Case 4
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A 28-year-old female presented with bilateral cervical lymph nodes measuring 1-4cm in size for 6 months. Fine needle aspiration of the lymph nodes showed lymphoid cells, histiocytes, macrophages, and a few large cells with prominent nucleoli, possibly Reed-Sternberg cells. Numerous eosinophils and plasma cells were also seen. An initial diagnosis of malignant lymphoma such as Hodgkin's disease or anaplastic large cell lymphoma was made. Further biopsy and immunohistochemistry staining of the lymph nodes showed Hodgkin's lymphoma of the syncytial type with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. The occurrence of LCH following Hodgkin's lymphoma has been reported in less than 0
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This ppt contain usefull information regarding different staining methods and stains with photographs...enjoy and learn it..give comments..
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This document provides instructions for performing a peripheral blood smear, including preparation of materials, staining technique, examination under the microscope, and diagnostic value. A peripheral smear involves making a thin blood film on a slide, staining it using Leishman's stain, and examining under oil immersion to identify red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and any parasites present. A differential white blood cell count is also performed to classify types of white blood cells. The smear allows evaluation of cell morphology and identification of abnormalities.
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This document discusses malignant lymphomas, including:
1. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system that can arise from B cells, T cells, or NK cells.
2. The clinical manifestations of lymphomas include enlargement of lymph nodes or other organs and systemic symptoms.
3. Lymphomas are diagnosed through clinical evaluation, imaging, histopathological examination including immunophenotyping and genetic testing, and classified according to the WHO system.
4. Treatment involves chemotherapy, immunotherapy such as monoclonal antibodies, radiotherapy, stem cell transplantation, and varies depending on the lymphoma subtype and risk level.
Histopathological Correlation of Lymph Nodes Imprints
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Non hodgkins lymphoma
This document discusses non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, including its definition, epidemiology, classification systems, clinical features, treatment approaches, and outcomes. It defines NHL as a malignant disease of the lymphatic system that is histologically and clinically heterogeneous. Treatment outcomes depend on risk factors such as age, disease stage, organ involvement, and performance status. Standard first-line chemotherapy such as CHOP results in remission rates of 50-80% but permanent cures in only 40-60% of patients. High-risk patients may benefit from intensive chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation.
Week 6 presentation
Mr. Salim, a 62-year-old man, presented with right neck and left groin swelling for 3 months along with 7-8 kg of weight loss. Biopsy revealed diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). He was diagnosed with stage IV NHL and treated with rituximab and CHOP chemotherapy. The presentation discusses lymphadenopathy causes, lymphoma types and differences between Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, risk factors, investigations and treatments. Key points include distinguishing reactive from tumoral lymph nodes, indolent versus aggressive NHL subtypes, common genetic abnormalities in lymphomas, and involvement of Epstein-Barr virus in certain malignancies.
inmunofenotipo para leucemias linfociticas en perros.pdf
This study evaluated 43 dogs diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) to determine if immunophenotype predicts survival time. The dogs were grouped as having B-CLL (CD211), T-CLL (CD31 CD81), or atypical CLL based on immunophenotyping. Survival analysis found that dogs with T-CLL had approximately 3 times and 19 times higher probability of surviving than dogs with B-CLL and atypical CLL, respectively, indicating that immunophenotype predicts survival in canine CLL. Younger age was also associated with shorter survival for dogs with B-CLL, and anemia was linked to poorer prognosis in dogs with T-CLL.
Hairy cell leukmia
Hairy cell leukemia is a chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by "hairy" appearing cells. It was first described in the 1950s and primarily affects middle-aged white men. Diagnosis involves identification of characteristic cells in blood and bone marrow samples. Treatment options have evolved over time from splenectomy to purine analogs like cladribine and pentostatin, which achieve high response rates. Rituximab is also effective, especially for relapsed/refractory cases. The goal of treatment is long-term remission and management of symptoms.
Hodgkins & Non-Hodgkins Lymphomas
Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and usually involves the lymph nodes above the diaphragm. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas can be of B-cell or T-cell origin and often spread beyond the lymph nodes to other organs. Staging investigations are used to determine the extent of disease, which guides treatment, which may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation or watchful waiting. Prognosis depends on disease stage and other risk factors.
Lymphomas 5
This document discusses techniques used to study lymphomas, including immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular analysis. Immunophenotyping helps differentiate between benign and malignant processes and between B and T cell neoplasms by identifying cell surface markers. Cytogenetics identifies translocations and deletions that help classify lymphomas. Molecular analysis identifies immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements in B and T cell malignancies, respectively. The document also summarizes the history of lymphoma classification systems and the current WHO system, which classifies lymphomas based on morphology, immunophenotype, molecular abnormalities, and clinical profile.
Blood cancer 19oct
One of my best friends (when I was a teenager) died of leukemia. Several advances have been made in the ensuing decades (see attached document). Watch this space for additional notes.
Lymphomas3
Immunophenotyping uses antibodies tagged to enzymes or fluorescent substances to identify cell surface markers. It is useful for differentiating benign from malignant lymphomas and B and T cell neoplasms. The three main methods are immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry, which yield similar results. Key markers include CD19, CD20, CD3, CD5, CD10 and CD45. Classification systems have evolved over time to incorporate morphology, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular analysis for improved diagnosis and prognostication of lymphomas. The current WHO system recognizes major B-cell, T/NK-cell, and Hodgkin categories based on these characteristics.
Lymphoma by Sunil Kumar Daha (Hodgkins and Non-Hodgkins)
Please find the power point onLymphoma . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Hodgkin's lymphoma 01-11-2022.pptx
references are 20 th EDITION OF Harrison's T.B. OF Internal Medicine & Dr Thomas Hodgkin's wikipedia page
Lymph node cyto Ameli 26-03-1401_230413_085432.pdf
This document discusses the approach to lymph node cytology. It begins by outlining the spectrum of conditions lymph node cytology can identify, including benign, malignant, metastatic, and lymphoma. It emphasizes the importance of clinical information and microscopy, and the role of ancillary tests. The key cytomorphologic features used to examine lymph node fine needle aspirations are described. Specific cytologic patterns are discussed, including tissue fragments, polymorphous and monotonous small/large/intermediate cells, and dispersed single cells. Several case examples are provided and diagnostic approaches for different cytologic patterns are outlined.
CML.pptx
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It provides a brief history of CML discoveries including identification of the Philadelphia chromosome in 1960 and the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene in 1973. It describes the epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis involving the BCR and ABL1 genes, and clinical phases of CML. The presentation covers diagnostic testing including blood counts, bone marrow aspiration, cytogenetics, and molecular testing. It discusses current treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monitoring treatment response using blood counts, cytogenetics and RT-PCR. The document concludes with information on resistance to treatment due to BCR-ABL1 kinase domain mutations.
Mantle Cell Lymphoma PPT.pptx
This document provides an overview of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), including its pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment approaches. MCL is an aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by cyclin D1 overexpression. Diagnosis involves immunophenotyping showing expression of B-cell markers along with CD5 and CD43. The Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (MIPI) helps predict outcomes. First-line treatment typically involves chemotherapy with consolidation and maintenance therapies. Relapsed disease is often treated with Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors or chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies.
WHO CLASSIFICATION 2016 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.pptx
The document summarizes updates to the 2016 WHO classification of renal cell carcinoma compared to the 2004 classification. Key changes include recognizing RCC as distinct subtypes based on histology, architecture, location, associated diseases and molecular alterations. The 2016 classification adds 9 new renal tumor entities, separates some subtypes, and groups familial and sporadic forms of RCC together. It provides greater specificity in RCC diagnosis and classification based on recent advances in understanding RCC pathogenesis and genetics.
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma treatment update (1).pptx
The document discusses treatment strategies for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). It summarizes the evolution of classification systems for NHL from Rappaport in 1966 to the current WHO system from 1999. It also summarizes treatment approaches that have improved outcomes over time, from first generation CHOP chemotherapy in the 1990s, to second and third generation intensive regimens, to the addition of rituximab to chemotherapy in 2002. The addition of rituximab to CHOP was shown to improve long-term event-free and overall survival compared to CHOP alone in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma based on 10-year follow-up results from a pivotal trial.
DOC-20221229-WA0000..pptx
A 17-year-old male presented with a 3-month history of low-grade fever, left neck swelling, weight loss, and night sweats. Examination found a 5x4 cm left neck swelling and a 2 cm posterior neck swelling. Investigations including CBC, LFTs, ESR, and CT scans were normal. Excision biopsy of the cervical node was performed. The differential diagnoses included tuberculosis, metastasis, reactive lymphadenitis, lymphoma, and various infectious etiologies. The pathology was consistent with Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system. The case presentation discussed the characteristics, subtypes, diagnostic workup, treatment including radiotherapy, and prognosis of Hodgkin lymphoma.
Case presentation( lymphoma)
This case presentation describes a 3.5 year old female patient who presented with a submandibular swelling. Examination found an enlarged lymph node. Investigations showed abnormal blood counts including lymphocytosis and thrombocytopenia. Imaging found splenomegaly and enlarged cervical and intraparotid lymph nodes. A biopsy was recommended to diagnose possible lymphoma. Lymphoma was then described, including the types of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Common symptoms, investigations, and treatment options for lymphoma in children were outlined. The prognosis for children with Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma is now around 90% survival after treatment.
Principles of cancer chemotherapy and its clinical evaluation
Dr. Jyotiman Nath presented on the history and development of cancer chemotherapy. Some key points include:
- Chemotherapy originated in the early 20th century with Paul Ehrlich's work on "magic bullets" to treat infections. Sidney Farber is considered the father of modern chemotherapy.
- During World Wars I and II, exposure of soldiers to mustard gas led to the observation that alkylating agents suppressed bone marrow, laying the foundations for using similar agents to treat cancers.
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The document discusses human genetics and genetic disorders. It provides information on normal human karyotypes, sex determination, and inheritance patterns of genetic diseases. Key points include that humans normally have 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes, with females being 46 XX and males 46 XY. Genetic diseases can be hereditary, familial, or congenital. The Lyon hypothesis states that in females, one X chromosome is randomly inactivated in each cell. Examples of genetic disorders discussed include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and various lysosomal storage diseases.
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This document discusses several tumors that commonly affect children, including:
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2. Neuroblastoma - a malignant tumor of the sympathetic nervous system that typically presents before 5 years of age and commonly involves the adrenal glands.
3. Retinoblastoma - a malignant tumor of the eye that is the most common eye cancer in children and may occur as a familial or sporadic condition associated with mutations in the RB gene.
2. vitamin deficiency dr. sinhasan, mdzah
Vitamins are organic substances that cannot be synthesized in the body and are essential for normal cell structure and function. There are two types - fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K and water-soluble vitamins C and B complex. Vitamin A deficiency first presents as night blindness, then dry eyes and spots on the cornea, which can progress to corneal softening and destruction causing blindness if not treated. Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, presenting as weak, misshapen bones. Scurvy, a vitamin C deficiency, presents with bleeding gums and impaired wound healing.
1. pem & obesity dr. sinhasan, mdzah
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2. mycobacterial infection leprosy- dr. sinhasan, mdzah
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1. mycobacterial infection tuberculosis- dr. sinhasan, mdzah
Tuberculosis infects one third of the world's population and causes over 2 million deaths per year, with most cases occurring in developing nations. It is a chronic, communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. Primary tuberculosis occurs with initial infection, usually resulting in localized lesions that are typically resolved by the immune system. However, the bacteria can later reactivate as secondary tuberculosis in adults, especially those with compromised immunity, leading to more widespread infection. Diagnosis involves identification of the bacteria from sputum or tissue samples through staining, culturing or molecular tests, along with tuberculin skin testing. Treatment focuses on prompt detection and directly observed short course chemotherapy to cure the infection.
5. amyloidosis dr. sinhasan, mdzah
Amyloid is an abnormal protein that aggregates into unbranched fibrils. It is caused by misfolding of normal or mutant proteins. There are different types classified by the precursor protein such as AL, AA, and Aβ. Amyloidosis involves deposition of amyloid fibrils in tissues and organs which can cause organ dysfunction. Diagnosis involves staining methods like Congo red that show apple-green birefringence under polarized light. Biopsies of affected tissues may be needed to confirm amyloidosis.
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HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by profoundly weakening the immune system through depletion of CD4+ T cells. It is transmitted via bodily fluids and can be passed from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. While HIV infection may not cause symptoms for years, it can ultimately lead to AIDS if left untreated. Common opportunistic infections associated with AIDS include Pneumocystis pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, and various fungal and bacterial infections.
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The document summarizes the basic concepts of immunity. It describes innate immunity as the first line of defense mechanisms that are always present, including epithelial cells, phagocytes, natural killer cells, and complement proteins. Adaptive immunity develops later after exposure to microbes and involves lymphocytes and antibodies that provide highly specific and powerful immune responses. The adaptive immune system consists of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes that recognize antigens through receptor proteins.
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Case 4
- 1. Case 4 28y/F , presented B/L cervical lymphnodes of 1 – 4cm. in size of 6months duration. FNA of lymphnodes done
- 13. Cytology: Cellular smear, Lymphoid cells, histiocytes/macrophages, A few large cells with mono/binucleate, with prominent nucleoli, ?RS cells Numerous eosinophils, occ. Plasma cells
- 14. DIAGNOSIS
- 15. Case 4 1. Histoplasmosis, Kimura’s Disease 2. Lymphoproliferative Diease 3. HD – Mixed Cellularaity 4. LCH 5. HD – Lypmphocytic Predominance 6. SHML with Eo 7. SHML with LCH 8. Kimura’s disease
- 16. IMP: Positive Malignancy – 1. Malignant lymphoma, HD/ALCL 2. Metastatic Undifferentiated Carcinoma Case will be reviewed after H & N workup H & N workup was normal FINAL IMP: 1. Malignant lymphoma, HD/ALCL 2. Histiocytic Lesion Advised LN Bx and IHC study
- 20. CD1a
- 21. S100
- 22. CD30 CD15 CD30
- 23. CD15
- 24. Final diagnosis Hodgkin Lymphoma-syncial type with LCH
- 25. Diagnosis of Hodgkin Lymphoma Diagnosis of LCH
- 26. LCH – Systemic or single organ disease lung, bone, lymphnode, skin, etc. Cytology findings Histomorphology –sinusoidal pattern + IHC LCH+Lymphoma – Focal Langerhan Cell Histiocytic Hyperplasia rather than LCH
- 27. J Res Med Sci. 2010 Jan-Feb; 15(1): 58–61. Langerhans cell histiocytosis following Hodgkin lymphoma: a case report from Iran Nahid Reisi Dehkordi,a Parvin Rajabi,b Azar Naimi,*,c and Mitra Heidarpourd Occurrence of LCH after Hodgkin lymphoma is seen in less than 0.3% of cases. It can occur before, after or simultaneously with Hodgkin Lymphoma.
- 28. Korean J Intern Med. Dec 2012; 27(4): 459–462. Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Followed by Hodgkin's Lymphoma IK Soo Park,1 In Keun Park,1 Eun Kyoung Kim,1 Shin Kim,1 Sang Ryong Jeon,2 Joo Ryung Huh,3 and Cheol Won Suh 1 This condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of recurrent lymphoma