Cervical ppt
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CERVICAL CANCER By Josfeena Bashir Lecturer,BGSBU outline Definition Causes Types Stages Pathophysiology Clinical manifestations Diagnostic investigations Management Complication DEFINITION Cervical cancer is a disease that develops quite slowly and begins with a precancerous lesion known as dysplasia .It is a malignant tumor deriving from the cells of the cervix. incidence Types of cervical cancer STAGING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Due to various causes Human papilloma virus enter into cervix HPV Exposure(million /yr) CONDYLOMA CERVICAL DYSPLASIA High grade cervical dysplasia Invasive cancer Metastasis Clinical manifestations Leg pain Edema of the extremities. Anaemic Hematuria Rectal pain Diarrhoea Blood per rectum Uremia in late stage Foul smelling urine DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS Medical management Medical management CHEMOTHERAPY Drug: Cisplatin RADIATION THERAPY External beam radiation therapy HVD BBKHT7T6TGSERTYUIJKNBCFXHG Surgical management Laser surgery LEEP Hysterectomy Bilateral pelvic adenectomy Pelvic exenteration Radical trachelectomy. complications Early menopause Narrowing of the vagina Bleeding Lymphedema conclusion
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This document provides information on bladder cancer, including its definition, types, epidemiology, anatomy, physiology, histopathology, risk factors, clinical features, diagnostic tests, treatment, complications, and common nursing diagnoses. Bladder cancer occurs when cells in the bladder grow uncontrollably and is the tenth most common cancer globally. The main types are urothelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma. Risk factors include smoking, occupational exposures, chronic infections, and radiation. Symptoms can include blood in the urine, pelvic or back pain, and painful or frequent urination. Diagnostic tests include CT scans, cystoscopy, biopsies, and urine tests.
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This document provides information on bladder cancer, including its definition, types, epidemiology, anatomy, physiology, histopathology, risk factors, clinical features, diagnostic tests, treatment, complications, and common nursing diagnoses. Bladder cancer occurs when cells in the bladder grow uncontrollably and is the tenth most common cancer globally. The main types are urothelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma. Risk factors include smoking, occupational exposures, chronic infections, and radiation. Symptoms can include blood in the urine, pelvic or back pain, and painful or frequent urination. Diagnostic tests include scans, cystoscopy, biopsy, and urine tests. Treatments involve
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Methods of oxygen administration
Oxygen therapy
Definition:
Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is essential for the body to function properly and to survive.
Oxygen therapy is a treatment that delivers oxygen gas to breathe. The oxygen therapy is received from tubes resting in nose, a face mask, or a tube placed n your trachea, or windpipe. This treatment increases the amount of oxygen in lungs to receive and deliver to blood.
What is meaning of O2 therapy
Oxygen therapy is the administration of oxygen at a concentration of pressure greater than that found in the environmental atmosphere
The air that we breathe contain approximately 21% oxygen
the heart relies on oxygen to pump blood.
Purpose
Oxygen therapy is a key treatment in respiratory care.
The purpose is to increase oxygen saturation in tissues where the saturation levels are too low due to illness or injury.
What are the signs that a person needs oxygen
shortness of breath.
headache.
restlessness.
dizziness.
rapid breathing.
chest pain.
confusion.
high blood pressure.
Contd…..
Pulmonary hypertension
Acute myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Short-term therapy, such as post-anesthesia recovery
Oxygen may also be used to treat chronic lung disease patients during exercise .
Methods of oxygen administration:
1- Nasal cannula
Face mask
The simple Oxygen mask
The partial rebreather mask:
The non rebreather mask:
The venturi mask:
The partial rebreather mask:
The mask is have with a reservoir bag must romaine inflated during both inspiration & expiration
It collection of the first parts of the patients' exhaled air.
It is used to deliver oxygen concentrations up to 80%.
The non rebreather mask
This mask provides the highest concentration of
oxygen (95-100%) at a flow rate6-15 L/min.
It is similar to the partial rebreather mask
except two one-way valves prevent conservation of exhaled air.
The bag is an oxygen reservoir
Venturi mask
It is high flow concentration of oxygen.
Oxygen from 40 - 50%
At liters flow of 4 to 15 L/min.
T-piece
Used on end of ET tube when weaning from ventilator
Provides accurate FIO2
Provides good humidity
Documentation:
Date and time oxygen started.
Method of delivery.
Oxygen concentration and flow rate.
Patient observation.
Add oronasal care to the nursing care plan
O2 DELIVERY DEVICES
Bell's palsy
BELL’S PALSY
By:
Josfeena Bashir
Lecturer, BGSBU
DEFINITION
Bell’s palsy (facial paralysis) is caused by unilateral inflammation of the seventh cranial nerve, which results in weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles on the affected side
INCIDENCE
Younger than 45 years of age
Men & women are affected equally
CAUSES
Although the cause is unknown,
Theories about causes include
Vascular ischemia,
Viral disease (herpes simplex, herpes zoster),
Autoimmune disease, a combination of all of these factors.
NERVE TRAUMA
Risk factor
The third trimester of pregnancy
In individuals with immune disorders such as HIV infection,
Individuals with diabetes.
Viral upper respiratory infection
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Inflammation of facial nerve
The inflamed, oedematous nerve becomes compressed to the point of damage, or its blood supply is occluded,
Producing ischemic
Necrosis of facial nerve
Paralysis of facial nerve
Clinical manifestation
Onset of symptoms may be sudden or may progress over a 2- to 5-day period
Pain behind the ear may precede the onset of facial paralysis
dry eye or tingling around the lips
Unable to Close The Eyelid,
Wrinkle The Forehead,
Dysarthria & dysphagia
The mouth is pulled toward the unaffected side
Drooling of saliva occurs,
the affected eye has constant tearing or lacrimation.
Sense of taste is lost over the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
Diagnostic evaluation
History of the onset of symptoms is used to diagnose Bell’s palsy.
Observation of the patient confirms the diagnosis.
An EMG may be done. The possibility of a stroke must be ruled out.
Management
Corticosteroid therapy- to decrease inflammation (eg, prednisone 1 mg/kg/day for 10 to 14
Acyclovir combined with prednisone is possibly effective in improving facial function
Eye care to maintain lubrication and moisture if unable to close. May need to be patched during sleep.
Physical therapy, electrical stimulation to maintain muscle tone.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics to relieve pain
Heat application
Massage
Electrical stimulation
Surgical management
Tarsorrhaphy
Complication
Corneal ulceration
Impairment of vision
Body image disturbance related to facial nerve paralysis
Nursing management
Test motor components of facial nerve (VII) by assessing patient's smile, ability to whistle, purse lips, wrinkle forehead, and close eyes. Observe for facial asymmetry.
Observe patient's ability to handle secretions, food, fluids; observe for drooling.
Assess patient's ability to blink and speak clearly.
Assess effect of altered appearance on body image.
Administer or teach patient to administer artificial tears and ophthalmic ointment as prescribed
Controlling
CONTROLLING
By
Mr. Marudhar
Asst. Professor
Nims University
CONTROLLING
DEFINITION OF CONTROLLING
“Controlling is defined as a process by which managers assume that resources are obtained and used effectively in the accomplishment of an organization’s objectives.”
THE BASIC CONTROL PROCESS
Establishing standards.
Measuring performance.
Correction of deviation.
STEPS BY THE TOP MANAGEMENT
Get the entire staff to understand and agree to the objectives and goals set up by the management.
Monitor current performance after objectives have been stated in measurable terms.
Compare performance results with objectives and goals.
Cont……
Analyze causes of variance above or below the standards.
Decide corrective action where required.
Implement corrective action or new course of action.
Continue to monitor the results of the corrective/ new action.
QUALITY CONTROL
DEFINITION
“Quality control is a specific type of controlling, refers to activities that evaluate, monitor or regulate services rendered to consumers.”
STEPS OF QUALITY CONTROL
Establishment of control standards or criteria.
Identify the information relevant to criteria.
Determine ways to collect the information.
Collect and analyze the information.
Cont…..
Compare collected information with established criteria.
Make a judgment about quality.
Provide information and if necessary, take corrective action regarding findings of appropriate sources.
Standards as a device for quality control
Koont and Weitrich (1988) have identified the following 8 types of standards the most organization must establish:
Physical Standards which include patient activity rating to establish nursing care hours per patient day.
Cost Standards which include the cost per patient day.
Capital Standards which include the review of monetary investment or new programme.
Cont……..
Programme Standards which guide the development and implementation of programmes to meet client needs.
Revenue Standards which include the revenue per patient day for nursing care.
Intangible Standards which include staff development or personnel orientation costs.
Goal Standards which outline qualitative goals in short and long term planning.
Strategies Plan Standard which outline checkpoints in developing and implementing the organizations strategic plan.
Surgical hand washing
This document discusses the importance of proper hand washing and surgical scrubbing. It notes that during the 19th century, surgical hand preparation involved washing hands with antimicrobial soap and warm water, often using a brush. Proper hand washing, especially in hospital settings, is an effective infection control measure that can prevent the spread of microorganisms. The document outlines the steps for surgical scrubbing, which includes soaping and vigorously scrubbing the hands and arms for 5-10 minutes using circular motions and getting under fingernails and jewelry. The goal is to remove bacteria to prevent transmission of infections to patients or oneself.
Handwashing
Demonstration on Medical Hand Washing
Prepared By
Josfeena Bashir
Lecturer, BGSBU,Jammu
Definition
Hand washing is important in every setting, including hospital. It is an effective infection control measures, as it prevent spread of micro organisms. For routine client care, the CDC recommends a vigorous hand washing under a stream of water for at least 10 seconds using soap.
Purpose
To remove transient and resident bacteria from fingers, hand and forearms.
To prevent the risk of transmission of infection to patients.
To reduce the risk of transmission of infection organisms to oneself.
To prevent cross infection among clients.
Equipments/ Articles Used For Hand Washing
Soap in a soap dish
Bacteriocidal or antimicrobial soap.
Surgical scrub brush
Running water
Towel/ sterile towels
Medical hand washing Steps of procedure
File the nails short, ensure the nails are free of nail polish.
Removal all jewellery and wrist watch.
Wet hands from wrist to fingertips under flowing water.
Keep hand and forearms lower than elbows during washing.
Contd…..
Place soap, preferably bacteriostatic, on hands and rub vigorously for 15 to 30 seconds, massing all skin areas, joints, fingernails, between fingers and so forth; slid ring up and down while rubbing fingers ( if unable to remove)
Rinse hands by holding the hands lower than the elbow so that water flows from arm to finger tips.
Dry hands with paper from towel, moving from fingers to wrist to forearm.
Conclusion
Hand washing is important in every setting, including hospital. It is an effective infection control measures, as it prevent spread of micro organisms
New microsoft office power point presentation
PREPARED BY
JOSFEENA BASHIR
DIALYSIS
Types
HEMODIALYSIS
DIALYZER
It is refered as artificial kidney ,is a synthetic semipermeable membrane through which blood is filtered to remove uremic toxins and a desired amount of fluid
They are hallow fibre devices containing thousands of tiny cappillary tubes that carry blood through dialyser.The tubes are porous and act as a semipermeable membrane allowing toxins,fluids and electrolytes to pass across the membrane
PRINCIPLES
ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA
The preferred method for permenant vascular assess for dialysis is an arteriovenous fistula
It is carried surgically by joining an artery to a vein , either side to side or end to end
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
PROCEDURE
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Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
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axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
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Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
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