute symptoms and controllers like inhaled corticosteroids to control underlying inflammation. 3) Other controller options include leukotriene modifiers, theophylline, mast cell stabilizers and monoclonal antibody omalizumab for severe asthma.
Salbutamol
Salbutamol is a short-acting, selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist used to treat bronchospasm and respiratory diseases. It works by directly acting on beta2-receptors in the lungs and other tissues to cause bronchodilation. Common side effects include tremors, headache, and tachycardia. Salbutamol has a rapid onset of action via inhalation and is dosed every 4-6 hours as needed to relieve symptoms. Special precautions are needed in patients at risk of hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, or arrhythmias.
Ciprofloxacin Antibiotic
Fluoroquinolones are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that include ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and norfloxacin. They work by inhibiting bacterial DNA synthesis through effects on DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Ciprofloxacin is an example that is administered orally or intravenously to treat various bacterial infections. However, bacterial resistance to fluoroquinolones has been increasing worldwide. Ciprofloxacin specifically has good oral absorption and bioavailability but can interact with various other drugs if not taken correctly. It is also important to monitor for potential side effects like gastrointestinal issues, rashes, and neurotoxicity with ciprofloxacin use.
Antiasthmatic Drugs
This document provides information on antiasthmatic drugs. It begins with definitions of asthma and antiasthmatics. It then classifies antiasthmatics and describes various drug classes and examples, including bronchodilators like salbutamol, methylxanthines like theophylline, anticholinergics like ipratropium bromide, leukotriene antagonists like montelukast, mast cell stabilizers like sodium cromoglycate, and anti-inflammatory agents like inhaled corticosteroids beclomethasone dipropionate. For each drug, it discusses mechanisms of action and provides dosage guidelines.
Diuretics...
1. Diuretics are drugs that cause increased excretion of water and sodium in urine. They are classified based on their mechanism and efficacy as high ceiling loop diuretics, medium efficacy thiazides, weak carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and potassium-sparing diuretics.
2. Loop diuretics like furosemide inhibit sodium reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle. Thiazides like hydrochlorothiazide act in the distal convoluted tubule. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors inhibit the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
3. Diuretics are used to treat heart failure, liver cir
thiazides
Thiazide diuretics act in the distal convoluted tubule to inhibit sodium reabsorption and promote excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. They are commonly used to treat hypertension and heart failure by reducing extracellular volume. Common thiazide diuretics include hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, and bendroflumethiazide. Adverse effects include hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hyperglycemia and drug interactions that can be enhanced by their effects on fluid and electrolyte balance. Thiazides must be used cautiously in conditions like pregnancy, diabetes, and renal impairment.
Thiazide diuretics
Thiazide diuretics are a class of diuretics comprising sulphonamide derivatives and inhibit sod-chlorine cotransport system.
Uterine relaxants (tocolytics)
This document discusses several drugs used as uterine relaxants or tocolytics:
1) Ritoridine is a beta-2 selective adrenergic agonist that can suppress premature labor and delay delivery for up to 48 hours. However, it can cause side effects like hypotension, tachycardia, hyperglycemia, and neonatal issues.
2) Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker that reduces uterine tone and contractions by acting as a prominent smooth muscle relaxant. It can cause maternal tachycardia and hypotension as well as fetal hypoxia.
3) Atosiban is an oxytocin receptor antagonist that may be available in Nepal, though its availability
Antihypertensive drugs
1) Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mm Hg or a diastolic over 90 mm Hg. Antihypertensive drugs are used to reduce high blood pressure.
2) There are several classes of antihypertensive drugs, including ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, diuretics, and angiotensin receptor blockers.
3) The document provides details on the mechanisms of several classes of antihypertensive drugs and examples of drugs within each class, such as ACE inhibitors decreasing angiotensin II and calcium channel blockers inhibiting calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells.
4. NSAID
1. NSAIDs work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, mainly COX-1 and COX-2, which decreases prostaglandin synthesis and produces their pharmacological effects. Selective COX-2 inhibitors have fewer side effects than non-selective NSAIDs.
2. NSAIDs have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Common side effects include gastric irritation, ulcers, renal impairment, and platelet dysfunction.
3. Aspirin has antiplatelet effects useful for cardiovascular protection. Indomethacin is potent but non-selective. Paracetamol is safer for those with bleeding risks but less effective at inflammation. COX-
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Ueda2016 symposium - management of type 2 dm overcoming the challenges - mes...
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Sulfonyleureas in Managing T2DM by Dr Selim
S1. Sulfonylureas were discovered in 1942 when researchers observed that some sulfonamides generated hypoglycemia in animals. This led to the synthesis of carbutamide, the first sulfonylurea used to treat diabetes.
S2. Sulfonylureas stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and decrease hepatic glucose output, making them effective only when some residual pancreatic beta cell function remains.
S3. Different sulfonylureas have varying durations of action, doses, and side effect profiles. Modern sulfonylureas like glimepiride confer a lower risk of hypoglycemia. Sulfonylureas require careful titration and management to minimize hyp
Oral hypoglycaemic agents
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DIABETES MELLTUS POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS
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Efecto incretina fisologia
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Newer Anti-Hyperglycemic agents in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus e Expanding the h...
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Case study on Glibenclamide
- 1. Project Report On glibenclamide SUBMITTED TO : MR. UBADA AQEEL SUBMITTED BY : MD. FAHEEM KHAN NITESH SHARMA NITESH SHRIVASTAV PRAGYA TIWARI PRAVEEN MISHRA
- 2. Glibenclamide or glyburide is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) It was discovered in 1969 and approved for medical use in the united states in 1984. Sulfonylureas increase both basal insulin secretion and meal- stimulated insulin release. Drug Class : Hypoglycemics ;Sulfonylureas Indications : Diabetes mellitus, type 2 SIDE EFFECTS : Hypoglycemia, Angioedema, Weight gain etc.
- 3. The mechanism action of drug consists in the inhibition of the ATP sensitive K+ channel which lead to the depolarisation of the cells and insulin secretion.
- 4. The primary objective of this project is : * To find knowledge for the different top brands of GLIBENCLAMIDE. * To know about the number of prescriptions per week. * Doctors who prescribed it. * Reason for prescribing the drug of particular brand.
- 5. Glibenclamide is the research molecule of Boehringer Mannheim (now part of Roche) and Hoechst (now part of sanofi) It is a poor man drug. Glibenclamide was once on the top of the ladder for the choice of drug in the class of sulphonylureas. With the time glibenclamide could not compete with the other competitors of the class sulphonylureas like glimipride, glipizide etc. Many popular brands like Daonil which once ruled the market are now rarely prescribed. One of the most potent anti-diabetic drug just ruled out of the market because of its side effects like hypoglycemia, angioedema, etc.
- 6. Glibenclamide Glicazide Glipizide Glimipride Year (2015-2017) Year ( 2018-2019) Glimipride Glipizide Glicazide Glibenclamide
- 7. SR.N O BRAND NAME COMAPANY COMPOSITION NO.OF PRESCRIPTION/MONTH 1 DAONIL TAB SANOFI GLIBENCLAMIDE 15-20 2 GLINIL TAB CIPLA GLIBENCLAMIDE 14-17 3 EUGLUC-ON ABBOT GLIBENCLAMIDE 10-12 4 DIABETROL ABBOT GLIBENCLAMIDE + METFORMIN 8-10 5 GLYBORAL USV GLIBENCLAMIDE 5-8 YEAR (2015-2017)
- 8. YEAR (2018- 2019) SR. NO BRAND NAME COMPANY COMPOSITION NO.OF PRESCRIPTION/MONTH 1 DAONIL TAB SANOFI GLIBENCLAMIDE 1-2 2 GLINIL TAB CIPLA GLIBENCLAMIDE 0-1 3 EUGLUC-ON ABBOT GLIBENCLAMIDE 0 4 DIABETROL ABBOT GLIBENCLAMIDE + METFORMIN 1-2 5 GLYBORAL USV GLIBENCLAMIDE 0
- 9. Source of data collection
- 10. Epidermiological suggest that the administration of of Glibenclamide is associated with an increased risk of cardivascular mortality,compared to treatment with Metformin or Gliclazide. Cause moderate to severe lowering of blood glucose level. Cause mild to moderate weight gain on consumption. Cause hemolytic anaemia if one have a rare genetic disorder called G6PD defficiency.
- 11. DR. KRISHNA VISHWAS ( HOD) ENDROCRIONOLOGY, SAFADARJUNG HOSPITAL DR. AJAY KUMAR AJMANI APOLLO PHARMACY DR. AKHILESH KUMAR BINDA POLYCLINIC
- 12. * On different brands of Glibenclamide availability across stores in delhi. * Field work is more effective than theoretical knowledge alone. * Reinforced with the knowledge that the drug Glibenclamide is prescribed in least number from last two years. OBSTACLES * Rejection from some of the chemist and doctors. * Due to lack of time doctors and chemist refused to give information. * Several chemist shop closed for long lunch breaks on working days
- 13. Glibenclamide should be used with caution especially in geriatic population. Specific characteristics, including renal insufficiency and advancing age may predispose patients to the development of drug-induced hypoglycaemia. Patient evaluation is critical in identifying patients at greatest risk and in preventing complications. Top brand of glibenclamide was Daonil M – Glibenclamide and metformin hydrocholoride, Sanofi Aventis Pharma India Total number of prescription per month was 1 to 2 or nill. Reason for prescribing Daonil is that it is not addictive.