This document discusses the management of carcinoma of the stomach. It outlines the various treatment options including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and chemoradiation. For localized resectable disease, surgery with D2 lymph node dissection is the primary treatment. Adjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiation is recommended to improve outcomes. For locally advanced or metastatic disease, combination chemotherapy is used. Trials have shown perioperative and adjuvant chemotherapy with fluoropyrimidine-based regimens provide a survival benefit.
Accelerated partial breast irradiation is an alternative to whole breast irradiation in carcinoma breast patients Post breast conserving surgery with equivalent outcome, less duration & less burden on the patient.
Short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision (TME) versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy, TME, and optional adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (RAPIDO): a randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial
Accelerated partial breast irradiation is an alternative to whole breast irradiation in carcinoma breast patients Post breast conserving surgery with equivalent outcome, less duration & less burden on the patient.
Short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision (TME) versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy, TME, and optional adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (RAPIDO): a randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
7. TREATMENT GROUPS
• Locoregional carcinoma-
Stage I-III or M0
Potentially resectable disease in medically fit pts
who are able to tolerate major abdominal surgery.
Unresectable disease in medically fit pts
Medically unfit pts.
• Metastatic ca- stage IV / M1
10. SURGERY
PRINCIPLE
Complete resection of tumor with 5 cm margin
proximally and distally.
• R0 – no macroscopic or microscopic tumor at
resection margins.
• R1 – microscopic margins +ve.
• R2 – macroscopic margins +ve.
• AIM - R0 resection always.
11. SURGERY
• Primary treatment of gastric cancer
• OPTIONS-
Radical Total Gastrectomy –
Diffuse involvement
Proximal involvement.
Radical Subtotal Gastrectomy –
Distal cancers,
Equivalent survival
Lesser complications
In proximal cancer, total gastrectomy is
not necessary when subtotal gastrectomy
will provide a 5 cm clearance of the gross
tumour.
12. Endoscopic Mucosal Resection
T1 early lesions that are padunculated
Well differentiated
Small size <3cm
No submucosal involvement- chance of LN involvement- <5%
SPLENECTOMY
Splenectomy is sometimes performed, particularly in cancers of
proximal third of stomach and tumours of the body near the
greater curvature
Cancers in these locations are more likely to metastasize to lymph
nodes in the splenic hilum that can not be excised without
splenectomy.
14. D1 – Perigastric node( Station 1-6)
D2 –D1+ perarterial nodes(left gastric, hepatic, celiac, splenic)(7-11)
D3- D2+ hepatoduodenal, peripancreatic, mesenteric root, portocaval, P-A
nodes, middle colic(13-16)
D2 to D3 – extended or systemic lymphadenectomies (ELND)
D0-D1- conservative/limited lymphadenectomies(CLND)
PRINCIPLE- Dissect the echelon of nodes a level higher than the highest
level of known metastasis;
Controversy-balancing the benefits of a more extensive, complete
lymphadenectomy with the associated higher risk of morbidity/mortality.
15. WILL ROGERS PHENOMENON
Diff. in survival b/w Japan & West-
STAGE MIGRATION.
Extensive pathologic LN evaluation leads to upstaging & subsequent
statistical improvements in overall survival when compared stage for stage.
Western patients would be staged inappropriately "low" because of failure
to examine node-bearing areas accurately, affecting the outcome toward a
worse prognosis.
CURRENT STATUS OF LN DISSECTION
ELND improves the quality of staging, allowing standardization of
prognostic factors and survival data worldwide.
Routine D2 lymphadenectomy is difficult to justify based on available
evidence.
Issues- patient selection, surgeon experience, ?survival benefit.
Minimum, D1 lymphadenectomy should include pathologic examination
of at least 15 nodes.
16. RELAPSE PATTERN AFTER CURATIVE RESECTION
• Cure Rates with surgery alone not adequate.
• High rates of both LRR & distant metastasis.
• T1-T2/N0 only had adequate cure with surgery alone- 90%.
• Radical surg + ELND, does not prevent relapses.
• Subsequent relapse within the site of a prior ELND was
frequent,=>incomplete LN and lymphatic excision.
• Progressive extension of surgery => min. increase in cure rates, offset by a
corresponding increase in operative mortality.
Incidence and patterns of Local relapse predictable based on anatomical
factors, pathways of tumour spread, initial extent of disease, and anatomic
limitations for surgery.
Distant failures also common.
Combinations of chemotherapy and irradiation are necessary to alter both
short- and long-term survival.
18. RADIOTHERAPY
• Post op XRT
• Pre op XRT
• Intraoperative RT
• Palliative RT
Indications-
T3-4 resectable disease
Margins positive
Residual disease
LN +ve disease
Inoperable
19. RADIOTHERAPY TARGET
• Idealized portals from patterns of failure data need modification
individually for patient's initial extent of disease.
• Gastric/tumor bed, anastomosis and gastric remnant, and regional
lymphatics should be included in most patients.
• Major nodal chains at risk include
lesser and greater curvature;
celiac axis;
pancreaticoduodenal,
splenic,
suprapancreatic,
porta hepatis groups;
para-aortics to the level of L3.
Any tumor originating in the stomach has a high propensity of spread to nodes along
the greater and lesser curvature, although they are most likely to spread to those sites
in close anatomic proximity to the primary tumor mass.
20. BORDERS
SUPERIOR BORDER- Bottom of T8 or T9 to
cover celiac axis, GE junction, fundus, and the
dome of left hemidiaphragm
INFERIOR BORDER- Bottom of L3 to cover
gastroduodenal nodes and antrum
LEFT BORDER- Include two third to three
Fourth of left hemidiaphragm to cover fundus,
suprapancreatic nodes and splenic nodes
RT LATERAL- 3 to 4 cm lateral to vertebral
Bodies to cover the antrum , porta hepatis,
and gastroduodenal nodes
Dose of RT- 45-50Gy/25#/5weeks, 1.8-2Gy/#
22. Position supine
AP/PA parallel opposed fields
Weighted equally or anteriorly more to
decrease spinal cord dose
Blocks whenever possible should be
used to decrease dose to –
Liver (70% <30Gy)
Kidney (2/3 <20Gy)
Heart (1/3 <45Gy)
IVP 10 MINS
35. PRE OP RT
Series groups No of pts Survival
5 yr
LRR
Beijing Sx
Pre
RT(40)
199
171
20
30
52
39
Three other studies from Russia also evaluated role of adjuvant pre op
RT in potentially resectable patients.
All showed improved 3 yr and 5 yr survivals.
All trials used different doses of RT
Role for unresectable LAD evaluated in different studies show survival
benefit of 9-10 months
36. POST OP RT
Post op RT improves local control but does not improve survival unless combined
With chemotherapy
37. IORT
• Advantage
Deliver a single, large fraction (10-35Gy) to tumour &
tumour bed
Exclusion or protection of surrounding normal tissue
from the high-dose field.
Disadvantages
Intense fibrosis.
Neurological complications.
Still a investigational tool.
Yet to be proved better than conventional RT.
Need special equipment and expertise.
Options- IORT+/-XRT
44. SINGLE AGENT CCT
• The results - disappointing.
• CR in metastatic disease rare.
• PR – limited.
• Objective responses – limited & brief
duration
• Most widely used agents-
• 5-fluorouracil
• Cisplatin
• Taxanes
• Single-agent therapy may be a reasonable
approach in patients who would not
tolerate, combination therapy.
45. COMBINATION CCT REGIMENS
• FAM
5-FU 600 mg/M2 IV D- 1,8, 29,36
Doxorubicin 30 mg/M2 IV D- 1,29
Mitomycin C 10 mg/M2 IV D-1
(REF: MacDonald et al. Ann Intern Med 1980; 93:533-536)
Repeat every 56 days
• FAMTx
Methotrexate 1500 mg/M2 IV D 1 give MTX first and then wait 1 hour
and give 5-FU
5-FU 1500 mg/M2 IV D- 1
Leucovorin 15 mg/M2 PO Q6H D 2-4 X total 12 doses starting 24 hrs
after MTx
Doxorubicin 30 mg/M2 IV D- 15
REF: Kelsen et al. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10:541-548
Repeat cycle on day 29
46. ECF
Epirubicin 50 mg/M2 IV D 1
Cisplatin 60 mg/M2 IV D 1
5-FU 200 mg/M2/d CIV(X21 days) daily
REF: Webb et al. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15:261-267
Irinotecan/ cisplatin
Irinotecan 70 mg/M2 IV days 1, 15
Cisplatin 80 mg/M2 IV day 1
REF: Boku et al. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:319-323
Repeat every 28 days
47. PF paclitaxel/fluorouracil
Paclitaxel 175 mg/M2 IV (over 3 h) day 1
5-FU 1500 mg/M2 IV (over 3 h) day 2
REF: Murad et al. Am J Clin Oncol 1999; 22:580-586
Repeat every 21 days for a maximum of 7 cycles
CF
Cisplatin: 100 mg/m2 IV over 1–3 hrs D-1
5-FU: 1,000 mg/m2/day IV cont infus D1–5
Repeat cycle every 28 days
Docetaxel + Cisplatin
Docetaxel: 85 mg/m2 IV D 1
Cisplatin: 75 mg/m2 IV D 1
3 wkly repeated.
TPF
Docetaxel: 75 mg/m2 IV D 1
Cisplatin: 75 mg/m2 IV over 1–3 hrs D 1
5-FU: 750 mg/m2/day IV cont infusion D 1–5
Repeat cycle every 21 days.
48.
49. ADJUVANT CCT
• Resectable
gastric ca
post sx
• Adjuvant
CT
• Significant DFS, OS
improvement with
hazard ratio 0.82
• 5% improvement in
5 year survival.
• Conclusion: 5FU
based CT is
warranted.
50. PERIOPERATIVE CT
MAGIC TRIAL
• Surgery alone or Surgery plus three cycles of
preoperative epirubicin, cisplatin, and infusional
5-FU (ECF regimen) and three cycles of
postoperative ECF therapy.
• The use of perioperative chemotherapy was
associated with significant improvement in
survival compared with surgery alone.
54. FLOT 4
• FLOT4 (NCT01216644) is a multicenter,
randomized, investigator-initiated, phase 3 trial.
• It compares the docetaxel-based triplet FLOT
with the anthracycline-based triplet ECF/ECX as
a periop treatment for pts with resectable gastric
or GEJ adenocarcinoma.
• (docetaxel 50 mg/m2, oxaliplatin 85 mg/m²,
leucovorin 200 mg/m², and 5-FU 2600 mg/m²)
55. • FLOT improved OS (mOS, 35 mon with ECX/ECF
vs. 50 mon with FLOT p = 0.012). 3y OS rate was
48% with ECF/ECX and 57% with FLOT.
• FLOT also improved PFS (mPFS, 18 mon with
ECX/ECF vs. 30 mon with FLOT p = 0.004).
• Conclusion: Periop FLOT improved outcome in
patients with resectable gastric and GEJ cancer
compared to periop ECF/ECX.
58. INT-0116
Agent Dosage
5-FU 425 mg/M2 IV bolus days 1-5
Leucovorin 20 mg/M2 IV bolus days 1-5
1 cycle postop, followed by
XRT–adjuvant
5-FU 425 mg/M2 IV bolus days 1-4,38-40
Leucovorin 20 mg/M2 IV bolus days 1-4,38-40
concurrently with XRT
CCT given on first 4 and last 3 days of RT followed by-
POST RT
5-FU 425 mg/M2 IV bolus days 1-5
Leucovorin 20 mg/M2 IV bolus days 1-5
every 28 days for 2 cycles
65. CALGB 80101
• Postoperative adjuvant chemoradiation for gastric or
GE junction adenocarcinoma using ECF before and
after 5-FU/radiotherapy compared to bolus 5-FU/LV
before and after 5-FU/radiotherapy:Intergroup trial
CALGB 80101
CS Fuchs, JE Tepper, D Niedzwiecki, D Hollis,
HJ Mamon, RS Swanson, DG Haller,
T Dragovich, SR Alberts, G Bjarnson, CG Willett,
PC Enzinger, RM Goldberg, AP Venook, RJ Mayer
66.
67. CALGB 80101
Overall Survival by Treatment Arm
Arm
Median
OS*
3-year OS 5-year OS
Hazard
Ratio (95%
CI)
5-FU/LV 36.6 mos 50% 41%
ECF 37.8 mos 52% 44%
1.03 (0.80-
1.34)
*P, log rank = 0.80
76. ROLE OF NEOADJUVANT CCT
• Potentially resectable LAD-
EFP/EAP/FAMTX/CF- 15-16 m median survival with pCR only in 7-9 % in
FAMTX pts of 60-70% resected.
• Boderline resectable LAD
EAP/CF- 30/15 m median survival and only EAP regime showing 7%
pCR in 70% resected
• Unresectable LAD
EAP/FMTX- 18 m survival with 44% resected and 15 % CR.
• So all phase II trials showing some significance and none of 2
phase III trials showed any benefit.
In general, pathological complete response rate is low and the
impact of NACT on survival is even less.
77. METASTATIC DISEASE
SURGERY
Palliative resection
Endoluminal stenting
Endoscopic laser treatment
Gastrostomy tube placement
RADIATION
Radiation therapy is capable of providing substantial palliation of local gastric
cancer symptoms.
50% to 75% of patients improve
Indications-
gastric outlet obstruction,
pain from local tumor extension
benefit may increase with concomitant 5FU administration,
The median duration of palliation varies from 4 to 18 months in reports addressing
this issue
Dose- PGI – 30gray/10#/2wks.
78. SINGLE AGENT
Doxorubicin, mitomycinC, etoposide, cisplatin,5-FU- response rate of 20%
or more
Docetaxel- 23% response rate
Irinotacan- 23% response rate
Paclitaxel- 17-21% response rate
Complete remission is extremely rare and remission duration is 3-5 months.
COMBINATION CCT
Reliable response in 25-50% of patients
Median survival of 3-5 months
CCT
80. TAXANE REGIMEN
PHASE II TRIAL
-Docetaxel plus cisplatin- response rate of 28-46% and median survival is 10.5 -11.4
month
PHASE III TRIAL
DCF CF
RESPONSE RATE 69% 59%
CCT OR BSC
- All the trials have showed better survival with CCT
81. ROLE OF TARGETED THERAPY(TOGA)
Patients with overexpression of HER2 by IHC or by FISH
Trastuzumab+
cis/5-FU
Cis/5-FU
MEDIAN OS 13.5 month 11.1 month
82. SEQUELAE OF THERAPY
• Anorexia, nausea, and fatigue -very common.
• Nutritional complications and myelo-suppression-especially in CRT
Need careful nutritional support councelling and antiemetic therapy.
Blood counts monitoring twice weekly during CRT to avoid sepsis or bleeding.
Achlorohydria –
16 to 36 Gy reduce secretion of pepsin and HCL (25% to 40%) persisting 1 to 6 m, with
25% upto 1 to 5 yrs or more.
• Gastric late effects categorized by the Walter Reed Group
dyspepsia,
radiation gastritis,
uncomplicated gastric ulcer,
gastric ulcer with perforation
obstruction
87. CONCLUSION
Endoscopy with direct visualisation, cytology and biopsy yields the
diagnosis in > 90% of patients.
Locally advanced disease is the most common presentation.
Only curative treatment is surgical resection of all gross and microscopic
disease.
Even after curative gastrectomy, disease recurs in local or distant site or
both in the majority of patients.
Efforts to improve these poor results have focused on developing pre and
postoperative systemic and local adjuvant therapies.
Chemoradiation is the preferred adjuvant modality in patients with stage
IB, II, IIIA, IIIB or IIIc and M0 gastric cancer.
In case of locally unresectable disease, combined modality therapy is
reasonable approach.