Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in women and the second leading cause of cancer death in women after lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, more than 193,000 cases of breast cancer are diagnosed each year, with an estimated 40,000 deaths. About 1% of these cancers occur in men. This includes introduction its classification,etiology,clinical manifestations,diagnostic criteria,management.

1. Breast
Cancer
PRESENTED BY:- KANIKA
3RD YEAR
{Bsc. Nsg}

2. 1) INTRODUCTION to
BREAST CANCER
2) ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY OF BREAST
3) TYPES OF BREAST CANCER
4) ETIOLOGY
5) RISK FACTORS and
PROTECTIVE FACTORS
6) SIGNS and SYMPTOMS
7) DIAGNOSIS
8) MANAGEMENT
9) PROGNOSIS
10) PREVENTION
TABLE OF CONTENTS

3. INTRODUCTION
● Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in women and the second
leading cause of cancer death in women after lung cancer.
● According to the American Cancer Society, more than 193,000 cases of breast
cancer are diagnosed each year, with an estimated 40,000 deaths.
● About 1% of these cancers occur in men.

4. ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY OF
BREAST
 Modified sweat gland.
 Lies in superficial fascia of pectoral region.
 Extended Vertically- from 2nd to 6th ribs.
 Horizontally – lateral border of sternum to maxillary line
 Lies on deep fascia (pectoral fascia) and separated
from fascia by retro mammary space.

5. Breast has 3 components:-
Nipple and areola Stroma
Parenchyma

10. TYPES OF BREAST
CANCER

11. BREAST
CANCER
BENIGN
Fibrocystic
Fibroadenomas
Benign
proliferative
breast disease
MALIGNANT
Non invasive
carcinoma
Invasive
carcinoma

12. BENIGN CONDITIONS

13. MANAGEMENT OF FIBROADENOMAS
AGE<35 YEARS
AGE>35 YEARS

14. MANAGEMENT OF FIBROCYSTS
 For patients presenting with mastalgia, the first-
line options are lifestyle changes as well as
the avoidance of caffeine-containing food and
beverages.
 Use of a supportive bra, as well as altering the
dose of hormone replacement therapy regimen.
Analgesics such as aspirin and ibuprofen are
options.
If breast pain is severe for more than six months
and disrupts daily activities, other therapies such as
tamoxifen, bromocriptine, or danazol can be
options.
Fluid from cysts aspirated for symptomatic relief
does not require cytological assessment.

15. BENIGN PROLIFERATIVE BREAST DISEASE
Benign proliferative breast disease is a group of noncancerous conditions that
may increase the risk of developing breast cancer.
ATYPICAL HYPERPLASIA
• Atypical hyperplasia is an abnormal increase in the ductal or
lobular cells in the breast
LOBULAR CARCINOMA in situ
• (LCIS) is usually an incidental finding in breast tissue because it
• cannot be seen on mammography and does not form a palpable
• lump.

16. MANAGEMENT OF BENIGN
PROLIFERATIVE BREAST DISEASE
• To modify certain risk factors, such as diet,
exercise, andalcohol consumption.
LONG TERM
SURVELLIANCE
• It is a surgery to remove one or both
breasts to reduce the risk of developing
breast cancer
PROPHYLACTIC
MASTECTOMY
• Tamoxifen has recently been shown to
decrease the incidence of invasive breast
cancer for high-risk women by 49%
CHEMOPREVENTION

17. Non invasive
carcinoma
• Ductal
• Lobular
Invasive carcinoma
• Infiltrating Ductal
• Infiltrating Lobular
• Mucinous carcinoma
• Medullary Carcinoma
• Tubular ductal carcinoma
• Inflammatory carcinoma
MALIGNANT CONDITIONS OF BREAST

18. NON INVASIVE CARCINOMA
This disease is characterized by the proliferation of malignant cells within the ducts and
lobules, without invasion into the surrounding tissue; therefore, it is a noninvasive
form of cancer and is considered stage 0 breast cancer.
DUCTAL CARCINOMA in situ{more common}
LOBULAR CARCINOMA in situ

19. INVASIVE CARCINOMA
Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma
•Infiltrating ductal carcinomas are the most common histologic type of breast
cancer and account for 75% of all breast cancers.
•These tumors are notable because of their hardness on palpation.
• They usually metastasize to the axillary nodes.
Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma
•Infiltrating lobular carcinoma accounts for 5% to 10% of breast cancers.
• These tumors typically occur as an area of ill-defined thickening in the breast,
as compared with the infiltrating ductal types.
•They are most often multicentric
•Lobular carcinomas may metastasize to meningeal surfaces or other unusual
sites.

20. Medullary Carcinoma
Medullary carcinoma constitutes about 6% of breast cancers
and grows in a capsule inside a duct. This type of tumor can become
large, but the prognosis is often favorable.
Mucinous Cancer
Mucinous cancer accounts for about 3% of breast cancers. A
mucin producer, it is also slow-growing and thus has a more
favorable prognosis than many other types.
Tubular Ductal Cancer
Tubular ductal cancer accounts for only 2% of cancers. Because
axillary metastases are uncommon with this histology, prognosis
is usually excellent.

22. ETIOLOGY
• Research suggests that a
relationship exists
• between estrogen exposure and the
development of breast cancer.
HORMONES
• Genetic alterations may be somatic
(acquired) or germline (inherited)
• A mutation in the BRCA-1 gene has
been linked to the development of
breast and ovarian cancer,
• whereas a mutation in the BRCA-2
gene identifies risk for breast cancer
GENETICS

23. RISK FACTORS and PROTECTIVE FACTORS
BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 genetic mutation.
Increasing age[ more than 50 years]
Personal or family history of breast cancer
Early menarche[ before 12 years of age]
Nulliparity and late maternal age at first birth.
Late menopause.
History of benign proliferative breast disease.
Obesity,hormonal replacement therapy,alcohol intake
Regular exercise
Breastfeeding
Pregnancy before 30
RISK
FACTORS
PROTECTIVE
FACTORS

25. ASESSMENT and DIAGNOSIS
ASESSMENT DIAGNOSTIC
PROCEDURES
Breast examination
can be done:-
•Self breast
examination
•Clinical breast
examination
•Mammography
•Galactography
•USG
For tissue analysis:-
•Steretactic biopsy
•Fine needle
aspiration.
•Excisional biopsy.
•Incisional biopsy.
•Needle localization.

27.  A clinical breast
examination is
recommended at least
every 3 years for women
ages 20 to 40 years.
 It includes inspection and
palpation of the breast.
CLINICAL BREAST EXAMINATION

28. INSPECTION
The breasts are inspected for
size and symmetry.
The skin is inspected for color,
venous pattern, and thickening or
edema.
Erythema (redness) may
indicate benign local inflammation
or
superficial lymphatic invasion by a
neoplasm.
Edema and pitting of the skin
may result from a neoplasm
blocking lymphatic drainage and
giving the skin an orangepeel
appearance (peau d’orange), a
classic sign of advanced breast
cancer.

29. PALPATION
Palpation of the axillary and clavicular
areas is easily performed with the patient
seated.
 To examine the axillary lymph nodes,
the examiner gently abducts the patient’s
arm from the thorax.
The patient’s left forearm is grasped
gently and supported with the examiner’s
left hand.
The right hand is then free to palpate
the axillae and note any lymph nodes
that may be lying against the thoracic
wall.
The flat parts of the fingertips are used
to gently palpate the areas of the central,
lateral, subscapular, and pectoral nodes

32. SELF BREAST EXAMINATION

33. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
•Mammography
•Galactography
•USG
For tissue analysis:-
•Stereotactic biopsy
•Fine needle aspiration.
•Excisional biopsy.
•Incisional biopsy.
•Needle localization.

34. MAMMOGRAPHY
Mammography is a breast-imaging
technique that can detect nonpalpable
lesions and assist in diagnosing palpable
masses.
The procedure takes about 20 minutes
and can be performed in an xray
department or independent imaging center.
Two views are taken of each breast:
• craniocaudal view
• mediolateral oblique view.

35. GALACTOGRAPHY
Galactography is a mammographic
diagnostic procedure that involves injection
of less than 1 mL of radiopaque material through
a cannula inserted into a ductal opening on the
areola, followed by a mammogram.
 It is performed when the patient has a bloody
nipple discharge on expression, spontaneous
nipple discharge, or a solitary dilated duct noted
on mammography.

36. ULTRASONOGRAPHY
 A transducer is used to transmit high-
frequency sound waves through the
skin and into the breast, and an echo
signal is measured.
 The echo waves are interpreted
electronically and then displayed on a
screen.

37. MRI
A coil is placed around the breast, and
the patient is placed inside the MRI
machine for about 2 minutes.
 An injection of gadolinium, a contrast
dye, is given intravenously.
MRI of the breast can be helpful in
determining the exact size of a lesion or
the presence of multiple foci more
precisely than mammography.

38. TISSUE ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is an outpatient
procedure usually initiated when mammography,
ultrasonography, or palpation detects a lesion.
 Injection of a local anesthetic may or may not be used,
but most times the surgeon or radiologist inserts a 21- or
22-gauge needle attached to a syringe into the site to be
sampled.
The syringe is then used to withdraw tissue
or fluid into the needle.
This cytologic material is spread on a slide and sent to
the laboratory for analysis.

39. SURGICAL BIOPSY
The procedure is usually done using local
anesthesia, moderate sedation, or both.
The biopsy involves excising the lesion and
sending it to the laboratory for pathologic
examination.
EXCISIONAL BIOPSY
Excisional biopsy is the usual procedure for
any palpable breast mass.
 The entire lesion, plus a margin of
surrounding tissue, is removed.
This type of biopsy may also be referred to as
a lumpectomy

40. INCISIONAL BIOPSY
Incisional biopsy is performed when tissue
sampling alone is required; this is done both to
confirm a diagnosis and to determine the
hormonal receptor status.
WIRE NEEDLE LOCALIZATION
A long, thin wire is inserted, usually painlessly,
through a needle before the excisional biopsy
under mammographic guidance to ensure that
the wire tip designates the area to undergo
biopsy.
The wire remains in place after the needle is
withdrawn to ensure a precise biopsy.
 The patient is then taken to the operating
room,
where the surgeon follows the wire down and
excises the area around the wire tip.

41. EXAMINATION OF BREAST TISSUE
Tissues obtained during biopsy are
examined to determine:
Malignant or Benign
Type
Invasive or Non - invasive
Size
Has it metastasized
Is the lymph nodes affected
Treatment

44. 1.
• SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
2.
• RADIATION THERAPY
3.
• CHEMOTHERAPY
4.
• HORMONAL THERAPY

46. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Surgery for breast cancer:
Lumpectomy
Mastectomy
Lymph node surgery:
Sentinel node biopsy
Axillary lymph node dissection
Breast reconstruction surgery

47. LUMPECTOMY
Breast-conserving surgery
(BCS) or partial/segmented
mastectomy.
Surgically removing the
tumor and a small margin of
healthy tissue around it
Followed by radiation
therapy

48. MASTECTOMY
Surgically removing breast and other
infected organs.
MASTECTOMY
Simple
mastectomy Radical
mastectomy
Modified
radical
mastectomy

49. MASTECTOMY
Simple mastectomy :
Removing the lobules, ducts, fatty tissue, nipple,
areola, and some skin.
Modified radical mastectomy:
Simple mastectomy combined with the removal of
the axillary lymph nodes.
Radical mastectomy:
A simple mastectomy combined with removing the
lymph nodes and muscles of the chest wall.

50. LYMPH NODE SURGERY
Axillary lymph node dissection:
•About 10 to 40 lymph nodes are removed.
•Usually done at the same time as the
mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy:
•It is used to determine if cancer has
spread to the lymph nodes under the arm
without removing many of them.
• A blue dye/radioactive substance is
injected in order to identify the sentinel
lymph nodes which drains lymph from the
tumor.
•They are then removed.

51. BREAST CONSERVATION SURGERY
•Surgical procedures aimed at recreating a
breast so that it looks as much as possible
like the other breast.
• The surgeon may use a breast implant, or
tissue from another part of the patient's
body.

52. Breast-conserving surgery consists of :-
•Lumpectomy
•wide excision
•partial or segmental mastectomy
•quadrantectomy (resection of the involved
breast quadrant)
•removal of the axillary nodes (axillary lymph
node dissection)
for tumors with an invasive component, followed
by a course of radiation therapy to treat
residual, microscopic disease.
The goal of breast conservation is to remove the
tumor completely with clear margins while
achieving an acceptable cosmetic result.

53. COMPLICATIONS
Possible complications include:-
•Accumulation of blood (hematoma) at the incision site
•Infection
•Late accumulation of serosanguineous fluid (seroma) after drain
removal.
•Nerve trauma with resultant phantom breast sensations
• Numbness,
•Tingling, or burning sensations may also occur
•Impaired arm and shoulder mobility can result from the axillary
dissection.
•Lymphedema (chronic swelling of the affected extremity)
•at any point after surgery

54. RADIATION THERAPY
With breast-conserving surgery, a course
of external beam radiation therapy usually
follows excision of the tumor mass to
decrease the chance of local recurrence
and to eradicate any residual microscopic
cancer cells. Radiation treatment is
necessary to obtain results equal to those
of removal of the breast
Radiation treatment typically begins
about 6 weeks after the surgery to allow
the incision to heal.
 If systemic chemotherapy is indicated,
radiation therapy usually begins after
completion of the chemotherapy.

55. Another approach to radiation
therapy is the use of
intraoperative radiation therapy
(IORT), in which a single dose of
radiation is delivered to the
lumpectomy site immediately after
the surgeon has performed the
lumpectomy.

56. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Self-care instructions for patients receiving radiation are based on
maintaining skin integrity during and after radiation therapy:
• Use mild soap with minimal rubbing.
• Avoid perfumed soaps or deodorants.
• Use hydrophilic lotions (Lubriderm, Eucerin, Aquaphor)
for dryness.
• Use a nondrying, antipruritic soap (Aveeno) if itching occurs.
• Avoid tight clothes, underwire bras, excessive temperatures,
and ultraviolet light.
Patients may note increased redness and, rarely, skin breakdown
at the booster site (tissue site that received concentrated radiation).
Important aspects of follow-up care include teaching
patients to minimize exposure of the treated area to the sun for
1 year and reassurance that minor twinges and shooting pain in
the breast are normal reactions after radiation treatment.

57. CHEMOTHERAPY
•Chemotherapy is administered to
eradicate the micrometastatic spread of the
disease.
•Chemotherapy regimens for breast cancer
combine several agents to increase tumor
cell destruction and to minimize medication
resistance
•. The chemotherapeutic agents most often
used in combination are
 Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) (C)
 Methotrexate(M),
 Fluorouracil (F)
 Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) (A).
 Paclitaxel (Taxol) (T)

59. HORMONAL THERAPY
 Normal breast tissue contains receptor
sites for estrogen.
 An ER+ assay indicates that tumor
growth depends on estrogen supply;
therefore, measures that reduce
hormone production may limit the
progression of the disease, and these
receptors can be considered prognostic
indicators
 ER+ tumors may grow more slowly in
general than those that do not depend on
estrogen (ER−); thus, having an ER+
tumor indicates better prognosis.

60. Hormonal therapy may include surgery to remove
endocrine glands (eg, the ovaries, pituitary, or
adrenal glands) with the goal of suppressing
hormone secretion. Oophorectomy (removal of
the ovaries) is one treatment option for
premenopausal women with estrogen-dependent
tumors.
Tamoxifen is the primary hormonal agent used in
breast cancer treatment today.
Anastrazole
(Arimidex), letrozole (Femara), leuprolide
(Lupron), megestrol
(Megace), diethylstilbestrol (DES),
fluoxymesterone (Halotestin),
and aminoglutethimide (Cytadren) are other
hormonal agents used to suppress hormone-
dependent tumors

61. PROGNOSIS
The prognosis also depends on whether the cancer has
spread.
For example, the overall 5-year survival rate is greater
than 98% when the tumor is confined to the breast (ACS,
2002).
When the cancer cells have spread to the regional lymph
nodes, however, the overall 5-year survival rate falls to 76%.
The 5-year survival rate for women diagnosed with
metastatic disease is 16%
At diagnosis, about 37% of patients have evidence of
regional or distant spread or metastasis

62. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Assessment
 The health history includes an assessment of the patient’s reaction to the diagnosis and
her ability to cope with it. Pertinent question include the following:
 How is the patient responding to the diagnosis?
 What coping mechanisms does she find most helpful?
 What psychological or emotional supports does she have and use?
 Is there a partner, family member, or friend available to assist her in making treatment
choices?
 What are the most important areas of information she needs?
 Is the patient experiencing any discomfort?

63. NURSING
DAIGNOSIS
PREOPERATIVE NURSING DIAGNOSES
• Deficient knowledge about breast cancer and
treatment
options
• Anxiety related to cancer diagnosis
• Fear related to specific treatments, body image
changes, or possible death
• Risk for ineffective coping (individual or family)
related to the diagnosis of breast cancer and
related treatment options
• Decisional conflict related to treatment options

64. NURSING
DAIGNOSIS
POSTOPERATIVE NURSING DIAGNOSES
• Acute pain related to surgical procedure
• Impaired skin integrity due to surgical incision
• Risk for infection related to surgical incision and
presence of surgical drain.
• Disturbed body image related to loss or alteration of
the breast related to the surgical procedure
• Risk for impaired adjustment related to the
diagnosis of cancer, surgical treatment, and fear of
death
• Self-care deficit related to partial immobility of
upper extremity on operative side
• Disturbed sensory perception (kinesthesia) related
to sensations in affected arm, breast, or chest wall

65. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Fear and ineffective coping related to the diagnosis of breast cancer,
its treatment, and prognosis.
GOAL:- Reduction of emotional stress, fear, and anxiety
INTERVENTIONS:-
Begin emotional preparation of the patient (and partner) as soon as she is
informed of tentative diagnosis.
 Assess:
a. Personal experience with and knowledge about breast cancer
b. Coping mechanisms in crisis
c. Support systems
d. Emotional reaction to diagnosis
Inform the patient of recent research and new treatment modalities for breast
cancer.
Describe the experiences the patient will face and encourage her questions.
Acquaint her with available resources to facilitate her recovery.

66. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Disturbed body image related to nature of surgery and side effects of
radiation and/or chemotherapy
Goal: Realistic adaptation to changes that will occur relative to
treatment modalities
INTERVENTIONS:-
Confirm with the physician the nature of the treatment anticipated.
 Explain that it is normal to experience grief at the loss of a body
part.
 Encourage visits by loved ones and understanding friends.
 Explain that it is normal not to want herself or partner to view the
incision do not refer to this as a “scar”); further reinforce the fact that
each day the site will look better.
 Discuss the use of prosthesis, reconstruction possibilities, and
clothing adjustment as realistic and attainable expectations.

67. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Acute pain related to tissue trauma from incision(s)
Goal: Absence of pain and discomfort
Assess intensity, nature, and location of pain.
Administer analgesia by IM, oral, or IV route as prescribed.
Collaborate with physician about use of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA).
Explain that analgesics are available for pain relief.
Proper body positioning will promote comfort, such as semi-Fowler’s position
and elevation of the arm of the affected side.
Promote passive and then active exercises of the hand, arm, and shoulder of the
affected side.
Encourage protection and the avoidance of anything that can break through the
skin barrier to impose stress on the arm and shoulder (cuts, burns, strong
detergents,
infections, carrying a heavy bag or purse).
Suggest application of an effective cream several times a day.
Instruct patient to contact the physician if the arm or incision site becomes painful,
swollen, or red.
Suggest wearing a medical identification tag if there is a potential for injury or
edema.

68. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Dressing/grooming, bathing/hygiene self-care deficit related to
partial immobility of upper extremity on side of breast surgery
Goal: Avoidance of impaired mobility and achievement of self-care
to the fullest possible level
Encourage patient’s active participation in postoperative care.
Encourage patient’s socialization, particularly with others who
have successfully recovered in similar circumstances.
Make progressive modifications in the patient’s exercise
program as dictated by comfort and tolerance levels.
Provide positive reinforcement when ingenuity and creativity
are in evidence, such as an attractive hairstyle or make-up
application.

69. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Possible sexual dysfunction related to loss of body part and fear of
partner’s reaction to this loss
Goal: Identification of alternative satisfying/acceptable sexual
experiences
1. Become comfortable in discussing sexuality; display a caring,
nonjudgmental, supportive attitude.

71. RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY
Reconstruction is a three-stage process that
occurs over a period of months:
1. the first is creation of the breast mound,
2. the second is achieving symmetry with
the contralateral Breast
3. the third is creation of the nipple–areola
complex
There are following reconstruction measures:-
Breast Reconstruction Using Implants
Breast Reconstruction Using Your Own Body
Tissues (Flap Procedures)
Reconstructing the Nipple and Areola After
Breast Surgery

72. Breast Reconstruction Using Implants
Several different types of breast implants can be used
to rebuild the breast. Implants are made of a flexible
silicone outer shell, and can contain:
Saline: These implants are filled with sterile (germ-
free) salt water. These types of implants have been
used the longest.
Silicone gel: Gel implants tend to feel a bit more like
natural breast tissue.
 Cohesive gel implants are a newer, thicker type of
silicone implant.

73. Breast Reconstruction Using Your Own Body
Tissues (Flap Procedures)
A tissue flap procedure (also known as autologous tissue reconstruction) is
one way to rebuild the shape of your breast after surgery to remove the
cancer.
The most common types of tissue flap procedures are:
TRAM (transverse rectus abdominis muscle) flap, which uses tissue from
the abdomen (tummy)
Latissimus dorsi flap, which uses tissue from the upper back
GAP (gluteal artery perforator) flaps (also known as a gluteal free flaps),
which uses tissue from the buttocks
TUG (transverse upper gracilis) flaps, which - uses tissue from the inner
thigh

74. TRAM (transverse rectus abdominis muscle)
flap

75. DIEP (deep inferior epigastric perforator)
flap.

76. LAT(latissimus dorsal muscle)

77. GAP (gluteal artery perforator) flaps

78. TUG flap(transverse upper gracilis)

79. Reconstructing the Nipple and Areola After
Breast Surgery
A nipple is created using a skin graft from the inner thigh or
labia because this skin has darker pigmentation than the skin
on the reconstructed breast.
After the nipple graft has healed, the areolar complex is
usually completed with micropigmentation (tattooing).

80. PREVENTION OF
BREAST CANCER

81. PHYSICAL EXERCISES
DO NOT SMOKE
REDUCE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
BREAST FEED
CONTROL OF WEIGHT
LIMIT DOSE AND DURATION
OF HRT

82. RESEARCH EVIDENCES
The evolving meaning of cancer for long-term survivors of breast
cancer
Abstract
Purpose/objectives: To discover the different meanings of cancer for older women who are long-term
survivors of breast cancer.
Design: Qualitative study using a heuristic approach.
Setting: Large metropolitan area in the Midwestern United States.
Sample: A sample of eight women was obtained using network sampling. The women ranged in age
from 65-77 years. Length of survival ranged from 5.5-29 years. Five of the women had been
treated with a lumpectomy (four with radiation and chemotherapy and one with radiation only).
The three other women had been treated with a simple mastectomy, one of whom also was
treated with chemotherapy.
Methods: Interviews were conducted in the women's homes. Audiotaped interviews were transcribed
and manually coded for patterns and themes.
Main researchvariables: Meaning of cancer.

83. Findings: Three meanings of cancer emerged from the data
(a) cancer as sickness and death
(b) cancer as an obstacle,
(c) cancer as transforming.
Conclusions: As the women worked through their cancer experience,
their perspectives changed. The meaning of cancer after surviving
the disease and its treatment centered around positive, insightful
experiences and expansive, renewing interactions with their
environment. Further research examining the meaning of cancer is
needed to broaden the transferability of the findings to other
groups.
Implications for nursing practice: Understanding the meaning of cancer
for older women who are long-term breast cancer survivors may
enhance nurses' sensitivity to survivors' perspectives. Knowledge
of survivors' different meanings of cancer may help to paint a new
vision of cancer survivorship comprised of potentially positive,
transforming experiences.

84. Breast cancer can occur in women and
rarely in men.
Symptoms of breast cancer include a
lump in the breast, bloody
discharge from the nipple and
changes in the shape or texture of
the nipple or breast.
Its treatment depends on the stage of
cancer. It may consist of
chemotherapy, radiation, hormone
therapy and surgery.
SUMMARY

85. I conclude my topic by saying that
there could be a life after breast
cancer and it can be treated and
cured.
I would like to thank sonia mam for
giving me this opportunity to study
on this topic.
CONCLUSION

86. BIBLIOGRAPHY
●https://www.cancer.gov/about-
cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer
●https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/
basic_info/what-is-breast-cancer.htm
●https://www.cancer.org/cancer/brea
st-cancer.html
●MSN by Brunners suddarth 10th
edition