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- 1. Can Carbon Captureand Storage Clean up Fossil Fuels Geoffrey Thyne Enhanced Oil Recovery Institute University of Wyoming
- 2. Main Points Possiblewith current science and technologies. Future technological advances will reduce cost, improve efficiency and enhance safety. More scientific work needs to be done. There is technical knowledge and experience within petroleum industry. CCS is a potentially viable approach, but with legislation (international and national) creating a carbon-constrained world. Legal/Regulatory framework is under construction, but the political will is questionable. CCS industry will be on scale of oil and gas industry in terms of infrastructure, personnel and $$$. Expense is uncertain until large scale projects are completed, but the likely cost is on order of $1 trillion/year.
- 3. Carbon (Dioxide) Emissionsand Climate Change Increase in atmosphere is “linked” to climate changes. There is still no proof of the link.
- 4. Technology Options forStabilization The Stabilisation Wedge Emission trajectory to achieve 500ppm Emission trajectory BAU 1 GtC Slices of the Stabilisation Wedge
- 5. Carbon Capture andSequestration First step is capture of carbon applied to large point sources that currently emit 10,500MtCO2/year (e.g. power stations). CO2 would be compressed and transported for storage and use.
- 6. Large Stationary CO2Sources •carbon dioxide sources >0.1 MtCO2/yr •most (75 %) CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion/processing (coal-fired power plants are almost 3 wedges)
- 7. North American CO2Sources
- 8. Four basic systems Post combustion Pre combustion Oxyfuel Industrial All gas is mostly CO2 plus N2, CO, SO2, etc. All Methods capture 80-95% of CO2 Carbon Dioxide Capture
- 9. Carbon Dioxide Capture Matchingcaptured CO2 to target (P-T) Four basic systems Pre combustion Post combustion Oxyfuel Industrial Separation stage CO2
- 10. Carbon Captured vs.Carbon Avoided PC+ Capture (500 MW) Tons of CO2
- 11. Carbon Captured vs.Carbon Avoided PC+ Capture (500 MW) Tons of CO2 90% capture
- 12. Carbon Captured vs.Carbon Avoided PC+ Capture (500 MW) Tons of CO2 90% capture Carbon Captured
- 13. Carbon Captured vs.Carbon Avoided PC+ Capture (500 MW) Tons of CO2 90% capture Carbon Captured PC (500 MW)
- 14. Carbon Captured vs.Carbon Avoided
- 15. Sequestration Targets Terrestrial Release into the atmosphere for incorporation into biomass (short term - 10-100’s years) Oceanic Release into ocean for dissolution and dispersion (medium term – 100-1000’s years) Geologic Injection into subsurface (long term – 10,000-1,000,000’s years)
- 16. Sequestration Targets Atmospheric Oceanic Geologic
- 17. Sequestration Targets Atmospheric Oceanic Geologic Disposal into deep ocean locations Much of the ocean is deep enough for CO2 to remain liquid phase (average ocean depth is 12,460 feet) Largest potential storage capacity (2,000 - 12,000GtCO2 – worldwide) Storage time 100’s – 1000’s years Potential ecological damage (pH change) Models and small scale projects only Characteristics
- 18. Sequestration Targets Atmospheric Oceanic Geologic
- 19. Sequestration Targets Atmospheric Oceanic Geologic Disposal into subsurface locations Deep enough to remain supercritical (greater than 2500 feet depth) Large potential storage capacity (200 - 2,000GtCO2 worldwide) Storage time 10,000’s – 1,000,000’s years Potential ecological damage (point source leaks) 40+ years experience in petroleum EOR operations and sour gas disposal Characteristics
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- 21. Carbon Dioxide PhaseBehavior Supercritical Fluid is a liquid-like gas Gas-like viscosity, fluid-like compressibility and solvent behavior CO2 above critical T and P (31°C and 73.8 bar or 1085 psi) Density about 50% of water Combustion product from fossil fuel GHG Four phases of interest
- 22. Carbon Storage Geological Sequestration want to inject to greater than 800 m depth CO2 in supercritical state behaves like a fluid with properties that are mixture of liquid and gas also stores more in given volume price to pay in compressing gas
- 23. Terrestrial, Oceanicand Geologic P and T conditions. Ocean conditions allow disposal of liquid CO2 Geologic conditions allow disposal of supercritical CO2 Carbon Dioxide Phase Behavior and Sequestration
- 24. need geologicsite that will hold CO2 safely for 1000s of years – natural analogs four possible geologic targets enhanced oil and gas recovery depleted oil and gas fields saline aquifers enhanced CBM recovery Geological Carbon Sequestration
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- 26. Carbon Capture andSequestration
- 27. CCS relative cost Capture+ Pressurization Cost data from IGPCC 2005 Includes cost of compression to pipeline pressure (1500 psi) Separation stage CO2 45% difference
- 28. CCS relative cost Capture+ Pressurization + Transport Price highly dependent on volume per year. Includes construction, O&M, design, insurance, right of ways. for capacities of >5 MtCO2 yr-1 the cost is between 2 and 4 2002US$/tCO2 per 250km for an onshore pipe Separation stage CO2 37% difference
- 29. CCS relative cost Capture+ Pressurization + Transport + Storage (Oceanic and Geologic) Oceanic - For transport (ship) distance of 100- 500km and injection depths of 3000m Geologic - For storage in onshore, shallow, highly permeable reservoir with pre- existing infrastructure Separation stage CO2 31% difference 23% difference
- 30. CCS relative cost Capture+ Pressurization + Transport + Storage (Oceanic and Geologic) – EOR Offset Assuming oil price of $50 bbl. Without Sequestration Credit (Carbon Tax) Separation stage CO2
- 31. Pilot Projects Sleipner,Norway (North Sea) Weyburn Project, Saskatchewan (Canada)
- 32. Pilot Projects: Sleipner Sleipner is a North Sea gas field operated by Statoil, Norway’s largest oil company produces natural gas for European market in North Sea, hydrocarbons are produced from platforms
- 33. Pilot Projects: Sleipner special platform, Sleipner T, built to separate CO2 from natural gas supports 20 m (65 ft) tall, 8,000 ton treatment plant plant produces 1 million tons of CO2 also handles gas piped from Sleipner West Norway has a carbon tax of about $50/ton for any CO2 emitted to the atmosphere to avoid the tax, Statoil has re-injected CO2 underground since production began in 1996
- 34. production isfrom Heimdal Formation 2,500 m (8,200 ft) below sea level produces natural gas - mixture of hydrocarbons (methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), butane (C4H10)), gases (N2, O2, CO2, sulfur compounds, water) the natural gas at Sleipner has 9 % CO2 Pilot Projects: Sleipner
- 35. CO2 injectedinto Utsira Formation high porosity & permeability sandstone layer 250 m thick and 800 m (2,600 ft) below sea bed filled with saline water, not oil or gas CO2 storage capacity estimated at 600 billion tons (20 years of world CO2 emissions) millions tons CO2 stored since 1996 first commercial storage of CO2 in deep, saline aquifer Pilot Projects: Sleipner
- 36. seismic surveys conductedto determine location of CO2 results shown in diagram to left Optimum conditions for geophysical imaging Pilot Projects: Sleipner
- 37. Conclusions Ultimately CCSis viable only if legislation (international and national) produces a carbon-constrained world. Legal/Regulatory framework under construction. CCS industry will be on scale of oil and gas industry (largest in human history). Expense is uncertain until large scale project completed, but on order of $1 trillion/year to build CCS industry. Possible with current science and technologies. Future technological advances will reduce cost, improve efficiency and enhance safety. More scientific work needs to be done. There is technical knowledge and experience within petroleum industry.