This document discusses various clinical trials related to stomach cancer treatment. It summarizes that:
1) The D2 dissection surgery showed better local control and reduced gastric cancer deaths compared to D1 dissection.
2) Perioperative chemotherapy was found to be better than surgery alone in reducing tumor size and death rates based on the MAGIC trial.
3) The FLOT regimen showed improved survival over ECF/ECX as perioperative chemotherapy in locally advanced gastric cancer.
4) Postoperative chemotherapy provides a survival benefit compared to surgery alone based on meta-analysis results. The CLASSIC trial also showed improved outcomes with adjuvant capecitabine and oxaliplatin.
Perioperative chemotherapy has been shown to improve outcomes for resectable gastric cancer compared to surgery alone. Multiple large randomized controlled trials have found that perioperative chemotherapy results in higher R0 resection rates, improved progression-free survival, and overall survival compared to surgery alone. The addition of preoperative chemoradiotherapy to perioperative chemotherapy did not provide additional benefits in overall survival or progression-free survival compared to perioperative chemotherapy alone in one large trial. Ongoing trials are evaluating whether preoperative chemoradiotherapy can be safely added to improve outcomes further.
This document discusses the management of carcinoma of the stomach. It outlines the various treatment options including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and chemoradiation. For localized resectable disease, surgery with D2 lymph node dissection is the primary treatment. Adjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiation is recommended to improve outcomes. For locally advanced or metastatic disease, combination chemotherapy is used. Trials have shown perioperative and adjuvant chemotherapy with fluoropyrimidine-based regimens provide a survival benefit.
Gastric cancer is the 4th most common cancer and 2nd leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, and genetic syndromes. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type, usually diagnosed in advanced stages with nonspecific symptoms. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy. Treatment depends on stage, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Combined modality treatment with perioperative or adjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiation has shown improved survival compared to surgery alone.
This document summarizes the treatment of rectal cancer, including various surgical approaches and the role of adjuvant therapy. It discusses that surgery alone results in high local recurrence rates of 20-50%, but that a multimodality approach with neoadjuvant treatment significantly improves outcomes. The main surgical procedures for rectal cancer are described as local excision, low anterior resection, and abdominoperineal resection. Total mesorectal excision surgery has reduced local recurrence rates compared to conventional surgery. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is now the standard of care based on evidence from clinical trials showing it improves local control and survival over surgery alone or postoperative chemoradiotherapy.
This document discusses treatment options for operable gastric cancer. It notes that surgical resection is currently the only potentially curative treatment, and recommends resection for all non-metastatic cancers. While the optimal extent of lymphadenectomy is still debated, removing a minimum of 15 lymph nodes is recommended. Adjuvant chemotherapy, chemoradiation, and perioperative chemotherapy are strategies that can increase cure rates. Preoperative chemotherapy followed by postoperative chemoradiation may also improve outcomes compared to postoperative treatment alone.
Indications and rt techniques in liver,gb & pancreasDr.Amrita Rakesh
1. The document discusses the anatomy, staging, and treatment options for pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, and gallbladder cancer including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and newer techniques like stereotactic body radiation therapy.
2. Key points include that surgical resection offers the only chance for cure in pancreatic cancer but is only possible in 20% of cases, and adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemoradiation can improve outcomes. For liver cancer, options include resection, transplantation, ablation, embolization, and stereotactic body radiation has shown promise in early studies.
3. Guidelines for contouring targets and organs at risk in radiation therapy for the pancreas and liver are also reviewed.
1) Preoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy can downstage tumors and increase resection rates for stomach cancer compared to surgery alone.
2) The MAGIC trial showed perioperative chemotherapy improved survival rates over surgery alone by reducing tumor size and stage.
3) The TOPGEAR trial is currently testing adding preoperative chemoradiotherapy to perioperative chemotherapy to further improve outcomes. Interim results found it to be safe and feasible.
This document summarizes the management of carcinoma of the oesophagus. It discusses the AJCC TNM classification and staging for squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. It also describes surgical options like esophagectomy and conservative procedures. Non-surgical treatments including chemotherapy regimens, radiotherapy alone or with chemotherapy are mentioned. Several studies evaluating the role of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy prior to surgery are summarized. Meta-analyses demonstrating improved survival with neoadjuvant therapy are also highlighted.
Perioperative chemotherapy has been shown to improve outcomes for resectable gastric cancer compared to surgery alone. Multiple large randomized controlled trials have found that perioperative chemotherapy results in higher R0 resection rates, improved progression-free survival, and overall survival compared to surgery alone. The addition of preoperative chemoradiotherapy to perioperative chemotherapy did not provide additional benefits in overall survival or progression-free survival compared to perioperative chemotherapy alone in one large trial. Ongoing trials are evaluating whether preoperative chemoradiotherapy can be safely added to improve outcomes further.
This document discusses the management of carcinoma of the stomach. It outlines the various treatment options including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and chemoradiation. For localized resectable disease, surgery with D2 lymph node dissection is the primary treatment. Adjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiation is recommended to improve outcomes. For locally advanced or metastatic disease, combination chemotherapy is used. Trials have shown perioperative and adjuvant chemotherapy with fluoropyrimidine-based regimens provide a survival benefit.
Gastric cancer is the 4th most common cancer and 2nd leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, and genetic syndromes. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type, usually diagnosed in advanced stages with nonspecific symptoms. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy. Treatment depends on stage, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Combined modality treatment with perioperative or adjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiation has shown improved survival compared to surgery alone.
This document summarizes the treatment of rectal cancer, including various surgical approaches and the role of adjuvant therapy. It discusses that surgery alone results in high local recurrence rates of 20-50%, but that a multimodality approach with neoadjuvant treatment significantly improves outcomes. The main surgical procedures for rectal cancer are described as local excision, low anterior resection, and abdominoperineal resection. Total mesorectal excision surgery has reduced local recurrence rates compared to conventional surgery. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is now the standard of care based on evidence from clinical trials showing it improves local control and survival over surgery alone or postoperative chemoradiotherapy.
This document discusses treatment options for operable gastric cancer. It notes that surgical resection is currently the only potentially curative treatment, and recommends resection for all non-metastatic cancers. While the optimal extent of lymphadenectomy is still debated, removing a minimum of 15 lymph nodes is recommended. Adjuvant chemotherapy, chemoradiation, and perioperative chemotherapy are strategies that can increase cure rates. Preoperative chemotherapy followed by postoperative chemoradiation may also improve outcomes compared to postoperative treatment alone.
Indications and rt techniques in liver,gb & pancreasDr.Amrita Rakesh
1. The document discusses the anatomy, staging, and treatment options for pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, and gallbladder cancer including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and newer techniques like stereotactic body radiation therapy.
2. Key points include that surgical resection offers the only chance for cure in pancreatic cancer but is only possible in 20% of cases, and adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemoradiation can improve outcomes. For liver cancer, options include resection, transplantation, ablation, embolization, and stereotactic body radiation has shown promise in early studies.
3. Guidelines for contouring targets and organs at risk in radiation therapy for the pancreas and liver are also reviewed.
1) Preoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy can downstage tumors and increase resection rates for stomach cancer compared to surgery alone.
2) The MAGIC trial showed perioperative chemotherapy improved survival rates over surgery alone by reducing tumor size and stage.
3) The TOPGEAR trial is currently testing adding preoperative chemoradiotherapy to perioperative chemotherapy to further improve outcomes. Interim results found it to be safe and feasible.
This document summarizes the management of carcinoma of the oesophagus. It discusses the AJCC TNM classification and staging for squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. It also describes surgical options like esophagectomy and conservative procedures. Non-surgical treatments including chemotherapy regimens, radiotherapy alone or with chemotherapy are mentioned. Several studies evaluating the role of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy prior to surgery are summarized. Meta-analyses demonstrating improved survival with neoadjuvant therapy are also highlighted.
Radiotherapy alone is not recommended for treatment of caesophagus due to low survival rates. Combined modality therapy including preoperative chemoradiation, perioperative chemotherapy, definitive chemoradiation and postoperative chemoradiation can improve outcomes. The FLOT4 trial showed improved overall survival with perioperative FLOT chemotherapy compared to ECF/ECX. Molecular testing for HER2, MSI, PD-L1 expression and other markers can help guide use of targeted therapies like trastuzumab and nivolumab.
This document provides information on the investigations, management, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and treatment algorithm for gastric cancer. It discusses the role of endoscopy, CT, EUS, PET/CT, MRI, and laparoscopic staging in evaluating gastric cancer. It describes the principles and types of surgery, including endoscopic mucosal resection, gastrectomy, and lymph node dissection. It outlines the evidence for adjuvant radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy post-operatively. It also discusses chemotherapy regimens for locally advanced and metastatic gastric cancer.
This document discusses treatment options for gastric cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. It covers various lymph node dissection classifications (D0-D2) and their roles in different stages of disease. Adjuvant therapies like chemotherapy and chemoradiation are recommended after surgery to improve survival outcomes. Perioperative and postoperative chemotherapy are supported by clinical trials to be beneficial in resectable gastric cancer.
This document discusses the management of gastric cancer. It outlines the treatment approaches for localized (stage I-III) and metastatic (stage IV) disease. For localized disease, options include endoscopic mucosal resection, limited surgical resection, or gastrectomy depending on the stage, followed by lymph node dissection and adjuvant chemoradiation or chemotherapy. For metastatic disease, chemotherapy is the standard treatment approach. The document provides details on surgical procedures, lymph node dissection approaches, radiotherapy techniques, and the role of perioperative and adjuvant chemotherapy based on clinical trials.
1. Management of carcinoma of the pancreas involves staging and treatment based on whether the cancer is resectable, borderline resectable, locally advanced, or metastatic.
2. For resectable disease, surgery with lymph node dissection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy is recommended.
3. Borderline resectable disease may be treated with neoadjuvant therapy to potentially make the tumor resectable followed by surgery.
4. Locally advanced and unresectable disease can be treated with chemotherapy alone or chemoradiotherapy.
This document summarizes the current state of gastric cancer treatment and discusses the potential benefits of neoadjuvant (pre-operative) therapies. It finds that gastric cancer survival rates remain low despite adjuvant (post-operative) therapies. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is shown to improve resectability and survival compared to surgery alone in two randomized controlled trials, demonstrating its potential as an alternative approach. The document concludes that perioperative chemotherapy can downstage tumors and improve both overall and disease-free survival for gastric cancer patients.
1) There are multiple options for adjuvant and perioperative treatment of resectable gastric cancer according to different guidelines.
2) Adjuvant chemotherapy is supported by evidence from trials like INT-0116 and CALGB 80101, while adjuvant chemoradiotherapy has evidence from the Macdonald trial for less than D2 surgery.
3) Perioperative chemotherapy has level 1 evidence from trials like MAGIC, FNCLCC, and FLOT4 showing improved survival compared to surgery alone. Regimens include ECF/ECX, PF, and FLOT.
The document summarizes evidence and guidelines for managing locally advanced rectal cancer. It discusses that neoadjuvant chemoradiation is preferred over postoperative chemoradiation based on trials showing lower local recurrence rates and less toxicity. Long-course neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery 6-8 weeks later is the standard approach. Post-treatment assessment of tumor response helps predict outcomes, with complete response indicating a good prognosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery may further improve survival based on meta-analyses of trials. Guidelines recommend a multidisciplinary, tailored approach incorporating staging, treatment response, and patient factors.
This study compared outcomes of 61 gastric cancer patients treated with postoperative chemoradiotherapy using either intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) or 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D CRT). The 2-year overall survival rates were 51% for 3D CRT and 65% for IMRT, with no significant difference. Locoregional failure occurred in 15% of 3D CRT patients and 13% of IMRT patients. Both the 2-year disease-free survival and local control rates were similar between the two groups. Overall, the study found no significant differences in outcomes between IMRT and 3D CRT for adjuvant therapy of gastric cancer.
This document discusses the management of locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). Key points:
1. LABC includes stages IIIA, IIIB, IIIC breast cancer with large tumors (>5cm), chest wall involvement, skin ulcers, or fixed lymph nodes. Inflammatory breast cancer is an aggressive subtype of LABC.
2. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, imaging like mammography and MRI, and biopsy. Staging workup includes labs, imaging of chest, abdomen, pelvis and bone.
3. Treatment involves neoadjuvant chemotherapy to downstage the cancer and allow for surgery. Surgery may include mastectomy or breast conservation. Postoperative radiation and endocrine therapy
This document discusses the management of Wilms tumor and the role of radiotherapy. It covers the epidemiology, molecular biology, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, staging, pathology, treatment options according to NWTS and SIOP protocols, and long-term treatment outcomes from NWTS trials. Radiotherapy techniques for flank irradiation, whole abdominal irradiation, whole lung irradiation, and conformal planning are also described.
This document discusses anal carcinoma. It covers the overview, risk factors which include HPV and anal intercourse, and the strong association with HPV-16 and HPV-18. It also discusses risk reduction through treatment of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia, a precursor to anal cancer. The anatomy of the anal region and canal is described. Sentinel nodes are the inguinal nodes. Primary treatment of non-metastatic anal cancer involves chemotherapy with radiotherapy to improve local control and reduce colostomies.
This document discusses the management of oropharyngeal cancer. It begins by stating the goals of treatment are functional organ preservation and minimizing treatment-induced morbidity while maintaining cure rates. For early stage disease, single modality radiotherapy or surgery is usually sufficient. For advanced stages, surgery plus radiation or chemoradiation are recommended based on risk factors. It then discusses treatment options and outcomes for different subsites within the oropharynx and the benefits of adjuvant therapy or altered fractionation schedules for radiotherapy.
Beat the Odds: New Treatments for Pancreatic Cancer - 12.6.18Summit Health
Presenter(s): Zubin M. Bamboat, MD, FACS, Surgical Oncologist; David Gallinson, DO, Oncologist
Pancreatic cancer is often a silent killer. While surgery provides the only chance for a cure, many patients are inoperable by the time they develop symptoms. Join us to learn all about pancreatic cancer, including risk factors and symptoms. Our experts will discuss how they are combating this deadly disease by using the latest in adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapies, surgery and novel medical treatments.
Rectal carcinoma is primarily treated with surgery involving a total mesorectal excision to achieve negative margins. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation is used to reduce local recurrence risk for transmural or node-positive cancers. Response to neoadjuvant therapy determines prognosis and need for adjuvant treatment, with better response associated with improved outcomes. Adjuvant chemotherapy may improve disease-free survival for stage II-III cancers receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery. Surgical options include low anterior resection or abdominoperineal resection. Metastatic disease has a poor prognosis and is evaluated for resectability and treatment with chemotherapy.
This document discusses updates in radiation therapy for colorectal cancers. It covers clinical features and prognostic markers for different locations of colorectal cancer. It discusses the goals and need for a multidisciplinary approach in treating rectal cancers. It compares pre-operative vs postoperative chemoradiation and short course vs long course radiation. It also discusses omitting adjuvant chemotherapy for some patients and contouring guidelines for radiotherapy planning.
Topic-Driven Round Table on Low Grade Serous Ovarian Cancerbkling
A discussion about low grade serous ovarian cancer with Dr. Amanda Nickles Fader, Director of Kelly Gynecologic Oncology Service, Johns Hopkins Hospital. This type of ovarian cancer behaves differently and is treated differently than other ovarian cancers. Join the conversation to learn more and ask an expert your questions.
This document discusses the management of ovarian cancer. It covers risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) for high-risk patients, surgical staging techniques including open and minimally invasive approaches, management of early-stage disease including adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation, cytoreductive surgery and goals for advanced-stage disease, and the role of interval debulking surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Complete resection of all tumor is the optimal outcome for advanced ovarian cancer to improve survival outcomes.
1) Preoperative chemoradiotherapy improves local control rates and tumor downstaging for rectal cancer compared to postoperative chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy alone.
2) The addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy, whether in the preoperative or postoperative setting, improves local control and disease-free survival compared to radiotherapy alone.
3) For patients who achieve a clinical complete response after preoperative chemoradiotherapy, observation without surgery may be feasible, with local recurrence rates of approximately 30% that can often be successfully salvaged.
This document discusses the management of endometrial carcinoma. It covers diagnosis through clinical examinations and investigations. Surgical staging is now standard practice to better guide adjuvant therapy. Prognostic factors include stage, grade, depth of invasion and nodal involvement. Treatment involves surgery, with radiation therapy and chemotherapy used for more advanced or high risk cases. Ongoing follow up is also recommended.
Three clinical trials comparing different treatments for oropharynx and larynx cancer were summarized:
1. RTOG 9003 found that hyperfractionated RT showed significantly improved OS and LRC compared to standard fractionation for advanced cancers. Acute toxicities were similar between arms.
2. GORTEC 9902 and the study by Brizel et al. found CCRT with altered fractionation like hyperfractionation or accelerated fractionation improved outcomes over RT alone.
3. RTOG 9501 and EORTC 22931 showed that for cancers with high-risk features, adjuvant chemoRT with cisplatin improved locoregional control and DFS compared to RT alone, with
Radiotherapy alone is not recommended for treatment of caesophagus due to low survival rates. Combined modality therapy including preoperative chemoradiation, perioperative chemotherapy, definitive chemoradiation and postoperative chemoradiation can improve outcomes. The FLOT4 trial showed improved overall survival with perioperative FLOT chemotherapy compared to ECF/ECX. Molecular testing for HER2, MSI, PD-L1 expression and other markers can help guide use of targeted therapies like trastuzumab and nivolumab.
This document provides information on the investigations, management, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and treatment algorithm for gastric cancer. It discusses the role of endoscopy, CT, EUS, PET/CT, MRI, and laparoscopic staging in evaluating gastric cancer. It describes the principles and types of surgery, including endoscopic mucosal resection, gastrectomy, and lymph node dissection. It outlines the evidence for adjuvant radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy post-operatively. It also discusses chemotherapy regimens for locally advanced and metastatic gastric cancer.
This document discusses treatment options for gastric cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. It covers various lymph node dissection classifications (D0-D2) and their roles in different stages of disease. Adjuvant therapies like chemotherapy and chemoradiation are recommended after surgery to improve survival outcomes. Perioperative and postoperative chemotherapy are supported by clinical trials to be beneficial in resectable gastric cancer.
This document discusses the management of gastric cancer. It outlines the treatment approaches for localized (stage I-III) and metastatic (stage IV) disease. For localized disease, options include endoscopic mucosal resection, limited surgical resection, or gastrectomy depending on the stage, followed by lymph node dissection and adjuvant chemoradiation or chemotherapy. For metastatic disease, chemotherapy is the standard treatment approach. The document provides details on surgical procedures, lymph node dissection approaches, radiotherapy techniques, and the role of perioperative and adjuvant chemotherapy based on clinical trials.
1. Management of carcinoma of the pancreas involves staging and treatment based on whether the cancer is resectable, borderline resectable, locally advanced, or metastatic.
2. For resectable disease, surgery with lymph node dissection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy is recommended.
3. Borderline resectable disease may be treated with neoadjuvant therapy to potentially make the tumor resectable followed by surgery.
4. Locally advanced and unresectable disease can be treated with chemotherapy alone or chemoradiotherapy.
This document summarizes the current state of gastric cancer treatment and discusses the potential benefits of neoadjuvant (pre-operative) therapies. It finds that gastric cancer survival rates remain low despite adjuvant (post-operative) therapies. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is shown to improve resectability and survival compared to surgery alone in two randomized controlled trials, demonstrating its potential as an alternative approach. The document concludes that perioperative chemotherapy can downstage tumors and improve both overall and disease-free survival for gastric cancer patients.
1) There are multiple options for adjuvant and perioperative treatment of resectable gastric cancer according to different guidelines.
2) Adjuvant chemotherapy is supported by evidence from trials like INT-0116 and CALGB 80101, while adjuvant chemoradiotherapy has evidence from the Macdonald trial for less than D2 surgery.
3) Perioperative chemotherapy has level 1 evidence from trials like MAGIC, FNCLCC, and FLOT4 showing improved survival compared to surgery alone. Regimens include ECF/ECX, PF, and FLOT.
The document summarizes evidence and guidelines for managing locally advanced rectal cancer. It discusses that neoadjuvant chemoradiation is preferred over postoperative chemoradiation based on trials showing lower local recurrence rates and less toxicity. Long-course neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery 6-8 weeks later is the standard approach. Post-treatment assessment of tumor response helps predict outcomes, with complete response indicating a good prognosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery may further improve survival based on meta-analyses of trials. Guidelines recommend a multidisciplinary, tailored approach incorporating staging, treatment response, and patient factors.
This study compared outcomes of 61 gastric cancer patients treated with postoperative chemoradiotherapy using either intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) or 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D CRT). The 2-year overall survival rates were 51% for 3D CRT and 65% for IMRT, with no significant difference. Locoregional failure occurred in 15% of 3D CRT patients and 13% of IMRT patients. Both the 2-year disease-free survival and local control rates were similar between the two groups. Overall, the study found no significant differences in outcomes between IMRT and 3D CRT for adjuvant therapy of gastric cancer.
This document discusses the management of locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). Key points:
1. LABC includes stages IIIA, IIIB, IIIC breast cancer with large tumors (>5cm), chest wall involvement, skin ulcers, or fixed lymph nodes. Inflammatory breast cancer is an aggressive subtype of LABC.
2. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, imaging like mammography and MRI, and biopsy. Staging workup includes labs, imaging of chest, abdomen, pelvis and bone.
3. Treatment involves neoadjuvant chemotherapy to downstage the cancer and allow for surgery. Surgery may include mastectomy or breast conservation. Postoperative radiation and endocrine therapy
This document discusses the management of Wilms tumor and the role of radiotherapy. It covers the epidemiology, molecular biology, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, staging, pathology, treatment options according to NWTS and SIOP protocols, and long-term treatment outcomes from NWTS trials. Radiotherapy techniques for flank irradiation, whole abdominal irradiation, whole lung irradiation, and conformal planning are also described.
This document discusses anal carcinoma. It covers the overview, risk factors which include HPV and anal intercourse, and the strong association with HPV-16 and HPV-18. It also discusses risk reduction through treatment of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia, a precursor to anal cancer. The anatomy of the anal region and canal is described. Sentinel nodes are the inguinal nodes. Primary treatment of non-metastatic anal cancer involves chemotherapy with radiotherapy to improve local control and reduce colostomies.
This document discusses the management of oropharyngeal cancer. It begins by stating the goals of treatment are functional organ preservation and minimizing treatment-induced morbidity while maintaining cure rates. For early stage disease, single modality radiotherapy or surgery is usually sufficient. For advanced stages, surgery plus radiation or chemoradiation are recommended based on risk factors. It then discusses treatment options and outcomes for different subsites within the oropharynx and the benefits of adjuvant therapy or altered fractionation schedules for radiotherapy.
Beat the Odds: New Treatments for Pancreatic Cancer - 12.6.18Summit Health
Presenter(s): Zubin M. Bamboat, MD, FACS, Surgical Oncologist; David Gallinson, DO, Oncologist
Pancreatic cancer is often a silent killer. While surgery provides the only chance for a cure, many patients are inoperable by the time they develop symptoms. Join us to learn all about pancreatic cancer, including risk factors and symptoms. Our experts will discuss how they are combating this deadly disease by using the latest in adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapies, surgery and novel medical treatments.
Rectal carcinoma is primarily treated with surgery involving a total mesorectal excision to achieve negative margins. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation is used to reduce local recurrence risk for transmural or node-positive cancers. Response to neoadjuvant therapy determines prognosis and need for adjuvant treatment, with better response associated with improved outcomes. Adjuvant chemotherapy may improve disease-free survival for stage II-III cancers receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery. Surgical options include low anterior resection or abdominoperineal resection. Metastatic disease has a poor prognosis and is evaluated for resectability and treatment with chemotherapy.
This document discusses updates in radiation therapy for colorectal cancers. It covers clinical features and prognostic markers for different locations of colorectal cancer. It discusses the goals and need for a multidisciplinary approach in treating rectal cancers. It compares pre-operative vs postoperative chemoradiation and short course vs long course radiation. It also discusses omitting adjuvant chemotherapy for some patients and contouring guidelines for radiotherapy planning.
Topic-Driven Round Table on Low Grade Serous Ovarian Cancerbkling
A discussion about low grade serous ovarian cancer with Dr. Amanda Nickles Fader, Director of Kelly Gynecologic Oncology Service, Johns Hopkins Hospital. This type of ovarian cancer behaves differently and is treated differently than other ovarian cancers. Join the conversation to learn more and ask an expert your questions.
This document discusses the management of ovarian cancer. It covers risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) for high-risk patients, surgical staging techniques including open and minimally invasive approaches, management of early-stage disease including adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation, cytoreductive surgery and goals for advanced-stage disease, and the role of interval debulking surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Complete resection of all tumor is the optimal outcome for advanced ovarian cancer to improve survival outcomes.
1) Preoperative chemoradiotherapy improves local control rates and tumor downstaging for rectal cancer compared to postoperative chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy alone.
2) The addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy, whether in the preoperative or postoperative setting, improves local control and disease-free survival compared to radiotherapy alone.
3) For patients who achieve a clinical complete response after preoperative chemoradiotherapy, observation without surgery may be feasible, with local recurrence rates of approximately 30% that can often be successfully salvaged.
This document discusses the management of endometrial carcinoma. It covers diagnosis through clinical examinations and investigations. Surgical staging is now standard practice to better guide adjuvant therapy. Prognostic factors include stage, grade, depth of invasion and nodal involvement. Treatment involves surgery, with radiation therapy and chemotherapy used for more advanced or high risk cases. Ongoing follow up is also recommended.
Three clinical trials comparing different treatments for oropharynx and larynx cancer were summarized:
1. RTOG 9003 found that hyperfractionated RT showed significantly improved OS and LRC compared to standard fractionation for advanced cancers. Acute toxicities were similar between arms.
2. GORTEC 9902 and the study by Brizel et al. found CCRT with altered fractionation like hyperfractionation or accelerated fractionation improved outcomes over RT alone.
3. RTOG 9501 and EORTC 22931 showed that for cancers with high-risk features, adjuvant chemoRT with cisplatin improved locoregional control and DFS compared to RT alone, with
The document discusses the management of oropharynx carcinoma. The goals of management are to maximize survival while minimizing morbidity given the site's involvement in speech, swallowing and airway. Management includes radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery. Radiotherapy techniques discussed include IMRT, hyperfractionation and concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Chemotherapy regimens used concurrently with radiotherapy include cisplatin or carboplatin with infusional 5-FU. Brachytherapy is also discussed as a boost technique for oropharynx carcinoma.
The document discusses the anatomy and histology of the endometrium, the lining of the uterus. It then covers endometrial cancer, including risk factors, common presentations, workup involving endometrial biopsy and imaging, and staging. Treatment is discussed for each stage, with surgery being primary treatment and adjuvant therapy depending on grade, myometrial invasion, and other pathological factors. Sentinel lymph node biopsy and recent advances are also mentioned.
1) A cell survival curve shows the relationship between the proportion of cells surviving and the radiation dose or dose of a cell-killing agent. It is used to assess the biological effectiveness of radiation.
2) Radiation can kill cells through direct damage, free radical injury, apoptosis, mitotic death, bystander effects, autophagy, and senescence. The mechanism of cell death influences whether the survival curve is linear or has a shoulder.
3) Factors that influence the cell survival curve include linear energy transfer (LET), cell cycle stage, intrinsic radiosensitivity, genetic factors, and fractionation of radiation doses. Higher LET radiation and apoptosis result in a more linear curve, while lower LET
Hyperthermia involves heating tumor tissue above normal body temperature to damage and kill cancer cells. It has been used experimentally for thousands of years to treat tumors. Effects are due to protein damage within cells. Hyperthermia can enhance the effects of radiation therapy by making tumor cells more sensitive. Temperature and exposure time determine cell death in a predictable way. Factors like pH, oxygen levels, and cell cycle stage influence response. Temperature is monitored and thermal dose is calculated to determine treatment effectiveness. Hyperthermia shows promise for improving cancer treatments when combined with other therapies.
The document discusses the anatomy, histology, staging, and workup of esophageal cancer. It describes the esophagus as a hollow muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach. Esophageal cancer most often presents with dysphagia and can spread through lymphatic channels or directly invade nearby structures. Staging involves endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, CT, and PET scans to determine the depth of invasion and presence of metastases.
This document summarizes the anatomy, pathology, and epidemiology of breast cancer. It discusses the embryology, gross anatomy, histology, and molecular classification of the breast. It also describes the epidemiology of breast cancer, noting key risk factors like family history, age, reproductive history, hormone exposure, radiation exposure, BMI, physical activity, and diet. Screening and management of breast cancer is available at various levels of healthcare centers in India.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
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Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
2. SURGERY – D1 /D2 ?
• The Dutch Gastric Cancer trial
• Sogun et al
• 1989 – 1993
• 711 patients
• Gastric adenoca
• D1 vs D2 resection
• Follow 15 .2 years
3. • 15 YR OS – 21% VS 29% D1 Vs D2
P VALUE- 0.34
• Death due to gastric cancer is low in D2 dissection
• P value ( 0.01)
• Death due to other cause is low in D2 dissection
• P value (0.12)
• Conclusion – local control, regional recurrence ,liver
metastasis ,death due to cancer , were significantly
low in D2 dissection and hence preferred.
4. PERIOP CHEMO VS SURGERY
ALONE
• MAGIC trial
• 1994- 2002
• 503 patients
• Surgery Vs periop chemo & surgery
• peri op chemo arm - 3 cycles of ECF before and 3 cycles after surgery given
• ECF – Epirubicin , cisplatin , 5FU
5. Results :
the median tumor diameter shrink from 5 to 3 cm pvalue <0.001
Less advanced pathological nodal disease p < 00.1
5 yr os – 13% increase
25 % reduction in death in perop chemo ar
Conclusion ;
• peri op chemotherapy is better than surgery alone in gastric cancer .
7. ECF /ECX
• 360 Patient
• to receive either three pre-
operative and three
postoperative 3-week cycles of
• 50 mg/m2 epirubicin and
• 60 mg/m2 cisplatin on day 1 plus
• either 200 mg/m2 fluorouracil
as continuous intravenous
infusion ECF
• or 1250 mg/m2 capecitabine
orally on days 1 to 21 ECX
FLOT
• 356 patients
• four preoperative and four
postoperative 2-week cycles of
• 50 mg/m2 docetaxel,
• 85 mg/m2 oxaliplatin,
• 200 mg/m2 leucovorin and
• 2600 mg/m2 fluorouracil as 24-h
infusion on day 1
8. ECF
• Median survival –
• 50 month
• Toxicity – 27%
FLOT
• Median survival –
• 35 months
• Toxicity -27%
In locally advanced, resectable gastric or gastro-oesophageal
junction adenocarcinoma, perioperative FLOT improved overall
survival compared with perioperative ECF/ECX.
9. In locally advanced,
resectable gastric or
gastro-oesophageal
junction
adenocarcinoma,
perioperative FLOT
improved overall
survival compared with
perioperative ECF/ECX.
10. • Peri op chemo is better than surgery
• So now
• pre op chemo – surgery – post op chemo RT
along with chemo
• Is beneficial or not ?
• CRITICS TRIAL
11. CRITICS I – ChemoRadiotherapy After
Induction ChemoTherapy In Cancer Stomach I
• 2007 – 2015
• 788 patients
• Arm A- Chemo +surgery +chemo
Vs
• Arm B- chemo +surgery + chemoRT
• Surgery – curative , chemo – ECF , RT - EBRT 45Gy
• median OS 43 months vs 37 months p = 0.90
• 5yr SR 42% vs 40%
• CONCLUSION : no significant benefits between two
arms.
12. ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY
• GASTRIC – (Global Advanced/Adjuvant Stomach Tumor
Research International Collaboration) group
• Meta analysis of 17 trials
• Adjuvant chemotherapy vs surgery alone
• Adj chemo – Fluoropyrimidine group
• Follow up 7 years
• 5 year OS 49.6% vs 55.3%
• P – 0.001 significant
• Conclusion – post operative chemotherapy with
fluorouracil based regimen shows survival benefits than
surgery alone.
13. CLASSIC -
• AIM: To evaluate effect of adjuvant chemotherapy with
capecitabine and oxaliplatin after D2 gastrectomy in gastric
cancer
• . Done in Korea China & Taiwan
• Stage Ib-IVA
• • Curative D2 gastrectomy was carried out within 6 weeks before
randomisation.
• At least 15 lymph nodes were examined to ensure adequate
disease classification
14. • Eight 3-week cycles of
Capecitabine (1000 mg/m2
BID on D1-14)
• IV Oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 on
D1
• Only 67% of the pts in the
chemo arm received all 8
cycles of chemotherapy
• 90% patients dose
modifications vio adverse
events
1035patients
515 patients –
surgery alone
520 – sx f/b
adj chemo
15. • Conclusion – adjuvant treatment with capecitabine
plus oxaliplatin after D2 gastrectomy should be
considered for operable stage II or stage III gastric
cancer
3yr
DFS
3YR OS 5YR OS 5YR DFS
ADJ
CHEMO
74% 83% 78% 68%
SURGERY
ALONE
59% 78% 69% 53%
P VALUE <0.001 0.0493 0.0015 <0.001
16. Macdonald et al
• 556 patients randomly assigned
• to surgery plus postoperative chemoradiotherapy
• Vs
• surgery alone.
• The adjuvant treatment:
• 425 mg 5FU, plus 20 mg for five days,
• 45Gy/ 25# /1.8Gy with fluorouracil and leucovorin
• One month after the completion of radiotherapy, two
five-day cycles of fluorouracil 425 mg plus leucovorin
17. Post operative chemo radiotherapy is given for
patients with high risk features, gastric
carcinoma
Surgery alone
• Median survival – 27
months
Surgery + adj chemo RT
• Median survival 36
months
• P<0.001
19. • Treatment was completed as planned by 75.4% of patients in the
XP arm and 81.7% in the XP/XRT/XP arm.
• Overall, the addition of XRT to XP chemotherapy did not
significantly prolong disease-free survival (DFS; P = .0862).
• in the subgroup of patients with pathologic lymph node
metastasis at the time of surgery (n = 396), patients randomly
assigned to the XP/XRT/XP arm experienced superior DFS when
compared with those who received XP alone (P = .0365), and the
statistical significance P = .0471).
• CONCLUSION :
• The addition of XRT to XP chemotherapy did not significantly
reduce recurrence after curative resection and D2 lymph node
dissection in gastric cancer.
• A subsequent trial (ARTIST-II) in patients with lymph node-positive
gastric cancer is planned.
20. After surgery adjuvant RT /
observation ?
SWOG - Intergroup trial 0116
• Between 1991 – 1998
• 559 patients
• T3 or higher, N+ disease
• Surgery alone Vs Surgery f/b adj chemo RT
• Adj arm – bolus FU , Leucovorin before , during and
after radiation therapy
21. Relapse status Surgery Surgery plus chemoRT
No relapse 24% 48%
Local 8% 2%
regional 39% 22%
Distant mets 18% 16%
Relapse free survival p – 0.001
Overall survival p- 0.004
Conclusion – in locally advanced cancer ADJUVANT CHEMO RT IS
BENEFICIAL THAN SURGERY ALONE.
22. TOGA - trastuzumab in gastro
oesopgaheal cancer
• In Her 2 neu positive inoperablelocally advanced
tumors, recurrence, metastatic adeno carcinoma
• Stomach and GE junction
• 594 patients
• 2005 – 2008
• Chemo vs chemo plus trastuzumab
• Median survival = 11 months vs 13.8months p = 0.0046
• Death rate decrease by 26% while adding trastuzumab.
• trastuzumab in Her 2 neu positive tumors – CAT 1
23. Key note 012
• 2013- 2014
• Advanced gastric and GE junction tumors
• Unresectable
• PDL1 positive tumors
• No discontinuation of therapy
• Overall response was noted in 22% patients.
• Pembrolizumab can be safely administered in these
patients.
• Now NIVOLUMAB is used in PDl_1 positive tumors (CAT
1)
24. FU in GIT tumors
• Moertal et al
• 1969
• 48 patients
• Unresectable gastric tumors
• 35 – 40Gy RT + 5 FU vs RT alone
• Median survival – 13 months vs 5.9 months p
<0.01
• FIRST TRAIL to demonstrate the benefit of FU in
GIT tract cancers
26. PATTERN OF RECURRENCE
• It is important the we know the pattern of
recureence , so that we ensure the proper
coverage in fields.
27.
28. TARGET VOLUME
Post op :
pre treatment diagnostic studies ( EUS, OGD, PET , CT
SCANS ) to identify the the tumor and nodal groups
and CLIP PLACEMENT TO IDENTIFY THE TUMOR,
GASTRIC BED, ANASTOMOSES, STUMPS
● The treatment of remaining stomach should
depend on balance of normal tissue morbidity at the
risk of local failure in the relapsed stomach
29. • Position –supine
• Portals –
• AP –PA
• Dose 50.4Gy
/28#/1.8Gy /#
• Shielding – 2/3 of right
kidney, left kidney ,
liver
30. BORDERS
• SUPERIOR - Bottom of T8 or T9 to cover celiac
axis, GE junction, fundus, and the dome of left
hemidiaphragm
• INFERIOR - Bottom of L3 to coveR
gastroduodenal nodes and antrum
• LEFT -Include two third to three Fourth of left
hemidiaphragm to cover fundus,
suprapancreatic nodes and splenic nodes
• RT LATERAL-3 to 4 cm lateral to vertebral
bodies to cover the antrum, porta hepatis, and
gastroduodenal nodes
• Dose of RT-45-50Gy/25#/5weeks, 1.8-2Gy/#
31. MODIFICATIONS
• To reduce spinal cord dose
• AP / PA with more weightage to anterior portal
• Four field technique
• Posterior oblique portals
32. SEQUELAE OF THERAPY
• Anorexia, nausea, and fatigue - very common.
• Nutritional complications and myelo-suppression-especially in CRT
• Need careful nutritional support councelling and antiemetic therapy.
• Blood counts monitoring twice weekly during CRT to avoid sepsis or
bleeding.
• Achlorohydria -
• 16 to 36 Gy reduce secretion of pepsin and HCL (25% to 40%)
persisting 1 to 6 m, with 25% upto 1 to 5 yrs or more.
• Gastric late effects categorized by the Walter Reed Group
dyspepsia,
radiation gastritis,
uncomplicated gastric ulcer,
gastric ulcer with perforation
obstruction