Cardiac cycle260215
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The cardiac cycle consists of diastole and systole. During diastole, the heart relaxes and fills with blood, while during systole the heart contracts and ejects blood. The cycle includes atrial systole, ventricular systole, and early diastole. Events like pressures, volumes, and sounds can be measured throughout the cycle to evaluate cardiac function.
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Cardiac cycle260215
- 2. Definition The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next are called the cardiac cycle. 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS7
- 3. Diastole and Systole • The cardiac cycle consists of a period of relaxation called diastole, during which the heart fills with blood, followed by a period of contraction called systole. 1/8/20208 Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS
- 4. 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS9
- 5. Cardiac Cycle Phases Times Pressures Volumes Sounds ECG 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS10
- 6. 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS11 primer pumps
- 7. 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS12
- 8. Diastole and Systole • The cardiac cycle consists of a period of relaxation called DIASTOLE, during which the heart fills with blood, followed by a period of contraction called SYSTOLE. 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS13
- 9. Wiggersdiagram 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS14
- 10. Wiggers diagram • Carl J. Wiggers (May 28, 1883-April 28, 1963) • Physiologist 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS15
- 11. Thomas Lewis Father of clinical cardiac electrophysiology 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS16
- 12. Wiggers diagram • Pressure • Volume • ECG • Sounds 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS17 NOT Wigger’s
- 13. Methods of measurement • Pressure • Cardiac catheterization • Volume • Echocardiography • ECG • Sounds 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS18
- 14. Cardiaccatheterization 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS19
- 15. Seldinger Technique 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS20
- 16. Left heart catheterization 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS21
- 17. Cardiac catheterization 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS22
- 18. Coronary catheterization 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS23
- 19. Echocardiography 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS24
- 20. Echocardiography 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS25
- 21. Echocardiography 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS26
- 22. 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS27
- 24. MRI scan 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS29
- 25. ECG 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS30
- 26. ECG 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS31
- 27. Pulse Arterial Venous 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS32
- 28. 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS33
- 29. 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS34
- 30. Jugular Venous Pulse 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS35
- 31. 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS36
- 32. Phonocardiogram 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS37
- 33. Cardiac Cycle Discussion 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS38
- 34. Diastole and Systole • The cardiac cycle consists of a period of relaxation called diastole, during which the heart fills with blood, followed by a period of contraction called systole. 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS39
- 35. Mechanical Events of the cardiac cycle • Events in late Diastole • Atrial Systole • Ventricular Systole • Early Diastole 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS40
- 36. 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS41
- 37. 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS42
- 38. Events in late Diastole • atrioventricular [av] valves are open • the aortic and pulmonary valves are closed • pressure in the ventricles remains low. • about 70% of the ventricular filling occurs passively during diastole 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS43
- 39. Atrial Systole • Contraction of the atria propels some additional blood into the ventricles • Contraction of the atrial muscle narrows the orifices of the superior and inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins • some regurgitation of blood into the veins 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS44
- 40. Ventricular Systole • AV valves close • isovolumetric (isovolumic, isometric) ventricular contraction lasts about 0.05 s • Until pressure in ventricle is more than that of Aorta • During isovolumetric contraction, the AV valves bulge into the atria, causing a small but sharp rise in atrial pressure 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS45
- 41. Ventricular Systole • AV valves close • isovolumetric ventricular contraction lasts about 0.05 s 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS46
- 42. Ventricular ejection • Ejection is rapid at first • slowing down as systole progresses • AV valves are pulled down by the contractions of the ventricular muscle, and atrial pressure drops 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS47
- 43. Volumes • amount of blood ejected by each ventricle per STROKE at rest is 70 to 90 mL • end-diastolic ventricular volume is about 130 mL • end-systolic ventricular volume – 50 ml • ejection fraction, the percent of the end- diastolic ventricular volume that is ejected with each stroke, is about 65% 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS48
- 44. Early Diastole • Protodiastole- 0.04 s - falling ventricular pressures drop more rapidly • isovolumetric ventricular relaxation • AV valves open, permitting the ventricles to fill • Rapid and then slow 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS49
- 45. 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS51
- 46. 1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS52
- 47. Atrial events Systole 0.1 s Diastole 0.7 s Systole 0.3 s Isovolumetric contraction Rapid Ejection Reduced Ejection Diastole 0.5 s Protodiastole Isovolumetric relaxation First rapid filling Diastasis Second rapid filling1/8/2020Jaideep J Rayapudi, PhysioPIMS54
Editor's Notes
- Impulse starting at SA Node, delay of more than 0.1 second during passage of the cardiac impulse from the atria into the ventricles
- Werner Theodor Otto Forßmann (29 August 1904 – 1 June 1979) was a physician from Germany who shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Medicine (with Andre Cournand and Dickinson Richards) for developing a procedure that allowed for cardiac catheterization. In 1929, he put himself under local anesthetic and inserted a catheter into his own arm. Not knowing when the catheter might pierce a vein, he risked his own life and was able to pass the catheter into his own heart. Dr. Sven Ivar Seldinger (1921–1998), was a radiologist from Mora Municipality, Sweden. In 1953, he introduced the Seldinger technique to obtain safe access to blood vessels and other hollow organs.[1]
- Left heart catheterization involves the passage of a catheter (a thin flexible tube) into the left side of the heart to obtain diagnostic information about the left side of the heart or to provide therapeutic interventions in certain types of heart conditions. The test can determine pressure and blood flow in the heart's chambers, collect blood samples from the heart, and examine the arteries of the heart by X-ray (fluoroscopy).
- Cardiac catheterization is used to study the various functions of the heart. Using different techniques, the coronary arteries can be viewed by injecting dye or opened using balloon angioplasty. The oxygen concentration can be measured across the valves and walls (septa) of the heart and pressures within each chamber of the heart and across the valves can be measured. The technique can even be performed in small, newborn infants.
- A coronary angiogram (an X-ray with radiocontrast in the coronary arteries) that shows the left coronary circulation. The distal left main coronary artery (LMCA) is in the left upper quadrant of the image. Its main branches (also visible) are the left circumflex artery (LCX), which courses top-to-bottom initially and then toward the centre/bottom, and the left anterior descending (LAD) artery, which courses from left-to-right on the image and then courses down the middle of the image to project underneath of the distal LCX. The LAD, as is usual, has two large diagonal branches, which arise at the centre-top of the image and course toward the centre/right of the image.Coronary angiography of a critical sub-occlusion of the common trunk of the left coronary artery and the circumflex artery. (See arrows)
- This is a sonographer performing an ultrasound examination of the heart of a baby. The child's mother is present. This examination is called echocardiography. The persons on the picture have consented to it being place in the public domain. The photographer is Gislaug Thorsteinsson. The sonographer on the picture is myself.
- An abnormal Echocardiogram. Image shows a mid-muscular ventricular septal defect. The trace in the lower left shows the cardiac cycle and the red mark the time in the cardiac cycle that the image was captured. Colors are used to represent the velocity and direction of blood
- Echocardiogram in the parasternal long-axis view, showing a measurement of the heart's left ventricle
- GIF-animation showing a moving echocardiogram; a 3D-loop of a heart viewed from the apex, with the apical part of the ventricles removed and the mitral valve clearly visible. Due to missing data the leaflet of the tricuspid and aortic valve is not clearly visible, but the openings are. To the left are two standard two-dimensional views taken from the 3D dataset.
- An aortic pulse waveform as produced by the SphygmoCor system from applanation tonometry of the radial artery. Augmentation pressure is the difference between the systolic peak (forward wave) and first systolic inflection (reflected wave) pressures. This difference divided by the pulse pressure generates the augmentation index
- Phonocardiogram and jugular venous pulse tracing from a middle-aged man with pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery pressure 70 mm Hg) caused by cardiomyopathy. The jugular venous pulse tracing demonstrates a prominent a wave without a c or v wave being observed. The phonocardiograms (fourth left interspace and cardiac apex) show a murmur of tricuspid insufficiency and ventricular and atrial gallops.
- Figure 9-5 Events of the cardiac cycle for left ventricular function, showing changes in left atrial pressure, left ventricular pressure, aortic pressure, ventricular volume, the electrocardiogram, and the phonocardiogram. Figure 9-5 shows the different events during the cardiac cycle for the left side of the heart. The top three curves show the pressure changes in the aorta, left ventricle, and left atrium, respectively. The fourth curve depicts the changes in left ventricular volume, the fifth the electrocardiogram, and the sixth a phonocardiogram, which is a recording of the sounds produced by the heart-mainly by the heart valves-as it pumps. It is especially important that the reader study in detail this figure and understand the causes of all the events shown.
- At the start of ventricular systole, the AV valves close. Ventricular muscle initially shortens relatively little, but intraventricular pressure rises sharply as the myocardium presses on the blood in the ventricle (Figure 31–2). This period of isovolumetric (isovolumic, isometric) ventricular contraction lasts about 0.05 s, until the pressures in the left and right ventricles exceed the pressures in the aorta (80 mm Hg; 10.6 kPa) and pulmonary artery (10 mm Hg) and the aortic and pulmonary valves open. During isovolumetric contraction, the AV valves bulge into the atria, causing a small but sharp rise in atrial pressure (Figure 31–3).
- Pressure–volume loop of the left ventricle. During diastole, the ventricle fills and pressure increases from d to a. Pressure then rises sharply from a to b during isovolumetric contraction and from b to c during ventricular ejection. At c, the aortic valves close and pressure falls during isovolumetric relaxation from c back to d.