Please find the power point onLymphoma . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
What is Lymphoma?
Malignant lymphoma is a term given to tumors of the lymphoid system and specifically of lymphocytes and their precursor cells
i.e.
Cancer of the lymphatic system.
Many lymphomas are known to be due to specific genetic mutations.
What is Lymphoma?
Malignant lymphoma is a term given to tumors of the lymphoid system and specifically of lymphocytes and their precursor cells
i.e.
Cancer of the lymphatic system.
Many lymphomas are known to be due to specific genetic mutations.
oth Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are lymphomas — a type of cancer that begins in a subset of white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are an integral part of your immune system, which protects you from germs.
oth Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are lymphomas — a type of cancer that begins in a subset of white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are an integral part of your immune system, which protects you from germs.
This PowerPoint talk about lymphoma. it talks about its symptoms, causes, and treatments. this PowerPoint is very good for college students. it has been created by one of the most talented doctors is this area
Summary - Neoplasms of infancy and childhood - Asem M. Shadid Asem Shadid
Neoplasms of infancy and childhood :
obj :
1. Describe the findings from the history and physical exam that suggest malignant disease.
2. Know the incidence rates of the major childhood neoplasms and the significance of neoplasms in childhood mortality.
3. Identify the presenting symptoms, physical findings, and diagnostic tests for the major neoplasms (leukemia, CNS tumors, lymphoma, neuroblastoma and Wilm's tumors).
4. Recognize the major therapeutic modalities for childhood neoplasms and the relative advantages and disadvantages of each (chemotherapy, surgery, irradiation, bone marrow transplants).
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
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Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Lymphoma
• Progressive neoplastic condition of lymphoreticular
system arising from stem cells
• 3rd most common mailgnancy among children comprising
15% of Paediatric cancers
3. Etiology
1. Genetic predispostion
2. Sjogren’s syndrome – 30
fold increase of NHL
3. HIV infection
4. Virus – Epstein-Barr virus
8. Celiac sprue – Intestinal
T cell lymphoma
9. H Pylori – associated
with MALT lymphoma
10.Occupation – Hair dye
workers
11.Ionising radiation
12.Smoking, Alcohol and
Tobacco usage
13.Common in Western
countries
4. Classification
• WHO modified REAL classification of Lymphoma (Revised
European American lymphoma)
1. B-cell neoplasm
• Precursor B cell neoplasm – ALL
• Peripheral B cell neoplasm – B cell related NHL
2. T-cell and putative NK cell neoplasms
• Precursor T cell neoplasm – ALL, LBL T cell related
• Peripheral T cell and NK cell neoplasm – T cell
related NHL
7. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (HL)
• It is the most common type of lymphoma.
• Causes Epstein-barr virus, HIV infection and genetic
monoclonal B cell disorder (90%)
8. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (HL)
• Slightly more in males (1.5:1)
• Bimodal (seen in young age of 20- 30 years as well as in
elderly greater than 50 years)
• Grossly lymph nodes: Fleshy, pinkish grey, and rubbery in
consistency.
• Microscopically: Cellular infiltration with lymphocytes,
reticulum cells, histocytes, fibrous tissue and Reed
Strenberg cells (giant cells with two large image nuclei)
10. Nodular sclerosis
• It is the most common subtype
• Incidence: Male = Female
• Microscopically Lacunar cells and occasional RS cells,
background T lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages
and plasma cells.
11. Lymphocyte depleted
• Uncommon
• More common in older males
• Associated with HIV- infected individuals
• Microscopically Frequent RS cells and variants, background Reactive
cells
• Worst prognosis
12. Clinical Features
• Painless rubbery lymphadenopathy, usually in the neck or
supraclavicular fossae; the lymph nodes may fluctuate in
size.
• Large mediastinal masses which are asymptomatic but may
cause dry cough and breathlessness.
• Isolated subdiaphragmatic nodes occur in less than 10% at
diagnosis.
13. Clinical Features
• Hepatosplenomegaly may be present but does not always
indicate disease.
• Spread is contiguous from one node to the next and
extranodal disease, such as bone, brain or skin involvement,
is rare.
• Systemic symptoms: Fever, night sweats, weight loss, Bone
pain
14. Investigations
• CBC: may be normal. If a normochromic, normocytic
anaemia or lymphopenia is present, this is a poor
prognostic factor.
• An eosinophilia or a neutrophilia may be present.
• ESR: may be raised.
• Renal function tests: are required to ensure function
is normal prior to treatment.
15. • Liver function test: may be abnormal in the absence
of disease or may reflect hepatic infiltration. An
obstructive pattern may be caused by nodes at the
porta hepatis.
• LDH measurements showing raised levels are an
adverse prognostic factor.
• Chest X-ray: may show a mediastinal mass.
• CT scan of chest, abdomen and pelvis permits staging.
Bulky disease (> 10 cm in a single node mass) is an
adverse prognostic feature.
• Lymph node biopsy
16. Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV
Ann-Arbor Staging of lymphoma
A: absence of (systemic) symptoms
B: fever, night sweats, weight loss
18. Management
Radiotherapy : Curative for stage I & IIA
Debulking surgery f/b chemo in stage I & II.
Chemotherapy: Stage III & IV
• MOPP regime : mustine, oncovin/vincristine,
procarbazine & prednisolone.
• ABVD regime: adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastin,
dacarbazine.
19. •Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• It represents monoclonal proliferation of lymphoid cells of B cell
(70%) and T cell (30%) origin
• Lymphoma is used for proliferations that arise as discrete tissue
masses
20.
21. Follicular lymphoma
• Most common type of “indolent” lymphoma.
• Affects older persons.
• Usually widespread at presentation
• Often asymptomatic.
• Not easily curable.
• Associated with bcl-2 gene rearrangement [t(14;18)]
• Cell of origin: germinal center b-cell
• Lymph node appears nodular with effacement of normal
architecture.
• Has to be differentiated from reactive lymphadenitis.
22. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
• Most common type of “aggressive” lymphoma.
• Usually symptomatic.
• Age group affected : wide variation.
• Extranodal involvement is common.
• Cell of origin: germinal center b-cell
• Curable in ~ 40%
• Aggressive neoplasm requiring intensive combined
chemotherapy.
23. Burkitt’s lymphoma
• B cell lymphoma with t(8;14)
• Aggressive lymphoma.
• Endemic in Africa & sporadic in other areas.
• Jaw(maxilla/mandible) involvement in endemic African forms.
• Abdominal viscera(bowel, retroperitoneum, ovaries) involved in
sporadic forms.
• Children and young adults are affected
24. Microscopy
• Tumor appears monotonous, with effaced
architecture.
• Medium sized tumor with high mitotic and
apoptotic rate.
• Presence of numerous benign tingible body
macrophages giving the appearance of “Starry sky
pattern”
.
25. Clinical features
• Lymphadenopathy
• Weight loss, Fever, Sweats, Itching
• Hepatosplenomegaly
• Extranodal involvement in bone marrow, gut, thyroid, lung, skin,
testis, brain, bone
• Compression syndromes like gut obstruction, ascites, superior vena
cava obstruction, spinal cord compression
26. Investigations
As HL but some addition as
oBone marrow aspiration
oImmunophenotyping of surface antigen to distinguish
T from B cell tumor
oCytogenetic analysis to detect chromosomal
translocation
oImmunoglobulin determination for treatment
response
oMeasurement of uric acid level to prevent renal
failure
oHIV testing
27. Management of NHL
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
oRituximab (R) + cyclophosphamide + vincristine +
prednisolone (RCVP)
oCHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin,
vincristine and prednisolone)
oHumanised monoclonal antibodies to target
surface antigens on tumor cells leading to
apoptosis directly
28. Management of NHL…
Transplantation: High dose chemotherapy and Haematopoietic Stem
Cell Transplantation (HSCT) in patient with relapsed disease
29. Clinical difference between Hodgkin’s and
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Hodgkin Non-Hodgkin
More often localized to a single axial
group of nodes (cervical, mediastinal,
para-aortic).
More frequent involvement of multiple
peripheral nodes.
Orderly spread by contiguity. Noncontiguous spread.
Mesenteric nodes and Waldeyer ring
rarely involved.
Mesenteric nodes and Waldeyer ring
commonly involved.
Extranodal involvement uncommon. Extranodal involvement common.
30. 1. Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL,
Longo DL, Jameson JL, et al., editors. Harrison’s
principles of internal medicine. Hematology and
Oncology.19th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2014
2. H.G. Watson, J.I.O Craig, L.M. Manson, editors.
Davidson’s Principal & Practice of Medicine.
Blood Disorders. 22nd edition. Edinburgh: Elsevier
Limited. 2014
REFERENCES